沖壓沖裁模具的發(fā)展畢業(yè)外文翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻翻譯

畢業(yè)設計論文 外 文 翻 譯 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 2 Die history 1 Die position in industrial production Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy. The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated on the current industrial policy decision points in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog and to encourage foreign investment industry directory. Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 3 industry, beginning in 1997, Chinas industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output. According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks； in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. From the output of view, since the 80s, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed； metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 4 2 The historical development of mold The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed. The 19th century, with the arms industry (guns shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States； and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50s, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage. Into the 70s to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. Represented by the 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 5 number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the worlds largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development. From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. Since the 90s, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system. With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 6 Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. If a Japanese companys CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours； from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level； computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. Achieve network. Present. Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 7 3 Chinas mold industry and its development trend Die & Mould Industry Status Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, big and complete enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low. According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment； in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, Chinas national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development. 3.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products mold In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 8 of the worlds advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%. Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level. Chinas plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level. 3.2 mold Present Status of Technology Technical level of Chinas mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap. The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go； in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 9 in trial stages and animation； in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task； in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work； in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play. Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. Chinas mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs； and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 10 decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level. 3.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition Over the past 10 years, especially the Eighth Five-Year, the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current. Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization. Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property. Chinas mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 11 beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality. 3.4 Die & Mould Industry Structure in Industrial Organization Chinas mold industry is relatively backward and still could not be called an independent industry. Mold manufacturer in China currently can be divided into four categories: professional mold factory, professional production outside for mold； products factory mold factory or workshop, in order to supply the product works as the main tasks needed to die； die-funded enterprises branch, the organizational model and professional mold factory is similar to small but the main； township mold business, and professional mold factory is similar. Of which the largest number of first-class, mold production accounts for about 70% of total output. Chinas mold industry, decentralized management system. There are 19 major industry sectors manufacture and use of mold, there is no unified management of the department. Only by China Die & Mould Industry Association, overall planning, focus on research, cross-sectoral, inter-departmental management difficulties are many. Mold is suitable for small and medium enterprises organize production, and our technical transformation investment tilted to large and medium enterprises, small and medium enterprise investment mold can not be guaranteed. Including product factory mold shop, factory, including, after the transformation can not quickly recover its investment, or debt-laden, affecting development. Although most products factory mold shop, factory technical force is strong, good equipment conditions, the production of mold levels higher, but equipment utilization rate. Price has long been Chinas mold inconsistent with their value, resulting in mold industry own little economic benefit, social benefit big phenomenon. Dry as dry 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 12 mold mold standard parts, standard parts dry as dry mold with pieces of production. Dry with parts manufactured products than with the mold of the class of anomalies exist. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 13 4 Die trend 4.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction (1) mold software features integrated Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc. Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems； Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software； Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems . (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 14 analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results. (3) mold software applications, networking trend With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 15 4.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3m, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Rolands PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopsons TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on. (2) CNC EDM Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the companys AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 16 (3) high-speed milling machine (HSM) Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8m, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDIs high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm 5000mm 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm. 4. 