高產(chǎn)油茶林種植項(xiàng)目可行性研究報(bào)告1.doc

trouble with the hero jordan, yet he is a main character as his wife pilar is. minor characters are those in remote and static relation with the hero. it is wrong to think that minor characters are all unimportant. in some novels, one or some of the minor characters may serve a critical role, structurally or interpretationally.foil characters are ones that help enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting. they may be main characters or minor characters. in a word, they serve as foils to the hero or heroine. cohn in the sun also rises is a good example. he is one of the main characters. like jake, he is also “l(fā)ost,” trying vainly to escape the past by courting women and drinking. but during their stay in spain, cohn displays qualities in contrast to those cherished by jake, which makes jake realize his own problems and finally find a solution, though temporarily. cohn works mainly by contrast. wilson in the great gatsby works by presenting. gatsby lost his lover to tom and wilson lost his wife to tom. by presenting wilsons case the novelist intends to point out the profound cause of gatsbys tragedy. dr. watson in the stories of sherlock holmes serves as a foil to the hero, rendering the detective smarter than he would otherwise appear to the reader.by the degree of their development, characters can be grouped as round characters and flat characters. this division is proposed by e.m forster. round characters are fully developed while flat characters are not. or we can say that round characters grow while flat characters do not. usually the reader is allowed access to the inner life of the round character and permitted to learn about many sides of the round character. the flat character is a “closed” character to whose inner thoughts the reader is denied access. usually one side of the flat character is shown in the novel. most heroes are round characters who grow emotionally or spiritually.chapter three themearistotle in poetics lists six basic elements of tragedy. melody (song) and diction (language) fall in the general category of style, and spectacle is relevant to setting in our discussion of fiction. the other three aspects are mythos or plot, ethos or character, and dianoia, which we generally translate into “thought” in english. according to aristotle, plot is the “soul” or shaping principle or fiction, and characters exist primarily as functions of the plot. in most of the stories, plot plays the role of principal structure of the story. but, as northrop frye points out, besides the internal fiction of the character and his/her society, there is an external fiction consisting of a relation between the writer and the writers society. we indeed have literary works by the likes of shakespeare and homer in which artistry is completely absorbed in their internal characters and we can hardly perceive the existence of the author. however, as soon as the authors personality appears on the horizon, a relation with the reader is established, and sometimes there seems no story at all apart from what the author is conveying to his/her reader. in this case, the primary interest in dianoia, the idea or thought that reader gets from the writer, which in modern criticism we generally call “theme”.i. what is theme?one of the safest comments to make about novels is on the theme. everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because its