Unit8翻譯技巧--分譯法和合譯法.ppt

Translation Techniques (4),Division and Combination,Unit Eight,一、分譯法 （一）單詞的分譯 （二）短語(yǔ)的分譯 （三）句子的分譯 二、合譯法 （一）單句的合譯 （二）主從復(fù)合句的合譯 （三）并列復(fù)合句的合譯,Teaching Contents:,分譯法和合譯法,英譯漢中，一般是把一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子譯成一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)句子。但是，由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)、修辭手段和表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同，翻譯時(shí)不能一律把每一個(gè)英文句子都譯成一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)句子，否則就可能出現(xiàn)句子臃腫，層次不清或語(yǔ)氣不暢等弊病。 因此必要時(shí)可以把一個(gè)英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句譯成一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句或兩個(gè)甚至兩個(gè)以上的漢語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句；有時(shí)又可以把一個(gè)英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句或兩個(gè)甚至兩個(gè)以上的英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句譯成一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句。這種增減句量的翻譯方法稱(chēng)為分譯法和合譯法。,分譯法,由于漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上一般不使用長(zhǎng)句，因此在英譯漢時(shí)，往往要把原句中較長(zhǎng)的句子成分或不易安排的句子成分拆開(kāi)來(lái)，譯成漢語(yǔ)的分句或從句，以使譯文通順流暢，層次分明，更加合乎漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。,一.單詞的分譯,有的英文句子雖不長(zhǎng)，但照譯時(shí)譯文很別扭，尤其是原文中個(gè)別單詞很難處置，不拆開(kāi)來(lái)譯便不通順或容易發(fā)生誤解，這時(shí)往往可把這種單詞譯成一個(gè)分句或單句。,（一）副詞的分譯,1. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.,中國(guó)人似乎為他們經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，這是合乎情理的。,2. Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire.,杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且?jiàn)^力滅火，但卻沒(méi)有成功（無(wú)濟(jì)于事）。,3. The time could have been more profitably spent in making a detailed investigation.,如果當(dāng)初把時(shí)間花在細(xì)致的調(diào)查研究上，好處就更大了（益處就更多了）。,（二）形容詞的分譯,1. Buckley was in a clear minority.,巴克利屬于少數(shù)派，這是明擺著的事實(shí)。,2. That region was the most identifiable trouble place.,那地區(qū)是個(gè)麻煩的地方，這是大家很容易看出來(lái)的。,3. He has been pursued, day by day, year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.,日復(fù)一日，年復(fù)一年，他始終幸運(yùn)常伴（吉星高照），這的確令人驚嘆不已。,4. He spoke with understandable pride of the invention of the instrument.,他自豪地談到那種儀器的發(fā)明，這是可以理解的。,（三）動(dòng)詞的分譯,1. Radio waves have been considered radiant energy.,人們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到，無(wú)線電波是一種輻射能。,2. The maximum demand for electricity today is expected to double within a decade.,可以預(yù)料，目前對(duì)電的最大需求量在十年內(nèi)可望增加一倍。,（四）名詞的分譯,1. The price limits its production.,它價(jià)錢(qián)昂貴,限制了批量生產(chǎn)。,2. The dust, the uproar and the growing dark threw everything into chaos.,煙塵滾滾,人聲嘈雜,夜色漸深,一切都陷入混亂之中。,二.短語(yǔ)的分譯,短語(yǔ)的分譯是指把原文中一個(gè)短語(yǔ)譯成句子,使原文的一個(gè)句子分譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子.這種現(xiàn)象在英譯漢中比單詞的分譯更為常見(jiàn). 英語(yǔ)中能提出來(lái)分譯的短語(yǔ),通常有分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)和名詞短語(yǔ).,(一)分詞短語(yǔ)(包括分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))的分譯,由于使用了電子計(jì)算機(jī),復(fù)雜問(wèn)題迅速而精確地得到了解決。,1. Electronic computer being used, the complicated problem was solved quickly and accurately.,2. Known to man for thousands of years, metals are the backbone of our modern world.,金屬是現(xiàn)代世界的支柱; 人類(lèi)了解金屬已有數(shù)千年的歷史了。,(一)分詞短語(yǔ)(包括分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))的分譯,科學(xué)技術(shù)現(xiàn)代化了,工農(nóng)業(yè)就會(huì)迅速發(fā)展。