高產(chǎn)母豬的飼養(yǎng)策略.ppt

Feeding Strategies for Prolific Sows 高產(chǎn)母豬的飼養(yǎng)策略,P.A. Thacker Department of Animal Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 加拿大薩斯喀砌溫大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)系 中文翻譯：美國ADM公司 蔡永久,Changes in the Swine Industry (1980-2005) 養(yǎng)豬工業(yè)的變化 (1980-2005),Increased Reproductive Efficiency 提高繁殖率 Reduced Back Fat Levels 降低背膘厚度 Earlier Weaning 早期斷奶 Muti-Site Production 多點(diǎn)生產(chǎn) Larger Operations 規(guī)模變大 Lower Profit Margins 利潤空間變小,Feed Modern Genotypes Differently 現(xiàn)代基因型豬飼養(yǎng)與過去的不同,Conserve Body Tissue 體組織儲(chǔ)備,Consequences of Poor Sow Nutrition 母豬營養(yǎng)缺乏的后果,Smaller Litter Size 窩重小 Increased Piglet Mortality 仔豬死亡率增加 Lighter Pigs at Weaning 斷奶體重輕 Lower Conception Rates 受精率低 Longer Weaning to Rebreeding Interval 斷奶至下一次配種時(shí)間間隔長 Premature Culling 過早淘汰,Formulate Diets for Specific Stages of Production 按生產(chǎn)階段配制日糧,Developer diets typically contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals than those fed to market animals since the nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction are different. 由于生長和繁殖期的營養(yǎng)需要量不同，后備母豬日糧比商品育肥豬的日糧含有更高水平的維生素和微量元素。 The higher levels of vitamins and minerals are designed to enhance body reserves of nutrients since breeding animals will remain in the herd for a significantly longer period than market animals. 由于種豬比育肥豬飼養(yǎng)時(shí)間長，高水平的維生素和微量元素可以保證它們體組織營養(yǎng)物的儲(chǔ)備。,Gilt Developer Diets 后備母豬日糧,Locomotor problems are a common reason for culling and it is important to ensure adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus. 運(yùn)動(dòng)問題是造成母豬淘汰的主要原因, 但它對(duì)保證母豬能攝取足夠的鈣磷也非常重要。 Several research trials have indicated that the calcium and phosphorus requirements for maximal bone mineralization are higher than the requirements for maximal growth rate. 很多實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明，豬的最大骨質(zhì)礦化要比最快生長率對(duì)鈣磷的需要量更高。,Diets fed to replacement gilts should be at least 0.1% higher in calcium and total phosphorus than diets fed to market animals beginning at approximately 50 kg body weight. 從50kg體重開始，后備母豬日糧的鈣磷水平比育肥豬至少要高0.1%。,In addition to higher levels of calcium and phosphorus, there is antidotal evidence that supplementing the gilt developer diet with higher levels of copper, zinc, iron, iodine and manganese will increase body reserves of these minerals and may enhance future reproductive performance. 后備母豬的日糧除要求額外高水平的鈣、 磷之外如能再補(bǔ)充高水平的銅、 鋅、鐵、碘、錳微量元素，這將 有助于提高母豬體內(nèi)對(duì)這些礦物 質(zhì)的儲(chǔ)備從而能改善以后的繁殖 表現(xiàn)。,Typical Gilt Finisher Developer 育肥豬 后備母豬 常量元素 Macrominerals (Total) 鈣 Calcium % 0.60 0.75 磷 Phosphorus % 0.50 0.65 有效磷 Avail phosphorus % 0.20 0.40 食鹽 Salt % 0.33 0.40 微量元素 Microminerals (Supplemented) 鐵 Iron mg/kg 50 150 銅 Copper mg/kg 10 15 鋅 Zinc mg/kg 90 150 碘 Iodine mg/kg 0.14 0.28 硒 Selenium mg/kg 0.30 0.30 錳 Manganese mg/kg - 20,Recommendations for Mineral Fortification of a Gilt Developer Diet Compared with a Typical Finisher Diet 與肥育豬日糧相比后備母豬日糧中礦物質(zhì)的推薦添加量,The vitamin needs of the reproducing female are also greater than those of the terminal animal. 繁殖母豬的維生素需要量比育肥豬高。 