definition is the least restrictive. the theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight. being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. so the theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. ii. clarification about themecommon as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. one misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to all novels. in fact, some novels, interesting ones though, do not provide any insight into life. for example, many novels of ratiocination and novels of horror. these novels are aimed at entertaining the reader, not at improving his understanding of life. they may sometimes touch upon the human nature or social problems, but these issues are only used to push the plot forward and they are not mentioned for their own value. theme exists only in the novel that seriously attempts to reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life, or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of life. (for example, novels of ideas).another misconception about theme is that the theme is largely what the novel is. some people discard the novel when they think that they have got the theme. it should be made clear that the novel is not written to convey an idea but to convey an idea artistically. the novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an abstract idea. an analogy from daily life may help clarify this question. people all need vitamins and get them from various kinds of vegetables and fruits. only those with deficiency of one kind or another have to take vitamin pills to get the required amount. the difference between the theme and the novel is much like that between the vitamins and the vegetables. the reader sometimes finds that the theme of a novel is similar to or even the same as what he has already known about life and that he is still fascinated by the novel. theme appeals solely to the intellectual level of reading while the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional level.another pitfall concerning the theme is to confuse a theme with moral or lesson. usually, a moral or a lesson is the advice stated or implied in a parable or fable. it is something of a rule by which one can regulate his behavior. for example, “be kind to your neighbors,” or “honesty is the best policy.” but a theme is more complicated than this as a novel is to enhance ones awareness of life rather than simply to tell him how to behave.a novel is a complicated matter and different readers may have different interpretations of the same novel, so it is incorrect to presume that one novel has only one theme. in some cases, there are several subthemes to the main theme. in reality, some novels are appreciated for their thematic ambiguity. for example, moby dick can be interpreted in more ways than one.finally, the theme is not to be confused with the subject. the theme is an idea while the subject is a matter or an affair. “l(fā)ove is invincible” may be a theme, but “l(fā)ove” is only a subject. a subject may be universal. the subjects of the scarlet letter, the great gatsby, and women in love are all “l(fā)ove.” but these novels have different themes. a theme is particular to its novel, though there are many similar themes to be found in other novels.iii. five requirements for stating a themethe statement of a theme may be brief or long. and there are different ways to express oneand the same theme. but it should