未來(lái)機(jī)械制造業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略機(jī)械類(lèi)外文翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

附錄 A The approaching inflexible manufacturing industry is developed the strategy 1Introduction The inflexible manufacturing industry development always depenies on the technique progress to the entire community ， Moreover with this the development that act as the boundary line to divide into the difference age.First of all is electric power age ， Is living this perioc ， The inflexible manufacturing industry achieves electrifys and the automation ； At the same time ， Being living , the rule is processed （ CM） In immediate future traditional process （ TM） On the base ， But develop the special process （ NTM） In immediate future the non- tradition is processed （ UTM） .Was afterwards information age ， First electron calculating machine preparees the success through the world in 1946 ， Mark the beginning of information age ， Is living this perioc ， The inflexible manufacturing industry had ariseed much kinds of tabrication patterns to be attend school with ruing ， In immediate future ：Digital control （ NC） ,Process heart （ MC） ,Group technology （ GT） ,Computer-aided design （ CAD） ,Computer-aided tabrication （ CAM） ,Computer-aided technological design （ CAPP） ,The calculating machine integration is manufacture （ CIM） ,Parallel project （ CE） ,The picked profit is gived birth to （ LP） ,Quickly manufacture （ AM） ,Fictitious tabrication （ VM） Await .The fresh technique is living the application in the manufacturing industry ， Cause to be called by people “Evening sun property ”The inflexible manufacturing industry continuously springs up fresh wish ， Call out the vitality newly deliver .At first through “Scale mould ”,“Cost mould ”Reach “Quality mould ”， Reach again now “Fast response mould ”O(jiān)pening up before ones eyes such invariably adapts to the contest in marketplace ， Seeking survival keeps ,Request the vigorous lease of life of development . Revolveing round act as the fresh product development of purpose together with vies actually in order to meet the personality demand ， One with is greatly manufacture ,Full process ,Much branches of learning surging forward with great momentumly unfold in the interest of the fresh manufacturing industry revolution of feature .This is two National day century the information economy gets off manufacturing industry tendency in fresh age ， The at the same time such approaching development continue orientation is also indicateing Whole worldization,Messageization ,Intelligentization . 2Integration idea Spirit of manufacturing industry 2.1 That integration idea is living in the manufacturing industry develops the course Mention “Integration ”， Think CIMS certainly （ Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems） . As achieve “Integration ”Actual system of philosophy ， Takes the computer utility as the core ， Support tabrication process every segment ， Is the information technology is living the manufacturing industry usies development high-quality phase .May talking CIMS is that integration idea is living the concrete embodiment in the manufacturing industry. The CIMS approximately attends school and proposes to the 70s ， Being living , the 80s may use the swift development .At first become the feature with the information set .Perioc ， CAD,CAM,The flexible is manufacture the system （ FMS） ,CAPP,The tabrication resources are programmed （ MRP ） Await to obtain the wide-ranging application .Go into the 90s ， The fresh product renewals cycle cuts down increasingly ； Price performance work stop popularization of Lian Gaos ；Speedup the swift development that the fresh product were opened up the package of software ， Causes CIMS goed into takes the process integration as the feature fresh phase .Such marked sign is a parallel project CE .It requires the fresh produce to start ， Design ,Technology ,The production control all intervenes in it ，Synchronism is underway .The more concrete substance of relevant this respect shall be do in the following and elaborate further . Fresh century comes ， Back that business integration CIMS is achieves quickly manufacturing AM （ Agile Manufacturing） Demand .Quickly manufacturing the business more parallel project tabrication business possess developing further ， Still more emphasize that the business forms an alliance .Discover not to make by self when quickly reacting when once ， Be able to be by means of the message road at a high speed （ Internet） The plant subnet carries on working together with else business 2.2 Some famous business statistics datums in home and abroad of next by means of lists ， Future exhibition integration idea adjust the tremendous effect that the manufacturing industry was come into being . 2.2.1The external business usies the beneficial result of CIMS Be living in 1985 for a long time ， The American academy of sciences is living to the U.S. , and CIMSs respect is in leading position five corporatioies Barley gram Tang Nadao draws this airplane corporation by the squares formed by crossed lines,Guide your tractor corporation ,Current motor vehicle corporation ,English squares formed by crossed lines larges rope your the miller corporation has carried on investigation and analysis with the Xi Wu corporation ， Think to adopt CIMS may obtain the below beneficial result ： 1） The produce quality is liftd 200% 500% 2） The production efficiency is liftd 40% 70% 3） The installation utilization ratio is liftd 200% 300% 4） The production cycle cuts down 30% 60% 5） The goods being living decrease 30% 60% 6） The engineering designation expense decreases 15% 30% 7） The labour power expense decreases 5% 20% 8） Lift the work capability 300% of engineer 3500% Japan adjust the beneficial result of CIMS and also actes the investigation ， The coherent plant of wealthy armyman of Japan is after 1 1.5Year the examination thinks such beneficial result against the analysis ： 1） The production efficiency is liftd 60% 2） Immediate productivity is liftd 2 -fold 3） Giving birth to personnel staffs