The typical vitamin premix used in the finishing barn should be replaced with a “breeder” vitamin premix. 要用種豬維生素預(yù)混料來代替常用育肥豬飼養(yǎng)期的典型維生素預(yù)混料。 The breeder premix should contain elevated levels of the fat soluble vitamins A, D, and E and the water-soluble vitamins with special attention to choline, biotin, pyridoxine and folic acid which are usually not supplemented in typical finishing rations. 種豬維生素預(yù)混料應(yīng)含高水平的脂溶性維生素A、D、E和水溶性多種維生素，特別注意膽堿、生物素、B6、葉酸這些通常不在育肥豬日糧中添加的維生素。,Vitamin Levels for Developer Diets 后備母豬日糧的維生素水平,Typical Finisher Gilt Developer 育肥豬 后備母豬 Vitamin A IU 5500 8200 Vitamin D IU 550 825 Vitamin E IU 25 66 Vitamin K mg 2 2 Vitamin B12 ug 15 25 Niacin 煙酸 mg 20 20 Pantoth Acid 泛酸 mg 15 20 Riboflavin B2 mg 4 20 Choline 膽堿 mg 0 1250 Biotin 生物素 ug 0 200 Folic Acid 葉酸 mg 0 1.5 Pyridoxine B6 mg 0 1.0,Recommendations for Vitamin Fortification of a Gilt Developer Compared with a Finisher Diet 與肥育豬日糧相比后備母豬日糧中維生素的推薦添加量,The objective of any feeding strategy for gilts should be to introduce replacements into the breeding herd in such a way that their breeding lifetime and reproductive performance are maximized. 后備母豬飼養(yǎng)策略的目標(biāo)是引進(jìn)后備豬進(jìn)入繁殖群后它們均能達(dá)到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能,Feeding Gilts 后備母豬的飼養(yǎng),It is important that replacement gilts be of sufficient age, size and physiological maturity before breeding. 有必要在繁殖前就選用好后備母豬具備足夠年齡、大小、生理成熟狀態(tài)。 It is also necessary that they have adequate reserves of fat and lean in their body at first mating. 也必需在第一次配種前考慮所選用的后備母豬具備足夠體脂和瘦肉儲(chǔ)備。,At least 135 kg live weight 至少135公斤活體重 At least 16-20 mm P2 back fat 至少P2背膘厚度16-22毫米 At second estrus or later 至少處于第二個(gè)發(fā)情期或更晚,Targets for Gilts at First Mating 后備母豬第一次配種時(shí)的目標(biāo)指數(shù),Body Weight P2 Backfat at Number of Piglets Born at Mating (kg) Mating (mm) Parity 1 Parity 1 to 5 配種時(shí)體重 P2背脂厚度 初胎產(chǎn)仔數(shù) 1-5胎產(chǎn)仔總數(shù) 117 14.6 7.1 51.0 126 15.8 9.8 57.3 136 17.7 10.3 56.9 146 20.0 10.5 59.8 157 22.4 10.5 51.7 166 25.3 9.9 51.3 Challinor et al., 1996,Reproductive Performance of Sows According to Body Weight and Back Fat at First Mating 母豬的繁殖性能與第一次配種時(shí)的體重和背脂厚度相關(guān),Feeding Replacement Gilts From Herd Entry Until Mating 后備母豬從進(jìn)入種群到配種的飼養(yǎng),For most genotypes of gilts there is no need to do anything special to manipulate body composition. 對(duì)大多數(shù)品種的后備母豬來說沒必要故意設(shè)法想改變其身體組分。 All that will be required will be to feed a gilt developer diet ad libitum from arrival in the breeding herd until mating. 從進(jìn)入繁殖群到配種，最必需的是用后備母豬專用料并采用自由采食方式來飼喂后備母豬。 This diet should contain about 3000-3200 kcal of DE/kg and 0.70-0.80% lysine. 該日糧應(yīng)含3000-3200大卡/kg消化能和0.7-0.8%賴氨酸。,Body Weight of Gilt 后備母豬體重 10-20 20-50 50-100 DE Intake (Mcal/day) 3.4 6.40 9.0 消化能 （兆卡/天） Crude Protein (%) 粗蛋白 20.9 18.0 16.3 Total Lysine (%) 總賴氨酸 1.15 0.95 0.75 Total Lysine (g/day 天) 11.5 19.0 22.5 g Lysine/Mcal DE 3.38 2.96 2.50 克賴氨酸/兆卡消化能 Adapted from NRC (1998). Assumes ad lib intake and a lean growth potential of 325 g/day 假設(shè)自由采食、瘦肉生長潛力為325克/天。,Nutrient Levels to Maximize Lean Tissue Growth Rates in Developing Gilts 后備母豬最大瘦肉組織生長率所需的營養(yǎng)水平,For genotypes whose growth rate is so rapid that they are likely to be significantly over the target weight before reaching puberty, it may be necessary to restrict energy intake. 