meet the following requirements.a theme must be expressed in the form of a statement with a subject and a predicate. for example, “l(fā)ove of ones country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice.” if a theme is expressed in the form of a phrase, then the phrase must be convertible to sentence form. one can say that the theme of a novel is “futility of envy.” the phrase can be changed to “envy is futile.” when one chooses to state a theme in the phrase form, he must be very careful about its convertibility to sentence form. for instance ,the phrase “selfless maternal love” does not always mean that “maternal love is selfless.”the theme is generalization about life based on the novel, and the statement of theme should be true also of other people or life situations. therefore, names of characters and places should not be mentioned, for they suggest specific things and invite limitations. so in thematic discussion of wuthering heights, one may mention “peoples psychology of revenge,” but not “heathcliffs.”though a theme is a generalization, over-generalization should be avoided. since a theme is extracted from a particular novel (a particular event), it may not be applicable to all situations. so words like “always,” “never,” “all,” and “every” should be avoided. instead, one should use words like “some,” “sometimes,” and “may.” when making a generalization, one should strictly keep to what is actually in the novel and not smuggle into it assumptions supplied from his past experience.since theme is the central and unifying idea of the novel, it must account for all the major details and must not be contradicted by an details in the novel.since a theme is different from a moral or a lesson, one should avoid reducing a theme to a clich or platitude like “beauty is only skin-deep.” if one crams every new experience into an old formula, he loses the opportunity of new perception provided by reading novels.iv. where to look for the themethe novelist may state or imply the theme. he uses every possible method to convey the theme. though the theme is based upon the whole novel, practically, we can specify some important areas in which to look for the theme.how the novel is entitled. the title is the name of the novel and in many cases (almost all cases) the novelist intends it to tell something important about the novel. sometimes the central theme of the novel is present in the title. for example, pride and prejudice is about darcys pride and elizabeth bennets prejudice. main street is about the life of middle-class people in a midwestern town. think what the title of for whom the bell tolls tells about its theme, and as i lay dying.how the novelist shows his interest. if the novelist is interested in something, he would allow more space to it, describing or narrating in great detail. yet, sometimes he emphasizes it by leaving it out, as in the case of ernest hemingway. the point concerned here is that why the novelist gives more attention to this particular character, since or event but not others.how the novelist deals with a common subject. often the novelist has to include in his work some common subjects, but if he treats the common subjects in an uncommon way, it shows that he is trying to convey something new or important in the novel. maybe it is the theme that demands him to do so.important symbols. symbols are loaded with important meanings. so if a symbol appears repeatedly or