expense decreases 50% 4） The stock capital decreases 30% 60% 5） 2.2.2The domestic business usies the beneficial result of CIMS It is 10 years close that our country implements 863/s CIMSs application demonstration project ， Implement the CIMS business ， Reach the large enterprise through the middle and small business ， All be able to be through CIMS and in the correlation technique obtain obvious economic results and the community beneficial result . Chengdu airplane limited company 1） The barley road nose production cycle cuts down 100% 2） The military plan wholesale production cycle cuts down 25% 3） Complex composition spare lifts 10 at production efficiency 100-fold 4） The stock decreases 10% 5） Obtain the mordent 757 tails Duan Zengs order form of 100 million Americans No tin might believes in the circle 1） The sheme is drawed up 1 2d15min 2） The fresh product developments cycle cuts down 30% 50% 3） The manufacture preparatory period cuts down 50% 60% 4） 96Year compresses reserves 1000 thousand yuan of capital 5） 97Year cuts down by 1300 thousand yuan of manufacturing cost 6） The organization puies into practice flatization and practises thrift personnel Polarized coil mill in Xianyong （ 890Man ） 1） That the wear and tear cuts down by 33% is anticipateed that by the matter 2） Decreasing reserves the capital 30% 50% 3） That the competent rate lifts 100% is send examineing that by the produce 4） The product development cycle cuts down 200% 5） Li Shui rises by 1.4 -fold Through the past the century integration idea in being living the manufacturing industry develops the course and reaches the beneficial result brought to the manufacturing industry ， Cause us understand ， It is little of the process heart to manufacture more and more to part from not turns on already integration idea that takes the well-developed technique as support ， Reach an enterprise group greatly ，Integration idea is being seepd to invariably .“Integration ”Meaning simplifies ， Very hard visualize ， One there is not the integration idea business ， How it shall adapt to is vieed gradually the intense economic wave at present actually .May talk ， Integration idea Spirit of manufacturing industry .But also ， The development in the days to come also shall be the fundamental thinking with integration idea , 3Well-developed technique Motivity of manufacturing industry Relate as the head ， Inflexible manufacturing industry therefore can develop is big ， Intense to the gradually marketplace contest of profit provokes secondly ，Well-developed technique support together with promotion .We realize that the entire luck of manufacturing industry as the astrategicdecisionProductdesignTechnologicaldesign ,Manufacturprocess,Sale ,Much segments such as after-sale service and so on.The well-developed manufacture technique setup too embodyed the administration technique,Design technique ,Respects such as manufacture technique and so on .The next through manufactures the process segment is begined with ， Well-developed technique is living , and application in in it the key segment along with they development acing as to adapt to approaching manufacturing industry demand but requires tendency continuously innovateing unfolds expounding. 3.1 Manufacture the process segment The well-developed cutting action process technology that strides across the century is briefly sit up to be ： Ultrahigh speed ,Super great amount of feeding is processed ； Single composite process ； Unusual kind of stuff is processed moreover ；Hard cutting action miaterials processing along with the trunk style is cut .These technique relate to machine tool installation ,Cutting tool awaits. 3.1.1Machine tool installation It is far-reaching that machine tool installation possess twice qualitative development senses to the contemporary manufacturing industry of leap ： It once is the APT extensive use ； Another quite right miller at a high speed tradeization. Early phase the person who employs the oneboard computer either oneboard computer control system shall be baseded on that the numerical control system of PC substitutes gradually ， The application of APT meaies CAM has goed into the actual application phase.Succeed after the APT ， In the interest of adapts to the contemporary manufacturing industry development demand ， The miller at a high speed had ariseed.Should talk ， It is “Machine ”,“Electron ”“Stuff ”And so on much branches of learning technique development crystal .Say to the summary ， Such key technique consists of the main shaft cell at a high speed,Move forward greatly to the drive system,High-capacity digital control system,Cutting tool system at a high speed,The machine tool bears against assists the cell . Miller at a high speed emergence ， Bring the fresh thinking to the technological design ： No matter being according to put in order the technology course ，Nevertheless adjusting hard cuts the stuff ,Thin wall spare parts knowledge ，Wholly there is the qualitative difference against tradition technology ， Accord with the contemporary manufacturing industry more furthermore “Hurry up ” Character distinguishing feature right on sbs head.It is the forceful support to the well-developed cutting action process technology. In the days to come ， Machine tool development tendency ： 1） It yet is the high-speed cutting ， As to stiff turning,Milling arbitrarily also will establish in the high-speed cutting base above ； 2） IT（ Information technology ） Unite against the machine tool.At the moment ， World calculating machine , The electric network is developed swiftly.The American Chicago manufacture technique exhibition of 2000 September is living （ IMTS2000） And the international machine tool of Japan develops （ 20JIMTOF）On ， One of the significant distinguishing feature that the development starts to become exhibition that IT against the machine unites.Fresh century ， ITs application shall be more wide-ranging ， Is that it is different exact to have ariseed muchly,High efficiency,The small-size machine tool of tall automation is correspondd in the interest of process,Electron,Medical