在性成熟階段之前，對(duì)于那些生長過快很可能顯著超過目標(biāo)體重的后備母豬品種，有必要限制它們的能量攝入。 The objective of restricting energy intake during rearing is to limit mature body size and reduce feet and leg problems associated with females that become too heavy or too fat. There are two possibilities to accomplish this: 飼養(yǎng)管理中限飼能量攝入的目的是限制成熟母豬的體重、減少因母豬超重過肥引發(fā)的肢蹄病。通常采用兩種方法: 1. Restrict Feed Intake (2.4-2.6 kg) 限制日采食量 2. Reduce Energy Density 降低能量濃度,Effect of High Fibre Gestation Diets on Reproductive Performance 高纖維日糧對(duì)懷孕母豬繁殖性能的影響,Standard 50% Sugar 50 % Mixed Gestation Diet Beet Pulp Fibre Sources 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)懷孕日糧 50%甜菜粕 50%纖維混合物 Net Energy Content (MJ/kg) 凈能含量 9.03 8.49 6.72 Gestation Feed Intake (kg) 懷孕豬采食量 281 290 368 Gestation Energy Intake (MJ NE) 2296 2216 2287 懷孕豬攝入凈能 Lactation Energy Intake (MJ NE) 1450 1528 1438 泌乳豬攝入凈能 Gestation Weight Gain (kg) 懷孕豬體增重 58.7 61.6 67.9 Lactation Weight Loss (kg) 泌乳豬體失重 8.0 6.3 9.6 Pigs Born Alive 出生活仔數(shù) 10.8 10.9 10.7 Birth Weight (kg)出生重 1.6 1.5 1.7 Pigs Weaned 斷奶仔豬數(shù) 9.5 9.3 9.3 28 Day Weaning Weight (kg) 8.4 8.1 8.4 28天斷奶重_ Vestergaard and Danielsen, 1998. Animal Science 68: 355-362. Mixed Fibre= Grass meal, wheat bran and oat hulls. 混合纖維 = 干草+麥麩+燕麥殼,Feeding Replacement Gilts Prior To Mating 后備母豬 配種前的 飼養(yǎng),Feeding Gilts Prior to Mating 后備母豬配種前的飼養(yǎng),The objective of the feeding program immediately before mating is to maximize the number of eggs ovulated. 在臨近配種時(shí)飼喂程序的目標(biāo)是促使排卵數(shù)最大化。 Ovulation rate is the principle factor limiting litter size in gilts and increasing the level of feed intake prior to mating will significantly increase ovulation rate. 排卵率是限制母豬窩重的主要因子，在配種前提高采食量能顯著性地增加排卵效率。 Ovulation rate increases by 1-2 ova in response to increased feed intake during the 14-day period immediately prior to ovulation. This is the well know flushing effect. 在排卵前14天立即增加采食量，排卵數(shù)相應(yīng)會(huì)增加1-2個(gè)，這是著名的“沖刷”效果。（最大采食量會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃腸的迅速排空，即催情補(bǔ)飼）,Flushing has been shown to increase plasma levels of FSH and increase the pulse frequency of LH suggesting that flushing enhances ovulation rate by stimulating the secretion of gondotrophins. 催情補(bǔ)飼能增加血漿中卵泡刺激素的水平和增加促黃體素的脈沖頻率，這表明催情補(bǔ)飼能通過刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率。 The increase in gonadotrophin secretion is thought to be mediated through plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). 促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是血漿中胰島素和胰島素類似生長因子-1 (IGF-1)的水平調(diào)節(jié)所致。 The increase in ovulation rate likely occurs either as result of increased follicle recruitment or a reduction in atresia. 排卵速率的增加很可能是由于卵泡增生加強(qiáng)或是卵泡囊萎縮下降所致。,The Effects of Feed Level During the First Estrous Cycle on Litter Size 在第一個(gè)發(fā)情期飼喂水平對(duì)窩重的效果,Should feed intake be restricted for any reason during the rearing period, special precautions should be taken to ensure that gilts are fed ad lib (at least 3 kg/day) for the two week period prior to mating. 