閱讀理解解題方法.ppt

閱讀理解解題方法和解題技巧,（1）略讀法（Skimming） 首先應(yīng)該讀首段和結(jié)尾段文章主題思想的闡明和總結(jié)，接下來，讀每段的主題句（一般出現(xiàn)在段首，開宗明義；有時(shí)也在段落的結(jié)尾，畫龍點(diǎn)睛；有時(shí)放在段落中間，承上啟下。 ）,（2）尋讀法（Scanning）,具體步驟如下： 1）先看問題，然后帶著問題去尋找答案。 2）根據(jù)問題的順序位置，判斷答案在文章中的大概位置。 3）盡可能快速地掃視文章，直到找到所需要的信息。 4）確定所需信息位置后，仔細(xì)理解句子含義并完成試題。,（1）應(yīng)對(duì)兩種不同形式文章的技巧,1）有小標(biāo)題的文章 對(duì)于此類文章，把握開頭或結(jié)尾部分就掌握了文章的主題和寫作目的，把握住小標(biāo)題就掌握了文章的主要內(nèi)容。從題干的定位信息可以快速找到相關(guān)的小標(biāo)題（模糊定位），然后在該小標(biāo)題下查找具體答案（精確定位）。,2）沒有小標(biāo)題的文章,對(duì)于此類文章，需要把握文章開頭或結(jié)尾部分來掌握文章的主題和寫作目的。更重要的是要快速瀏覽每段，尋找主題句并獲得文章大意。建議在瀏覽過程中用筆在每段的主題句或關(guān)鍵詞下做出記號(hào)，以備答題時(shí)使用。,（2）尋找信息的技巧,1）利用數(shù)字和年代定位信息 2）利用專有名詞(人名、地名等) 等定位信息 3）利用“信號(hào)詞”來區(qū)分或定位信息 以下詞組提示下文所涉及的重要信息： The main / important point / conclusion / reason. The point to note here 以下詞組提示了下文的結(jié)構(gòu)框架： There are three major reasons,在文中提問可以突出問題后的答案，提示讀者答案中有重要信息，例如： Why is a piped water supply so important? Disease due to contaminated water is a common cause of death in childhood. 有時(shí)，為了保證讀者完全理解自己的觀點(diǎn)，作者會(huì)在文中反復(fù)提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，例如： Death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, the death rate can be cut without anything else changing. 文章的結(jié)論通常是非常重要的，因此，讀者要在文中尋找提示結(jié)論的“信號(hào)詞”，例如： Therefore the result In conclusion we can conclude One of the primary conclusions,舉例是為了幫助讀者理解某一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，因此，文中的例子不是瀏覽文章時(shí)的重要信息。在閱讀過程中，以下詞組提示讀者下文是舉例部分信息。 For example/instance like Such as these include To illustrate among these are 有時(shí)，作者也會(huì)用破折號(hào)或括號(hào)來提示舉例信息，例如： The developing countries are dependent on cash crops sugar, coffee, cacao, cotton. Precipitating/violent/unexpected factors are those which reduce the food supply (droughts, floods, wars, epidemics),在段落瀏覽時(shí)，讀者在看到信號(hào)詞后，應(yīng)不斷對(duì)下文信息作出相應(yīng)的判斷，例如：,The main reason for (提示：下文信息重要) the reduction in the death rate in the developing world has been improved public health measures. For example, (提示：下文信息不重要，僅僅是為了用來證明前面的觀點(diǎn)) in Sri Lanka the death rate was halved over ten years by spraying the mosquitoes which carry malaria.,Why (提示：?jiǎn)栴}的答案中有讀者應(yīng)該關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)) is it so easy to cut the death rate in this way and yet so hard to reduce the birth rate? One answer (提示：這只是眾多答案中的一種，并不是最重要的。) is that public health measures can be very cheap. Anti-malarial spraying is inexpensive.,But this is not the important point (提示：but后面的是非常重要的信息). For birth control programs to be successful, a change in attitude is required, whereas death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, (提示：這里是作者想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的重要信息) the death rate can be cut without anything else changing.,4）題目順序基本和文章寫作順序一致,一般情況下，快速閱讀中判斷正誤題目的順序與原文的寫作順序基本上是保持一致的。換句話說，如果你已經(jīng)在第三段中找到了第一道題的信息，余下的題目出處則大致都在第三段之后（反常情況極少出現(xiàn)，即使出現(xiàn)，該文章的總體試題的順序也仍然是與文章寫作順序一致的）。,（5）巧用邏輯關(guān)系,邏輯關(guān)系散布在文章的句子內(nèi)部、句句之間、以及段落之間。最基本的邏輯關(guān)系有以下幾種： 1）因果關(guān)系：as a result，therefore，hence，consequently，because, due to等。 2）并列、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：and, or, in addition，besides，in other words，moreover等。 3）轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：however，but, yet, in fact等。,（6）是非判斷題規(guī)律總結(jié),Y題（Y） 題干是由原文中句子轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)構(gòu)而得，同時(shí)使用同義詞或近義詞來改寫原文，即題干與原文對(duì)應(yīng)處為同義轉(zhuǎn)述關(guān)系。 