at important moments, it may point to the theme of the novel. a good example is the letter “a” in the scarlet letter.important speeches. characters talk and in their talk are revealed their judgments of the other characters or event. the characters judgments may give important clues to the theme.v. obvious and unobvious themeobvious theme:the theme of a story, since we know, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. in some stories, the theme is rather obvious. for example, in aesops fable about the council of the mice that cannot decide who will bell the cat, the theme is stated in the moral at the end: “it is easier to propose a thing than to carry it out.” in some novels, the title may offer a suggestion about the main theme. for example, jane austens pride and prejudice is named after its theme, and the whole story unfolds itself around that theme. in some novels, the title is not so named but the plot exists primarily to illustrate the theme and it is not very difficult for us to infer what it is. for example, uncle toms cabin by h.b.stowe and the grapes of wrath by john steinbeck voice the themes of slavery and migratory labor respectively. the title of the grapes of wrath comes from a line in an extremely famous civil war song, “the battle hymn of the republic.” the line is, “he is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored,” which means “an unjust or oppressive situation, action or policy that may inflame desire for vengeance: an explosive condition.” the song was written by a famous and influential social activist, julia ward howe. unobvious theme: but in most literary works of fiction, the theme is seldom so obvious. that is, generally a theme is not a moral nor a message, neither is it clearly conveyed in the title. when we finish reading a finely wrought story, it is easier to sum up the plotto say what happensthan to describe the main idea. to say of james joyces “araby” that it is about a boy who goes to a bazaar to buy a gift for a young woman but arrives too late is to summarize plot, not theme. in many fine short stories, theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. clearly, such a theme is something more than the characters and events of the story. most of the short stories challenge an easy-come theme. in hemingways “a clean, well-lighted place,” as observed by kennedy and gioia, the events are rather simplea young waiter manages to get rid of the old man from the caf and the older waiter stops at a coffee bar on his way homebut while the events themselves seem relatively slight, the story as a whole is full of meaning. for a deep understanding of the meaning, we have to look to other elements of the story besides what happens in it: narrative, symbols, tone, the dialogue between the two waiters, the monologue of the older waiter, etc. evidently the author intends us to pay more attention to the thoughts and feelings of the older waiter, the character whose words echo the authors voice. one try on the theme may be: “the older waiter understands the old man and sympathizes with his need for a clean, well-lighted place.” but here we are still talking about what happens in the story, though we are not樂平市名口鎮(zhèn)戴村高產(chǎn)油茶林種植項(xiàng)目可行性研究報(bào)告江西皇華農(nóng)業(yè)科技發(fā)展有限公司二0一0年十月目 錄第一章 總論.3第二章 項(xiàng)目建設(shè)背景及重要性 .4第三章 項(xiàng)目市場定位與投資回報(bào)分析10第四章 項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)與建設(shè)方案.21第五章 樂平地區(qū)種植油茶風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性分析.23第六章 可行性研究結(jié)論.25第一章 總 論項(xiàng)目名稱及建設(shè)地點(diǎn)1、項(xiàng)目名稱：高產(chǎn)油茶林種植 2、項(xiàng)目建設(shè)地點(diǎn)：樂平市名口鎮(zhèn)戴村（二）項(xiàng)目建設(shè)單位及負(fù)責(zé)人1、項(xiàng)目建設(shè)單位： 江西皇華農(nóng)業(yè)科技發(fā)展有限公司2、項(xiàng)目建設(shè)負(fù)責(zé)人：何宗位（三）項(xiàng)目組織單位：樂平市林業(yè)局、樂平市農(nóng)業(yè)局、樂平市名口鎮(zhèn)人民政府。