如果在飼養(yǎng)過程中限制飼料采食量，應(yīng)當(dāng)在配種前2周采取特別措施來確保后備母豬自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。,Summary of Feeding Replacement Gilts 后備母豬飼養(yǎng)小結(jié),Feed replacement gilts a specialized developer diet rather than a finisher diet to enhance body stores of vitamins and minerals. 飼喂后備母豬要使用專門的日糧而不是育肥豬日糧，以促使體組織中維生素和礦物營養(yǎng)元素的貯存。 Feed diet containing 3000-3200 kcal DE and 0.7-0.8% lysine ad libitum to ensure adequate reserves of fat and lean at mating. 日糧應(yīng)含3000-3200大卡/千克消化能和0.7-0.8%賴氨酸并自由采食,確保配種時(shí)母豬體脂肪和肌肉的儲(chǔ)備。 For some genotypes, it may be necessary to restrict feed intake to reduce feet and leg problems associated with females getting too heavy or fat. 對(duì)某些品種有必要限制采食量，減少由于母豬超重過肥引起的肢蹄病。 If for any reason feed intake is restricted, feed gilts ad libitum (3.0 kg) for two week period prior to mating. 如果由于某種原因采食量受到限制，應(yīng)當(dāng)在配種前2周確保后備母豬自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。,Feeding Sows in Gestation 懷孕母豬的飼養(yǎng),Objectives of Feeding Program in Gestation 懷孕母豬飼喂程序的目標(biāo),Minimize embryo mortality 減少胚胎死亡率 Provide nutrients for fetal growth 提供胎體生長營養(yǎng) Provide nutrients for the growth of the uterus and mammary glands 提供子宮和乳腺生長發(fā)育營養(yǎng) Allow for maternal growth 維持母豬的生長 Replenish body reserves depleted during the previous lactation 補(bǔ)充泌乳前期體儲(chǔ)存營養(yǎng)物的損失 Set the sow up metabolically for the ensuing lactation調(diào)節(jié)母豬身體代謝狀況為隨后的泌乳做準(zhǔn)備,Goal is to have the sow produce a large, healthy litter with a high probability of survival and with the potential for rapid and efficient growth. 目標(biāo)是確保母豬產(chǎn)仔窩重大、健康、成活率高、具快速生長效率的潛力。,Approaches to Gestation Feeding 懷孕母豬的飼養(yǎng)方法,North American System 北美系 Danish System 丹麥系,Feeding Pattern During Gestation (North American System) 懷孕母豬飼喂模式（北美系）,North American System 北美模式,In this system , there are three major phases where feed intake is adjusted . They are: 其中有三個(gè)調(diào)整采食量的主要階段，它們是： Early gestation where the focus is on embryo survival (first two weeks) 懷孕早期關(guān)注胚胎成活率（0-2周） Mid-gestation where the focus is on sow body condition (days 14 to 100) 懷孕中期關(guān)注母豬體況（14-100天） Late gestation where the focus is on fetal growth and setting the sow up for the ensuing lactation (last 2 weeks)懷孕后期關(guān)注胎兒生長和調(diào)整身體狀況，為隨后的泌乳做準(zhǔn)備（最后兩周）。,Feeding During Early Pregnancy (North American System) 懷孕早期的飼養(yǎng)（北美系）,Approximately 20-30% of all embryos die during the first 30 days of gestation. 懷孕早期的前30天約有20-30%的胚胎死亡。 Research has shown that high levels of feed intake following mating are associated with an increase in embryo mortality. 研究表明配種后的高采食量與 高胚胎死亡率密切相關(guān)。,The principle mechanism controlling the development of embryos and their subsequent survival is the secretion of uterine specific proteins. 控制胚胎發(fā)育即后成活率的主要機(jī)理是子宮特殊蛋白的分泌 These proteins are stimulated by ovarian steroid hormones particularly progesterone. A rise in progesterone early in pregnancy enhances the uterine environment and makes it more supportive of the embryo. 這些特殊蛋白被卵巢類固醇激素尤其黃體酮激發(fā)。懷孕早期黃體酮的升高會(huì)改善子宮環(huán)境，為胚胎提供更適宜的營養(yǎng)。 Increased feed intakes have been shown to be associated with a decrease in plasma progesterone as a result of increased metabolic clearance of progesterone leading to a subsequent reduction in embryo survival. 