題干是對(duì)原文的幾句話或者某個(gè)段落中表達(dá)的信息的概括或歸納。 N題（N） 題干中使用了與原文中的意義相反的表達(dá)，如使用反義詞、否定詞或其它表示意義相反的表達(dá)。 題干中增加或減少了原文中的條件、范圍、頻率或可能性等限定詞，使得題干的表述與原文不符。 題干將原文信息張冠李戴。,NG題（NG）,無(wú)中生有，題干中的內(nèi)容在原文中并未提到。 以個(gè)別代替整體，即將原文所舉例子的特殊現(xiàn)象推廣為普遍現(xiàn)象 題干提到的內(nèi)容有可能發(fā)生也有可能不發(fā)生，原文中沒有提到是哪種可能性。 隨意比較原文中提到的兩個(gè)事物 原文中作者或某個(gè)人物的目標(biāo)、目的、愿望、誓言等內(nèi)容，在題目中作為客觀事實(shí)陳述,“長(zhǎng)難句”實(shí)用對(duì)策,一、以連詞為著手點(diǎn) 英語(yǔ)句子之所以長(zhǎng)，其最基本的手段就是連詞。找到連詞，就可定位主干成分，整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)也將迎刃而解。 例1：Some who succeeded fought off those in the water who had the strength to try to claw their way aboard.(Passage 1, 04/6) 那些成功的人擊退了那些在水中有力氣奮力爬上甲板的人,例2：Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.(Passage 4, 01/6) “劉易斯和克拉克跋涉到美國(guó)的荒野地區(qū)去尋查美國(guó)在買下路易斯安那州時(shí)得到的是什么樣的一片土地，而阿波羅號(hào)的宇航員在冷戰(zhàn)期間乘著火箭登上月球向人們展示了科技的力量”。,二、理清獨(dú)立性句子成分或從屬性短語(yǔ),句子的修飾成分主要包括副詞和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，而修飾性短語(yǔ)主要以分詞短語(yǔ)和介詞短語(yǔ)為主。在解讀句子時(shí)，這兩種成分皆可像從句一樣處理，暫時(shí)不看。 例3：Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveler versus the Americans four nights and $298.(Passage 4, 98/1),篇章閱讀理解 (一).題型分析,1. 主旨大意題 主旨就是主題思想，主旨大意題的目的在于考查考生對(duì)所給材料全文或某個(gè)段落中心思想的理解、概括能力。主旨大意題主要包括：確定文章的主題（theme或topic）；總結(jié)文章或段落大意（main idea）；以及給出適合的標(biāo)題（title）。 主旨大意題的典型提問方式有： A. The best title for this passage is _ B. Topic of the article is _ C. The main idea of the passage is _ D. The passage is mainly about (concerned with) _ F. The passage mainly (primarily) deals with _,解題方法,（1）找出具有歸納、概括的信息應(yīng)能歸納和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。 例一： Directions: Choose the most general word. A. chemist B. physicist C. scientist D. biologist,例二： Directions: Choose the most general sentence. A. The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily. B. There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Golden Bay Inn. C. The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board. D. There are a number of extra services at the Golden Bay Inn including babysitting.,答主旨題時(shí)應(yīng)注意：,（2）所選的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)能概括全文的中心思想，不能只是概括某一段或某幾段的主題的選項(xiàng)。 主題句往往出現(xiàn)在段首和段尾，當(dāng)然也有出現(xiàn)在段落中間的。第一段的主題句一般情況下是文章的主題。最后一段的主題句往往是全文的結(jié)論，與首段呼應(yīng)。 （3）所選的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)不能有任何違背原文的地方。 在此，要注意選項(xiàng)是否過于籠統(tǒng)或太具體：過于籠統(tǒng)的選項(xiàng)缺乏準(zhǔn)確性，太具體的選項(xiàng)往往太片面。,（4）盡量避免選擇有絕對(duì)詞的選項(xiàng)。 如all, completely, only, almost, absolutely, definitely等。 （5）仔細(xì)比較意義相近的選項(xiàng)中詞義的細(xì)微差別，其中之一便是干擾項(xiàng)。,（2）主題思想應(yīng)能恰如其分的概括文中所闡述的內(nèi)容。,這就意味著，主題思想的涵蓋面不能太窄，即：不足以概括全部?jī)?nèi)容；但是主題思想的涵蓋面也不能太寬，即：包含了文中沒有闡述的內(nèi)容。 例四： Directions: Read the following passage and choose the best central thought. Sugar history in the Hawaiian Islands is filled with pioneering, in sailing ship days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months from sources of supplies and from markets. This isolation built up among the Hawaiian growers an enduring spirit of cooperation. Growers shared with one another improvements in production. Without government aid of any sort, they built great irrigation projects. Without government help, they set up their own research and experiment organization. Pioneering together over the years, they have provided Hawaii with its largest industry.,2. 