3 rapid economic modeling techniques Shorten the product development cycle is an effective means of market competition to win one. Compared with the traditional mold process, fast economic modeling technology is a short molding cycle, the characteristics of low cost, precision, and life can meet the production needs, overall economic efficiency is more significant in the mold manufacturing technology, specifically the following main technology. (1) rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RPM). It consists of three-dimensional laser lithography (SLA)； laminated profile manufacturing (LOM)； laser powder sintering prototyping (SLS)； Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) and three-dimensional printing forming technology (3D-P) and so on. (2) the surface forming tooling. It refers to the use of spray, chemical corrosion, electroforming and new method for the formation of the cavity surface and a fine pattern technology. (3) Casting forming tooling. There are bismuth tin alloy tooling, zinc alloy tooling, resin composite forming technology and silicon rubber mold molding technology. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 17 (4) cold extrusion mold technology and ultra-molded shapes. (5) multi-point forming technology. (6) KEVRON steel blanking blanking tooling. (7) mold blank rapid manufacturing technology. Mainly dry sand Mold Casting, Vacuum Mold Casting, Resin Sand Mold Casting Lost Wax Casting, and other technologies. (8) Other aspects of technology. Such as the use of nitrogen gas spring pressure side, discharge, quick die technology, stamping unit technology, and cutting edge technology and solid surfacing edge inserts die casting technology. 4.4 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly Industry to the level of mold, material application is the key. Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which acco unts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.； used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.； used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.； panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development； by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.； can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 18 Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention. 4.5 mold industry new techniques, new ideas and new models have been gradually recognized In the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high-pressure injection molding technology. On the other hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a whole, in the mold industry, there are some new design, production, management ideas and models. Concrete are: to adapt to the characteristics of mold-piece production flexible manufacturing technologies； to create the best management and effective teamwork, lean production； to enhance rapid response capabilities of Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing and global agile manufacturing, manufacturing of new production networks philosophy； extensive use of standard parts common parts of the division of work mode of production； meet the environmental requirements of sustainable development and green design and manufacturing. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 19 Summary The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, technology and labor market re-integration of equipment manufacturing in China after joining the WTO will become the worlds equipment manufacturing base. In the modern manufacturing industry, no matter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry. In order to meet the users high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs. 