采食量增加已經(jīng)證明與代謝分解加快、血漿黃體酮降低有關(guān)，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致胚胎存活率降低,Feeding Level Ovulation Total Embryo Progesterone Day 1-3 Day 3-15 Rate Embryos Survival (%) (ng/ml) 1-3天飼喂量 3-15天飼喂量 排卵數(shù) 胚胎數(shù) 胚胎成活率 黃體酮濃度 1.9 kg 1.9 kg 14.5 12.4 85.9 10.5 2.5 kg 1.9 kg 14.9 11.5 77.3 3.7 2.6 kg 2.6 kg 14.9 10.2 66.9 4.5 _ Jindal et al., 1996,Effect of Feed Level in Early Gestation on Plasma Progesterone Levels and Embryo Survival 懷孕早期的飼喂水平對(duì)血漿黃體酮和胚胎存活率的影響,High-plane Feeding 高水平飼喂量,Increased hepatic blood flow 增加肝中血漿流動(dòng),Increased metabolic clearance rate of Progesterone 黃體酮分解代謝速度增加,Decreased plasma progesterone Concentration 血漿黃體酮濃度降低,Suboptimal secretion of “uterine specific proteins”子宮特殊蛋白分泌不適,Decreased embryo survival rate 胚胎成活率降低,As a result of this research, it is generally recommended that low (1.8-2.0 kg) level feeding be conducted for the first two weeks of gestation. 研究結(jié)果表明，通常建議懷孕頭兩周采用低飼喂量（1.8-2.0公斤) 。,Feeding During Mid-Pregnancy (North American System) 懷孕中期的飼養(yǎng) (北美模式),The underlying objective of feeding sows during mid-gestation is to allow for a moderate weight gain and to achieve a target level of body fat at farrowing (18-22 mm). 懷孕中期母豬飼喂的目標(biāo)是獲得適宜的體增重、產(chǎn)仔時(shí)體脂肪達(dá)到目標(biāo)水平（18-22mm),Breeding Back Fat at Breeding (mm) 繁殖時(shí)背膘厚度 Wt (kg) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 115-119 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 120-124 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 19 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 125-129 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 130-134 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 135-139 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 140-144 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 145-149 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 150-154 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 155-159 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 160-164 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 165-169 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 170-174 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 175-179 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 180-184 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 185-189 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 190-194 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 195-199 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 200-204 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 205-209 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2,Target Feed Intakes for Gestating Gilts (Days 14 to 100) 14 - 100天懷孕母豬的目標(biāo)采食量,Feeding Sows in Late Gestation 懷孕后期母豬的飼養(yǎng),The nutrient requirements of gestating sows are greatest in late gestation when fetal growth is at its peak. 懷孕后期母豬體內(nèi)胎兒生長處高峰期、對(duì)營養(yǎng)需要量最大。 If feed intake is not increased during this period, the sow will lose back fat during the last two weeks of gestation. 如果這個(gè)時(shí)候不增加采食量，在懷孕最后兩周母豬的背脂厚度將降低。 