（四）項(xiàng)目建設(shè)規(guī)模：本項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃開發(fā)種植優(yōu)質(zhì)高效油茶林30000 畝，新造林分全部使用2 年生優(yōu)良無性性上山，達(dá)到最佳效果。（五）項(xiàng)目依托單位：江西省林業(yè)科學(xué)研究所、樂平市林業(yè)局。（六）項(xiàng)目建設(shè)工期：項(xiàng)目建設(shè)工期計(jì)劃為兩年，即從2011 年1 月開始至2012 年12 月建成完工。 （七）項(xiàng)目投資概算及資金來源： 本項(xiàng)目種植面積30000 畝，經(jīng)測算，包括租賃土地費(fèi)、土地開墾平整費(fèi)、配套排灌設(shè)施費(fèi)及苗種購量等，共計(jì)需投入資金5000萬元。資金來源：公司自籌。第二章、項(xiàng)目建設(shè)背景及必要性（一）項(xiàng)目建設(shè)背景油茶（camellia oleifera abel.）是我國南方特有的重要木本食用油料植物。中國是油茶的原產(chǎn)地和分布中心。油茶在我國栽培和利用長達(dá)2000多年，目前世界上把油茶作為食用油料植物栽培的只有我國，國外沒有類似研究報(bào)道。油茶林分布于北緯1828-3434，東經(jīng)1000-1220的中低緯度，中、低海拔、土層深厚的低山丘陵地區(qū)。遍布我國廣西、湖南、江西、等17個(gè)省區(qū)的1100 多個(gè)縣 (區(qū))。油茶的適生土壤為酸性，在年平均氣溫14-21，極端低溫-17，10積溫4250-7000，年降雨量800-2000mm，無霜期200- 360天的條件范圍內(nèi)，一般都能生長、開花、結(jié)果，具有適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、耐旱、耐寒、耐瘠的特點(diǎn)。油茶樹一年種植百年受益，有“綠色油庫” 之稱。全國現(xiàn)有油茶林總面積約400萬公頃。其中湖南、江西、廣西三?。▍^(qū)）占總面積的75.8%。全國茶油常年產(chǎn)量約1 億公斤，約有2 億人口食用茶油。油茶的主要產(chǎn)品茶油中，不飽和脂肪酸高達(dá)85-97，為各種食用油之冠。茶油是目前世界上最富營養(yǎng)與健康價(jià)值的食用油，被譽(yù)為“食油之王”，茶油同時(shí)具有醫(yī)藥保健、化工等多種功能。據(jù)聯(lián)合國糧棉油組織統(tǒng)計(jì)，茶油市場日益呈現(xiàn)出供不應(yīng)求的狀況。為此，我國政府于近年來研究制定了一系列加快油茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的政策措施，特別是黨的十七大更是把加快我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展作為全黨當(dāng)前和今后一個(gè)時(shí)期的一項(xiàng)重要中心任務(wù)，號(hào)召全黨致力于農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村工作，并把加快油茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展列為我國當(dāng)前十大產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，制定和推出了具體的扶植政策，在全國啟動(dòng)跨世紀(jì)油茶先導(dǎo)工程和國家油茶低效改造工程。國務(wù)院總理溫家寶今年初又進(jìn)一步批示要加大我國油茶建設(shè)工程的發(fā)展力度，在全國建設(shè)一批優(yōu)質(zhì)高效油茶林種植推廣示范基地，以此帶動(dòng)全國油茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，從而為我國的油茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展帶來了廣闊的空間和商機(jī)。（二）項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的必要性江西高品質(zhì)油茶良種基地建設(shè)是生態(tài)資源優(yōu)勢轉(zhuǎn)化為經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢的需要。江西是全國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)大省，油茶無論是在產(chǎn)量還是在面積、良種選育技術(shù)方面都位列全國的首位。生態(tài)環(huán)境十分優(yōu)越，生態(tài)資源十分豐富，是生產(chǎn)無公害食品和綠色食品的天然場所，油茶林比較適宜粗放管理，可不施用化肥和噴灑農(nóng)藥，在未被污染的環(huán)境中生產(chǎn)的山茶油是一種有機(jī)綠色食品，發(fā)展山茶油產(chǎn)業(yè)是充分利用生態(tài)優(yōu)勢轉(zhuǎn)化為經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢的必然選擇。同時(shí)，山茶油產(chǎn)業(yè)與江西省的旅游業(yè)相互滲透，山茶油可豐富我省的旅游食品市場，冬季連片的山茶花盛開的美景能吸引大量游人駐足觀光。山茶油是一種富含不飽和亞油酸的木本油脂，優(yōu)質(zhì)茶油以油酸、亞油酸為主的不飽和脂肪酸含量占90%以上，比國際公認(rèn)的最好的橄欖油還多1%，食后易消化，有效促進(jìn)脂溶性維生素的吸收，具有降低油脂，降低膽固醇，預(yù)防心腦血管疾病的功能，并具有較好的護(hù)發(fā)養(yǎng)顏功效，是一種集食用、養(yǎng)生保健、美容于一身的安全營養(yǎng)健康食品，是21 世紀(jì)人們普遍追求的高級(jí)食用油。目前，我省茶油產(chǎn)量從20 世紀(jì)80 年代5.6 萬噸，90 年代5.8 萬噸發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的年產(chǎn)油均在7萬噸以上，約占總產(chǎn)量的二分之一，其中2002 年產(chǎn)油7.6 萬噸，2003 年達(dá)到8.9 萬噸。但是，按2003年產(chǎn)量計(jì)算，全省畝平產(chǎn)油5.03kg。油茶總體產(chǎn)量仍處于很低的水平。就油茶的產(chǎn)值來說，按每公斤50 元銷售價(jià)計(jì)算，全省茶油年產(chǎn)值35.6 億元。加上35萬噸茶枯，60 多萬噸茶殼的用，我省油茶產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值為45 億元左右。