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 1 模具的發(fā)展 1 模具在工業(yè)生產中的地位 模具是大批量生產同形產品的工具，是工業(yè)生產的主要工藝裝備。 采用模具生產零部件，具有生產效率高、質量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點， 用模具生產制件所具備的高精度、高復雜程度、高一致性、高生產率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。 已成為當代工業(yè)生產的重要手段和工藝 發(fā)展方向?，F代經濟的基礎工業(yè)。現代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對國民經濟和社會發(fā)展將起越來越大的作用。 1989 年 3 月國務院頒布的關于當前產業(yè)政策要點的決定中，把模具列為機械工業(yè)技術改造序列的第一位、生產和基本建設序列的第二位 (僅次于大型發(fā)電設備及相應的輸變電設備 )，確立模具工業(yè)在國民經濟中的重要地位。 1997年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術和設備列入了當前國家重點鼓勵發(fā)展的產業(yè)、產品和技術目錄和鼓勵外商投資產業(yè)目錄。經國務院批準，從 1997 年到 2000年，對 80 多家國有專業(yè)模具廠實行增值稅返還 70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現了國務院和國家有關部門對發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產值約為 600 億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家的模具工業(yè)產值已超過機床工業(yè)，從 1997 年開始，我國模具工業(yè)產值也超過了機床工業(yè)產值。 據統(tǒng)計，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近 90的零件是綜筷具生產的；在飛機、汽車、農機和無線電行業(yè)，這個比例也超過 60。例如飛機制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機模具使用量超過三萬套，其中主機八千套、發(fā)動機二千套、輔機二萬套。從 產值看，80 年代以來，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家模具行業(yè)的產值已超過機床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長的趨勢。據國際生產技術協(xié)會預測，到 2000 年，產品盡件粗加工的 75%、精加工的 50將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成， 50以上的金屬板材、 80以上的塑料都特通過模具轉化成制品。 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 2 2 模具的歷史發(fā)展 模具的出現可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來的。 19 世紀，隨著軍火工業(yè) (槍炮的彈殼 )、鐘表工業(yè)、無線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用 。二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經濟的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產家用電器、汽車、電子儀器、照相機、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。從世界范圍看，當時美國的沖壓技術走在前列 許多模具先進技術，如簡易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動化技術，大多起源于美國；而瑞士的精沖、德國的冷擠壓技術，蘇聯對塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進行列。 50 年代，模具行業(yè)工作重點是根據訂戶的要求，制作能滿足產品要求的模具。模具設計多憑經驗，參考已有圖紙和感性認識，對所設計模具零件的機能缺乏真切了解。從 1955 年到 1965 年，是壓力加工的探索和開發(fā)時代 對模具主要零部件的機能和受力狀態(tài)進行了數學分橋，并把這些知識不斷應用于現場實際，使得沖壓技術在各方面有飛躍的發(fā)展。其結果是歸納出模具設計原則，并使得壓力機械、沖壓材料、加工方法、梅具結構、模具材料、模具制造方法、自動化裝置等領域面貌一新，并向實用化的方向推進，從而使沖壓加工從儀能生產優(yōu)良產品的第一階段。 進入 70 年代向高速化、啟動化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二階段。在這個過程中不斷涌現各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動校具。其代表是多達別多個工位的級進模和十幾個工位的多工位傳遞模。在此基礎上又發(fā)展出既 有連續(xù)沖壓工位又有多滑塊成形工位的壓力機 彎曲機。在此期間，日本站到了世界最前列其模具加工精度進入了微米級，模具壽命，合金工具鋼制造的模具達到了幾千萬次，硬質合金鋼制造的模具達到了幾億次 p 每分鐘沖壓次數，小型壓力機通常為200 至 300 次，最高為 1200 次至 1500 次。在此期間，為了適應產品更新快、用期短 (如汽車改型、玩具翻新等 )的需要，各種經濟型模具，如鋅落合金模具、聚氨酯橡膠模具、鋼皮沖模等也得到了很大發(fā)展。 從 70 年代中期至今可以說是計算機輔助設計、輔助制造技術不斷發(fā)展的時代。隨著模具加工精度與復雜 性不斷提高，生產周期不斷加快，模具業(yè)對設備和人員素沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 3 質的要求也不斷提高。依靠普通加工設備，憑經驗和手藝越來越不能滿足模具生產的需要。 90 年代以來，機械技術和電子技術緊密結合，發(fā)展了 NC 機床，如數控線切割機床、數控電火花機床、數控銑床、數控坐標磨床等。而采用電子計算機自動編程、控制的 CNC 機床提高了數控機床的使用效率和范圍。近年來又發(fā)展出由一臺計算機以分時的方式直接管理和控制一群數控機床的 NNC 系統(tǒng)。 隨著計算機技術的發(fā)展，計算機也逐步進入模具生產的各個領域，包括設計、制造、管理等。國際生產研究協(xié)會預測，到 2000 年，作為設計和制造之間聯系手段的圖紙將失去其主要作用。模具自動設計的最根本點是必須確立模具零件標準及設計標準。要擺脫過去以人的思考判斷和實際經驗為中心所組成的設計方法，就必須把過去的經驗和思考方法，進行系列化、數值化、數式化，作為設計準則儲存到計算機中。因為模具構成元件也干差萬別，要搞出一個能適應各種零件的設計軟件幾乎不可能。但是有些產品的零件形狀變化不大，模具結構有一定的規(guī)律，放可總結歸納，為自動設計提供軟件。如日本某公司的 CDM 系統(tǒng)用于級進模設計與制造，其中包括零件圖形輸入、毛坯展開、條料排樣、確定 模板尺寸和標準、繪制裝配圖和零件圖、輸出 NC程序 (為數控加工中心和線切割編程 )等，所用時間由手工的 20%、工時減少到 35 小時；從 80 年代初日本就將三維的 CAD CAM 系統(tǒng)用于汽車覆蓋件模具。目前，在實體件的掃描輸入，圖線和數據輸入，幾何造形、顯示、繪圖、標注以及對數據的自動編程，產生效控機床控制系統(tǒng)的后置處理文件等方面已達到較高水平；計算機仿真 (CAE)技術也取得了一定成果。