In addition, there is evidence that this catabolic state will contribute to sows gorging and then going off feed in early lactation. 此外，有證據(jù)表明分解代謝狀態(tài)將導(dǎo)致母豬暴食，然后泌乳早期采食量下降。 Sows should receive an additional 1.5 kg of feed per day on top of their normal daily allowance from day 100 to 112 of gestation. 懷孕母豬100-112天應(yīng)當(dāng)每天比正常采食額外增加1.5公斤飼料。,Performance of Sows Fed at Normal or High Levels in Late Gestation (day 100-114) 懷孕后期母豬采食量正常或高水平時(shí)的生產(chǎn)表現(xiàn),Feed Intake (kg/day) 2.3 3.9 Lactation Intake (kg/day) 泌乳豬采食量 6.61 6.67 Piglet Growth (g/day) 仔豬日增重 237 240 Wean to Estrus Interval (days) 6.2 5.4 斷奶到再發(fā)情間隔時(shí)間 Subsequent Litter Size 窩重 12.0 12.4 _Miller et al., (1996),On some farms, continuing to feed the additional 1.5 kg of feed all of the way to farrowing can cause udder problems such as agalactia and mastitis. 在某些豬場，懷孕全程中都多飼喂1.5公斤飼料會(huì)導(dǎo)致乳房問題，如無乳癥和乳房炎。 In addition, feed intake may be reduced in early lactation. 另外，泌乳早期采食量可能降低 If this proves to be the case, then the additional feed should be discontinued approximately 2 days before the expected due date of the sow. 如果事實(shí)是這樣的話，在母豬預(yù)產(chǎn)期前大約2天應(yīng)當(dāng)停止加料。,Feeding Pattern in Gestation (Danish System) 懷孕母豬的飼喂模式(丹麥系),Early gestation (days 0 to 28) provide sows with high levels of feed (3.0 kg/day). 懷孕早期0-28天提供母豬高采食量(3.0 kg/day)。 Mid gestation (days 28 to 90), feed 1.8 to 2.4 kg of feed, depending on sow condition 懷孕中期28-90天根據(jù)母豬體況，每天供食1.8-2.4 kg。 Late gestation (days 90 to 110), feed 3.0-3.5 kg of feed/day 懷孕后期90-110天,每天喂食3.0-3.5 kg。,Comparison of Systems 兩種飼喂模式的比較,The total feed provided to sows in gestation is approximately the same in the two systems. 兩種模式中母豬懷孕階段的總飼喂量是相同的。 However, the pattern of intakes differs dramatically, with the two systems being completely contradictory in recommendations during early and mid gestation. 但是，二者之間喂食模式顯著不同，在懷孕早期和中期的建議喂食量完全相反。 Under North American conditions and using traditional genotypes, high feed intakes in early gestation have been shown to be detrimental to reproductive performance. 在北美養(yǎng)殖條件下的傳統(tǒng)品種，懷孕早期的高采食量已經(jīng)證明會(huì)對(duì)繁殖性能產(chǎn)生有害的影響。,Effect of Feed Intake in Early Gestation (day 0-25) on Sow Reproductive Performance 懷孕早期的采食量對(duì)母豬繁殖性能的影響,High 高 Low 低 (3.5 kg) (1.5 kg) Weight change early gestation (kg) 懷孕早期的體重變化 11.60 0.57 Backfat change early gestation (mm) 懷孕早期的背脂變化 1.87 0.76 Litter size 窩重大小 10.95 12.05 _ Prime et al., 1988. Animal Production 46: 499,Comparison of Systems 兩種飼喂模式的比較,Danish producers using the Danish system are achieving very high levels of productivity (30 pigs/sow/year). 丹麥模式生產(chǎn)者獲得非常高水平的生產(chǎn)成績(30 頭小豬/母豬/年)。 However, it is not known whether or not the system can be applied to North American genotypes. 但是，這個(gè)模式能否適用于在北美品種還不知道。 Research should be conducted to determine the productivity of the system under North American conditions using different genotypes. 研究應(yīng)當(dāng)在北美條件下、用不同品種進(jìn)行測(cè)試，以決定這個(gè)養(yǎng)殖模式的生產(chǎn)成績。,Feeding in Gestation 懷孕母豬的飼養(yǎng),Regardless of the system used, the principle goal of the feeding program during gestation is to try to keep the sows in the breeding herd “fit not fat”. 不管用哪個(gè)模式，懷孕階段飼喂程序的基本目標(biāo)是保持母豬體況適中而不過肥