,3. Science and technology modernized, industry and agriculture will develop rapidly.,4. Fossils are early plants or animals once buried in earth, now hardened like rock.,化石是早期的植物或動(dòng)物,過(guò)去埋在地下,現(xiàn)在堅(jiān)如巖石。,(二)介詞短語(yǔ)的分譯,別人勸說(shuō)也好,懇求也好,他都不為所動(dòng)（無(wú)動(dòng)于衷）。,1. He was not to be moved either by advice or entreaties.,2. The factory was already spreading a fame for its products.,這個(gè)工廠的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)良,這點(diǎn)已遠(yuǎn)近聞名了。,(二)介詞短語(yǔ)的分譯,盡管有種種驚人的差別,地球上的生命不過(guò)是在單一的化學(xué)基干上進(jìn)行著富有想象力的變化。,3. For all its wonderful differences, life on earth is merely an imaginative variation on a single chemical theme.,4. Copper is an important conductor, both because of its high conductivity and because of its abundance and low cost.,銅是一種重要導(dǎo)體,因?yàn)樗膶?dǎo)電率高,而且資源豐富,價(jià)格低廉。,(三)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的分譯,為了解決這些問(wèn)題，需要就不同貨幣之間的相對(duì)比值達(dá)成一項(xiàng)國(guó)際協(xié)議。,1. To solve these problems, an international agreement was needed concerning the relative values of the different currencies.,2. Einsteins theory of relativity is too difficult for the average mind to understand.,愛(ài)因斯坦的相對(duì)論太難，一般人無(wú)法理解。,(三)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的分譯,要使之具有科學(xué)性，我們必須用實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)驗(yàn)證這些公式和結(jié)論。,3. To be scientific, we must test the formulas and the conclusions by experiments.,4. The weight of an object has been found to vary from place to place on the earth.,已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)物體的重量在地球上因地而異。,(四)名詞短語(yǔ)的分譯,如果把電源接錯(cuò)，就會(huì)損壞電動(dòng)機(jī)。,1. The wrong power-line connections will damage the motor.,2. He pointed out the growing tension.,他指出，緊張局勢(shì)日益加劇。,3. But the exigency of the case admitted of no alternatives.,但情況緊急，別無(wú)他法（別無(wú)其他良策）。,(四)名詞短語(yǔ)的分譯,他感到疲倦，而且天氣愈來(lái)愈熱。這使他決定一遇到合適的蔭涼處，就坐下來(lái)休息。,4. His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.,5. These pure verbal artifices do not change the essence of the matter.,這些純粹是文詞上的花樣，并不能改變問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì)。,三.句子的分譯,所謂句子的分譯，指的是把原文的從句譯成分句，或把一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句拆開(kāi)，譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子，以及在翻譯復(fù)句過(guò)程中增加分句或句子的數(shù)量。,(一)定語(yǔ)從句的分譯,把定語(yǔ)從句與主句分開(kāi)，譯成后置的并列分句或獨(dú)立句，這是定語(yǔ)從句漢譯時(shí)的一種重要方法。,1. In the future, robots which can do almost all of our hard work will be seen working everywhere.,在將來(lái)，到處都會(huì)看到機(jī)器人在工作，它們將能替我們擔(dān)負(fù)起幾乎全部的繁重工作。,(一)定語(yǔ)從句的分譯,我訪問(wèn)過(guò)一些地方，遇到不少人，要談起來(lái)，奇妙的事可多著呢。,2. There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.,3. This book treats besides other subjects, which are undoubtedly equally important, of the working principles of a transistor.,除其他問(wèn)題外，本書(shū)討論晶體管的工作原理。其他問(wèn)題當(dāng)然也一樣重要。,(二)單句的分譯,捷報(bào)傳來(lái)，舉國(guó)歡騰。,1. The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy.,2. Poor acoustics spoilt the performance.,音響效果不好，演出大為遜色。,3.The fame of Washington stands apart from every other in history shining with a truer luster and a more benignant glory.,華盛頓在歷史人物中獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟。他的聲望放射出更為純正的異彩和更為慈祥的光輝。,(三)復(fù)句的分譯,因?yàn)楣馑偈且阎模灾灰軐⒁皇馐蜕显虑虿⑹顾祷氐厍蚪邮照?，就有可能測(cè)定從地球到月球的距離。