細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題,命題規(guī)律 （1）列舉處?？?列舉處指的是 First,., Second,., Third,., 等并列關(guān)系詞出現(xiàn)的部分。 （2）舉例與打比方的地方常考 這類詞常見的有as, such, for example, for instance, in a case, in point 等。,（3）（指示）代詞出現(xiàn)處?？?這類考題，常用來考查考生是否真正理解上下文之間的句際關(guān)系和意義。 （4）引用人物論斷處?？?作者為正確表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)或使論點(diǎn)更有依據(jù),常會(huì)引用某些權(quán)威人士的論斷或采納其重要發(fā)現(xiàn)等。命題者常在此處做文章。 （5）特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后的內(nèi)容常考 由于特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后的內(nèi)容常是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋和說明， 因此命題者常對(duì)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行提問。具體說，特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)包括：破折號(hào)（表解釋），括號(hào)（表解釋），冒號(hào)（表解釋），引號(hào)（表引用）。,細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn),（1）與原句內(nèi)容相反； （2）與原文內(nèi)容一半相同一半不同； （3）與原句內(nèi)容相似但過于絕對(duì)化； （4）原文中根本沒提到。,推理判斷題正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn),（1）一般含義不肯定(或主觀)的，或有新義的，或不合理的是答案。如含有 can, some, more or less, usually, relatively, not necessarily, suggest, be likely to, possible, dubious，expect, ignore, suspect, overlook, like, dislike, new, most, often, discuss, believe, could, may, should, might, whether等詞的選項(xiàng)有極大可能是正確選項(xiàng)。,（2）如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)全能憑常識(shí)判斷，其中含義深刻的是解；或四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中惟一一個(gè)不是常識(shí)項(xiàng)的是答案。 （3）應(yīng)該注意選項(xiàng)中是文中說明的，即使符合原文，也不是正確選項(xiàng)。,A. In sailing days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months away from supplies and markets. B. Hawaiian sugar growers built their great industry without government help. C. Hawaiian sugar growers have set up their own research organization and have shared improvements. D. By pioneering together, sugar growers have provided Hawaii with is largest industry.,閱讀中的詞匯題,A. 根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義，定義句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。 例1：“Anthropology is the scientific study of man.” （ “研究人類的科學(xué)”） 例2：“In slang, the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.” （“困境”）。,B. 根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測(cè)詞義,例如：Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. “語(yǔ)義學(xué)”。 又如：Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 電容量。 在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)或括號(hào)等。需要注意的是：同位語(yǔ)前面還常用or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。,除同位語(yǔ)外，定語(yǔ)從句也是猜測(cè)詞義的一條必要線索。例如：Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by sever seasonal mood swings. “季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”。,（2）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系,A. 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義，提示詞unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast和while引導(dǎo)的并列句等。 例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modes. “目空一切的，傲慢的”。,B. 根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義,同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系，提示詞和短語(yǔ)主要是similarly, like, just as, also等。 例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious. “健談的”。,C. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 例1：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. “獨(dú)斷專行的”。 例2：There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd. “擠，擠過”。,D. 