項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的社會(huì)效益1、開辟生產(chǎn)途徑當(dāng)今世界，開發(fā)木本食用油已成為解決食用油的主渠道和發(fā)展趨勢，不少國家已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了食用油“木本化”。意大利、西班牙等國家年人均木本食用油達(dá)到20kg目前我國木本食用油人均年占用量只有 l kg；在我國油茶重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)區(qū)的湖南、江西，人均茶油年占用量也不到 1kg?？梢姡罅Πl(fā)展油茶產(chǎn)業(yè)，既是國際發(fā)展的趨勢，又為除農(nóng)田生產(chǎn)食用油之外開辟了一條新途徑、新門路。2、擴(kuò)大勞動(dòng)就業(yè)從種植業(yè)來說，發(fā)展油茶產(chǎn)業(yè)，在荒山、荒地種植油茶林?？擅黠@增加農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力就業(yè)；若再結(jié)合發(fā)展油茶加工業(yè)考慮，則更可進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大廣大農(nóng)民就業(yè)的門路。從這一意義來說，大力發(fā)展油茶林種植業(yè)及其加工業(yè)，不失為解決當(dāng)前及今后全省農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力就業(yè)的一種好途徑、好路子。3、促進(jìn)農(nóng)民增收昔日荒山、荒坡”，可謂“一無所有”：今日種上油茶林，經(jīng)濟(jì)收益倍增。據(jù)調(diào)查，在重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)區(qū)，農(nóng)戶油茶收入占農(nóng)業(yè)總收入的30% 40%，高的可達(dá)70%80%。4、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境油茶林分具有顯著的生態(tài)功能，對(duì)改善生態(tài)、優(yōu)化環(huán)境具有重要作用阻l。根據(jù)國家林業(yè)局中南林業(yè)調(diào)查規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)院對(duì)油茶林分生態(tài)功能效益的研究和評(píng)估，認(rèn)為油茶林具有以下多方面的生態(tài)功能：（1）油茶林及油茶林下枯落物的涵養(yǎng)水源的功能；（2）油茶林保土功能；（3）油茶林制養(yǎng)功能；（4）油茶林具有滯塵效益： （5）油茶抗化學(xué)物質(zhì)和細(xì)菌污染；（6）油茶林可改善地下水質(zhì)；（7）油茶林具有降溫增濕作用。 雖然沒有進(jìn)行油茶林生態(tài)效益、生態(tài)功能的評(píng)估和計(jì)算.但種植油茶林對(duì)改善 荒山、荒坡生態(tài)環(huán)境的作用和效益是肯定的和明顯的。 5、提供優(yōu)質(zhì)生態(tài)肥料茶餅（又叫茶枯、枯餅），是油茶籽加工后的殘?jiān)?，?shù)量約相當(dāng)于茶油的3 倍。這是優(yōu)質(zhì)的有機(jī)肥料，對(duì)發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要作用。6、生態(tài)綠色食品油茶是天然木本油料之一，它生長在野外山地，不受農(nóng)藥、化肥的污染，不含菜油中的芥酸，不含豆油、花生油中黃曲霉素，不含動(dòng)物油中的高膽固醇。屬純天然綠色食品?？梢哉f，茶油是世界上唯一無污染的植物油，其含不飽和脂肪酸比世界上公認(rèn)優(yōu)質(zhì)橄欖油還高1%。實(shí)踐證明，長期食用茶油有提高人體保健、延年益壽等功效。故茶油有“油之之王”的美譽(yù)。綜合利用潛力大。油茶經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值大，全株是寶，主要體現(xiàn)在其綜合利用方面。如油茶果殼可提取栲膠，制糠醛，制碳酸鉀，提取括性炭、木糖醇等；同時(shí)和鋸木屑搭配可做成香菇培養(yǎng)基。茶餅除了做優(yōu)質(zhì)有機(jī)肥料之外，還可提取粗茶油、提取皂素，用于醫(yī)藥，還可提煉人造液體燃料等等。 7、綜合利用油茶全身是寶，只有綜合利用，才能充分發(fā)揮其功能和作用。首先，要大力發(fā)展油茶加工業(yè)，這是提升油茶價(jià)值、增加油茶附加值的重要途徑。其次，要綜合利用油茶資源。如，油茶皮殼水解可生產(chǎn)糠醛和木糖醇，經(jīng)熱解可生產(chǎn)用途廣泛的活性炭，同時(shí)還可生產(chǎn)栲膠、甲醇、丙酮等化學(xué)產(chǎn)品：油茶果殼是一種良好的食用菌培養(yǎng)基；油茶樹干木質(zhì)堅(jiān)韌，紋理細(xì)密、美觀，足制作家具和農(nóng)具的理想材料：油茶林還是巨大的蜜蜂庫，對(duì)發(fā)展養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)、生產(chǎn)蜂產(chǎn)品十分有利，等等。可以說。8、糧油安全（1）社會(huì)影響：本項(xiàng)目不僅能壯大主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)，完善油茶產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，還輻射帶動(dòng)農(nóng)戶增收、農(nóng)業(yè)增效以及油茶基地大面積增長，同時(shí)，對(duì)建設(shè)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村有著重大推動(dòng)作用。（2）生態(tài)影響油：茶是常綠喬木，四季常青，油茶一般栽后8- 10 年郁閉成林，果實(shí)成熟期為一年，故民間有“抱子懷胎”一說，利用荒山種植油茶可以綠化荒山，改良土壤，提高森林覆蓋率，防止水土流失。因此油茶的開發(fā)，具有極好的保持水土作用，對(duì)改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，造福子孫后代，都具有長遠(yuǎn)的戰(zhàn)略意義。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施后，將進(jìn)一步增加項(xiàng)目區(qū)林地面積，提高森林覆蓋率，改善項(xiàng)目區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境。經(jīng)測算，本工程20 萬畝油茶的低改采用新的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)后，化學(xué)肥料和化學(xué)農(nóng)藥使用量均可大大減少，有利于生態(tài)環(huán)境的改善，可間接提高森林覆蓋率。另外，茶園還可減少70%以上的水土流失。這對(duì)涵養(yǎng)水源，防止水土流失，保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境，促進(jìn)項(xiàng)目區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和生態(tài)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展具