在高層次上， CAD CAMCAE集成的，即數據是統(tǒng)一的，可以互相直接傳輸信息實現網絡化。目前國外僅有少數廠家能夠做到。 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 4 3 我國模具工業(yè)現狀及發(fā)展趨勢 由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、 “大而全 ”的企業(yè)特征，我國大部分企業(yè)均設有模具車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產專業(yè)化這個概念。生產效率不高，經濟效益較差。模具行業(yè)的生產小而散亂，跨行業(yè)、投資密集，專業(yè)化、商品化和技術管理水平都比較低。 據不完全統(tǒng)計，全國現有模具專業(yè)生產廠、產品廠配套的模具車間（分廠）近17000 家，約 60 萬從業(yè)人員，年模具總產值達 200 億元人民幣。但是，我國模具工業(yè)現有能力只能滿足需求量的 60左右，還不能適應國民經濟發(fā)展的需 要。目前，國內需要的大型、精密、復雜和長壽命的模具還主要依靠進口。據海關統(tǒng)計， 1997年進口模具價值 6.3 億美元，這還不包括隨設備一起進口的模具； 1997 年出口模具僅為 7800 萬美元。目前我國模具工業(yè)的技術水平和制造能力，是我國國民經濟建設中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和制約經濟持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸 。 3.1 模具工業(yè)產品結構的現狀 按照中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會的劃分，我國模具基本分為 10 大類，其中，沖壓模和塑料成型模兩大類占主要部分。按產值計算，目前我國沖壓模占 50左右，塑料成形模約占 20，拉絲模（工具）約占 10，而世界 上發(fā)達工業(yè)國家和地區(qū)的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具產值的 40以上。 我國沖壓模大多為簡單模、單工序模和符合模等，精沖模，精密多工位級進模還為數不多，模具平均壽命不足 100 萬次，模具最高壽命達到 1 億次以上，精度達到 3 5um，有 50 個以上的級進工位，與國際上最高模具壽命 6 億次，平均模具壽命 5000 萬次相比，處于 80 年代中期國際先進水平。 我國的塑料成形模具設計，制作技術起步較晚，整體水平還較低。目前單型腔，簡單型腔的模具達 70以上，仍占主導地位。一模多腔精密復雜的塑料注射模，多色塑料注 射模已經能初步設計和制造。模具平均壽命約為 80 萬次左右，主要差距是模具零件變形大、溢邊毛刺大、表面質量差、模具型腔沖蝕和腐蝕嚴重、模具排氣不暢和型腔易損等，注射模精度已達到 5um以下，最高壽命已突破 2000 萬次，沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 5 型腔數量已超過 100 腔，達到了 80 年代中期至 90 年代初期的國際先進水平。 3.2 模具工業(yè)技術結構現狀 我國模具工業(yè)目前技術水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。從總體上來講，與發(fā)達工業(yè)國家及港臺地區(qū)先進水平相比，還有較大的差距。 在采用 CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP 等技術設計與制造模具方面，無 論是應用的廣泛性，還是技術水平上都存在很大的差距。在應用 CAD 技術設計模具方面，僅有約10%的模具在設計中采用了 CAD，距拋開繪圖板還有漫長的一段路要走；在應用CAE進行模具方案設計和分析計算方面，也才剛剛起步，大多還處于試用和動畫游戲階段；在應用 CAM 技術制造模具方面，一是缺乏先進適用的制造裝備，二是現有的工藝設備（包括近 10 多年來引進的先進設備）或因計算機制式（ IBM 微機及其兼容機、 HP 工作站等）不同，或因字節(jié)差異、運算速度差異、抗電磁干擾能力差異等，聯網率較低，只有 5%左右的模具制造設備近年來才開展這 項工作；在應用 CAPP 技術進行工藝規(guī)劃方面，基本上處于空白狀態(tài)，需要進行大量的標準化基礎工作；在模具共性工藝技術，如模具快速成型技術、拋光技術、電鑄成型技術、表面處理技術等方面的 CAD/CAM 技術應用在我國才剛起步。計算機輔助技術的軟件開發(fā)，尚處于較低水平，需要知識和經驗的積累。我國大部分模具廠、車間的模具加工設備陳舊，在役期長、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的鍛、車、銑、刨、鉆、磨設備加工模具，熱處理加工仍在使用鹽浴、箱式爐，操作憑工人的經驗，設備簡陋，能耗高。設備更新速度緩慢，技術改造，技術進步力度不 大。雖然近年來也引進了不少先進的模具加工設備，但過于分散，或不配套，利用率一般僅有 25%左右，設備的一些先進功能也未能得到充分發(fā)揮。 缺乏技術素質較高的模具設計、制造工藝技術人員和技術工人，尤其缺乏知識面寬、知識結構層次高的復合型人才。中國模具行業(yè)中的技術人員，只占從業(yè)人員的 8%12%左右，且技術人員和技術工人的總體技術水平也較低。 1980 年以前從業(yè)的技術人員和技術工人知識老化，知識結構不能適應現在的需要；而 80 年代以后從業(yè)的人員，專業(yè)知識、經驗匱乏，動手能力差，不安心，不愿學技術。近年來人才外流不僅造成 人才數量與素質水平下降，而且人才結構也出現了新的斷層，青黃不接，使得模具設計、制造的技術水平難以提高。 沈陽航空航天大學畢業(yè)設計（論文） 6 3.3 模具工業(yè)配套材料，標準件結構現狀 近 10 多年來，特別是 “八五 ”以來，國家有關部委已多次組織有關材料研究所、大專院校和鋼鐵企業(yè)，研究和開發(fā)模具專用系列鋼種、模具專用硬質合金及其他模具加工的專用工具、輔助材料等，并有所推廣。但因材料的質量不夠穩(wěn)定，缺乏必要的試驗條件和試驗數據，規(guī)格品種較少，大型模具和特種模具所需的鋼材及規(guī)格還有缺口。在鋼材供應上，解決用戶的零星用量與鋼廠的批量生產的供需矛盾 ，尚未得到有效的解決。另外，國外模具鋼材近年來相繼在國內建立了銷售網點，但因渠道不暢、技術服務支撐薄弱及價格偏高、外匯結算制度等因素的影響，目前推廣應用不多。 模具加工的輔助材料和專用技術近年來雖有所推廣應用，但未形成成熟的生產技術，大多仍還處于試驗摸索階段，如模具表面涂層技術、模具表面熱處理技術、模具導向副潤滑技術、模具型腔傳感技術及潤滑技術、模具去應力技術、模具抗疲勞及防腐技術等尚未完全形成生產力，走向商品化。一些關鍵、重要的技術也還缺少知識產權的保護。 我國的模具標準件生產， 80 年 代初才形成小規(guī)模生產，模具標準化程度及標準件的使用覆蓋面約占 20%，從市場上能配到的也只有約 30 個品種，且僅限于中小規(guī)格。標準凸凹模、熱流道元件等剛剛開始供應，模架及零件生產供應渠道不暢，精度和質量也較差。 3.4 模具工業(yè)產業(yè)組織結構現狀 我國的模具工業(yè)相對較落后，至今仍不能稱其為一個獨立的行業(yè)。我國目前的模具生產企業(yè)可劃分為四大類：專業(yè)模具廠，專業(yè)生產外供模具；產品廠的模具分廠或車間，以供給本產品廠所需的模具為主要任務；三資企業(yè)的模具分廠，其組織模式與專業(yè)模具廠相類似，以小而專為主；鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)模具企 業(yè)，與專業(yè)模具廠相類似。其中以第一類數量最多，模具產量約占總產量的 70%以上。我國的模具行業(yè)管理體制分散。目前有 19 個大行業(yè)部門制造和使用模具，沒有統(tǒng)一管理的部門。僅靠中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，集中攻關，跨行業(yè)，跨部門