根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義,在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。例如： Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.、“使. . . 陷入危險(xiǎn)，危及、危害”。 又如Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. “不利的，有害的”。,（3）外部相關(guān)因素,外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知識(shí)。有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān) 系無(wú)法猜出詞義，這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。 例如： Husband：Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? “凍僵的，凍得麻木的”。,（4）構(gòu)詞法 在猜測(cè)詞義過程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞方面的知識(shí)， 從生詞本身猜測(cè)詞義。 A. 根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義 例如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes. 詞根conscious（清醒的，有意識(shí)的），前綴semi-（半，部分的，不完全的） 又如：Im illiterate about such things. 詞根literate意為“有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的”，前綴il-表示否定。,B. 根據(jù)后綴猜測(cè)詞義 例如： Insecticide is applied where it is needed. 后綴-cide表示“殺者，殺滅劑”，詞根insect（昆蟲 又如：Then the vapor may change into droplets. 后綴-let表示“小的”，詞根drop指“滴，滴狀物”。 C. 根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義 例如：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. high （高的，強(qiáng)的）和light（光線），合在一起便是“以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出”的意思。 又如：Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打、搏斗） 。,4. 推理判斷題,在閱讀中，判斷和推理的能力是十分重要的。只有具備這種能力，才有可能真正地弄懂文章中語(yǔ)言上沒有明確表達(dá)卻又隱含的意思，達(dá)到真正的理解。 （1）判斷 例： The male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female is vampire and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices. Females of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man. While the females menu varies, her bite remains the same. She drives her sharp tubular snout through the skin, injects a fluid to keep the blood from thickening, and drinks her fill, which takes a minute or less. It is the fluid she injects that carries disease. After her blood meal, she rests while her eggs develop. She then looks for a moist or flooded place to lay them,雄蚊相對(duì)地說對(duì)人類無(wú)害。雌蚊對(duì)多數(shù)動(dòng)物構(gòu)成威脅?？v觀全文, 我們可以得出結(jié)論：“蚊子應(yīng)該被消滅。”,（2）推理,推理就是以已知的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，來獲得未知的信息。 例一： Like other opinions about the situation, Burkes predictably, and sensibly, forecasts a rise in unemployment among the young. 1）說話者同意Burke的關(guān)于年輕人失業(yè)現(xiàn)象要增多的看法（predictably, and sensibly）； 2）Burke不是唯一持這種看法的人（like other opinions.）。,例二：Directions: Read the following passage and choose the statement (s) which can definitely be inferred. In 1980, Canada announced strict additional limits on ownership of energy companies by foreign institutions and individuals. Since these may no longer own more than 50 percent of such companies, sources of capital for these corporations are now sharply restricted. A) Before 1980, foreigners were allowed to own a majority of shares in Canadian energy companies. B) Canadas 1980 limitations on energy-company ownership have caused some problems for these enterprises. C) After 1980, foreigners may not own a majority share in a Canadian company. D) Before 1980, there were no limitations of foreign individuals owning Canadian energy companies. 選項(xiàng)A符合題意, 因?yàn)槲闹姓劦竭@一限制是1980年宣布的，據(jù)此可以推斷1980年前尚無(wú)此規(guī)定。選擇項(xiàng)B也符合題意，因文中談到這些企業(yè)資金來源將受到限制，據(jù)此可以推斷該限制將會(huì)給這些企業(yè)帶來問題。C項(xiàng)不符合題意，因文中指的是energy companies, 而不是所有的公司。D項(xiàng)也不符合題意，因?yàn)槲闹姓劦?980