,1. The light speed being known, it would be possible to decide the distance from the earth to the moon provided that a single light beam could be sent to the moon and made to return to the earths receiving station.,合譯法,合譯法是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單句合譯成一個(gè)單句，或把主從復(fù)合句及并列復(fù)合句合譯成一個(gè)單句。 合譯法可省掉一些重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ)或句子成分，使譯文更加緊湊、明確，更加符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。 但合譯時(shí)可能會(huì)失去原文的強(qiáng)調(diào)意義，容易發(fā)生漏譯，因此，翻譯時(shí)必須仔細(xì)推敲，從譯文的整體上加以考慮，靈活處理。,(一)單句的合譯,1989年4月2日清晨，飛機(jī)駕駛員在待命室接受飛行任務(wù)。,1. It was on the early morning of April 2, 1989. The pilots were briefed in the ready room.,2. His eyes were triumphantly cold. There was no light in them, no feeling, no interest.,他的目光傲慢冷酷，呆滯無(wú)光，淡漠無(wú)情。,(一)單句的合譯,空氣中總是有塵埃，染紅了夕陽(yáng)，也污染了城市的空氣（會(huì)使夕陽(yáng)染上紅色，也使城市空氣受到污染）。,3. There are always particles of dust in the air. Dust tints sunsets and pollutes city air.,(二)主從復(fù)合句的合譯,液態(tài)水受熱而變成蒸汽。,1. The liquid water is heated so that it becomes steam.,鋼的結(jié)構(gòu)和形成的性質(zhì)，將視其加熱程度和冷卻快慢而定。,2. The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.,(二)主從復(fù)合句的合譯,在那種情況下，北極的油礦將永遠(yuǎn)沉睡在原地。,3. It is necessary that those machines should be lubricated regularly.,那些機(jī)器必須經(jīng)常上潤(rùn)滑油。,4. In that case the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are forever.,(二)主從復(fù)合句的合譯,在那種情況下，北極的油礦將永遠(yuǎn)沉睡在原地。,3. It is necessary that those machines should be lubricated regularly.,那些機(jī)器必須經(jīng)常上潤(rùn)滑油。,4. In that case the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are forever.,(三)并列復(fù)合句的合譯,在英國(guó)郵局的幫助下，馬可尼于1896年6月申請(qǐng)了世界上第一項(xiàng)無(wú)線電專(zhuān)利。,1. It was in mid-August, and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.,八月中旬，修理組人員在驕陽(yáng)下工作。,2. The Post Office was helpful, and Marconi applied in June 1896 for the worlds first radio patent.,(三)并列復(fù)合句的合譯,3. Sulphuric acid enters into the manufacture of explosives, dyestuffs and drugs; it is used in sugar refining and in the preparation of fertilizers.,硫酸被用來(lái)制造炸藥、染料、藥物、食糖和化肥等。,Exercises,1. They tried vainly to blame us for the damage of the machine. 2. They, not surprisingly, did not respond. 3. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows. 4. For all its size, the machine moves noiselessly. 5. Strange enough they were the same age to the day. 6. One problem in trying to discuss the report is its sheer volume.,Exercises,7. The four men huddled there and said nothing. They dare not smoke. They would not move. 8. His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea. 9. Up to now, it is only the rocket which can propel a space vehicle. 10. Up to now, there is no fuel or chemical reaction known that could produce the suns heat and light.,Exercises,11. In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends. 12. Bees and dolphins communicate, but they do not have language.,Exercises,他們沒(méi)有答復(fù)，這是不足為奇的。,1. They tried vainly to blame us for the damage of the machine.,他們企圖把機(jī)器損壞的過(guò)失加在我們頭上，但沒(méi)有成功。,2. They, not surprisingly, did not respond.,3. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.,陽(yáng)光射入了它所能透過(guò)的所有地方，趕走了黑暗，驅(qū)散了陰影。,Exercises,說(shuō)來(lái)也真巧，他倆同齡，而且是同日生的。,4. For all its size, the machine moves noiselessly.,盡管這