treatment ,The small-size spare parts of produces such as war industry and so on are served ； Secondly the machine tool in control,Monitoring,Diagnosis ,Compensation ,Meritorous service capacitys such as regulation and so on ， Lifing the machine tool , nobody is dissolve,Intelligentization ,Level of integrationization ； Three are utilizing ITs electric network by machine tool together with a section of a construction project,Workshop ,Plant ,The touchs such as the outside world data bank and so on are sit up ， The advance side by side one-step is achieved the administration,Management,Sale ,Serve and so on various sides electric networkization .Be living 21 centuries ， The IT shall become the primary tidal current of machine tool development ； 3 ） Develop further Gao Jing,High efficiency ,Tall automation ,Make varied ,Forming a complete set ,Integrationization ， The nano technology shall possess breakthrough to make progress,Guarranteing continuously lifts the accuracy ,Dependability ,Stability ,Enduring quality ， Is that the effectiveness is processed in the raise ,Base of automation degree .Be living in the 80s 20 centuries 90Years ， Brief raise of process heart fix accuracy is one -fold ， Follow 0.01The Mm universally lifts 5m， Some have attained 3m 1m.Be living 21 centuries ， Be living to guarrantee on the accuracy base ， Continuously lift the effectiveness （ In case much antithetical couplets stir ， Multiple bearing ， Gurrantee the large spare parts as far as possible ， Once packing the clip is completeed ；compositeization in immediate future multiplex kind anthology is to all over the body.Besides ， In the wake of adjust the components small scaleization .Precisely dissolve .Light quantification continuously demand ， The nano technology is living the swift development.At the moment ， Some non- sphere spare parts are processed the exact lathe ， The main shaft flaps , and the pendulum has attained under the 10nm .ULG-100C that Japan opens up （ H3） The mould exceedes the precisely non- sphere and processes the engine ， X， Y， Zs shaft removing amount is different in the interest of 300mm shaft graduation capability 0.0001.X， Y， Zs shaft is dominateeed the resolution and is attained 1nm. 4） The save energy environmental protection technique is utilized up the machine tool territory .ology,Fresh stuff ,Fresh composition,Fresh element ， Along with different necessary base unit components,Measurement,Cutting tool ,That the annex awaits shall continuously innovate. 3.1.2Cutting tool The technique that haves something to do with against the cutting tool c hiefly is cutting mechanism and stuff .Cutting tool cutting action means and form shape are resolved to cutting action mechanism.The stuff is resolved the cutting action performance the cutting action mechanism prerequisite surely below.Cutting action mechanism respect ， Except for the rule bus,Mill,Planer,Millstone ,The string cuts ，At the moment ， But having ariseed water cuts,Laser cuts .Particularly the laser cuts ， It is the new process technology that the swift development is at present sit up Fast forming foundation stone.Cutting tool stuff respect ： Exceed carefully the glittering hard metal ,Diamond blanket hard metal ,Nanometer glittering ceramics ,Exceeding carefully , the glittering cermet reaches such blanket,Cube nitrogenize boron awaits to oapplication .Ceramics and the cube nitrogenize boron multiple use is to turning ； Hard metal and the diamond blanket hard metal multiple use to is milled . Cut in the days to come the process technology distinguishing feature ： Ultrahigh speed,Super great amount of feeding is processed ； Hard cutting action miaterials processing along with the trunk style is cut .It is natural ， Being used stiff turning razor blade and the high velocity mill entirety to set up milling cutter stuff research ought to be developing the orientation .But the cutting action mechanism respect is living ， The fresh territory ought to be stressly opened up.Coming into being of fresh cutting action mechanism ， Frequently be able to come into being the antithetical couplet stirs the effect.In case the person who cuts comes into being laser ， Spur on the fast forming technique development. 3.2 The well-developed technique is living macroscopic respect of the manufacturing industry application Be living here ， We do not want to the product design ,The technological design awaits that concrete fresh technique of every the segment application actes the discussion too many .We alone in join through them the segment to reach to complete every segment process and may sufficiently know from experience the well-developed technique action that to be living in the manufacturing industry what kind significant .It is being information technology development together with application ， Cause that the manufacturing industry was come into being the revolutionary character change.This kind of change is that the serial through the tradition is transporied acting as the pattern to transport to the contemporary parallel transforing as the pattern.CE,LP,The AM awaits to relate to the technique,Business administration system fresh is approximately attend school ， Moreover emphasize man,Technique together with management integration ， Cause personnel staffs orgnization and administration,Mission is distributed ,Work harmonization ,Message exchange ,The design data awaits that happenning fundamentality changes against the resource sharing .Why stressly talk about the parallel project here ， Is for saying on the viewpoint ， It still more accords with “Fast response ”Demand ； Say on the technique ， Now the calculating machine technique,The information technology awaits and speedily develops ， Back forcefully in the interest of such constitutes . It is the parallel project core that the parallel is designed ， Such substance consists of ： 1） Process reconfiguration ： The serial product development pattern through the tradition transforms into the integration ,Parallel product development pattern ， The demand that causes in the downsteam design process is feedbacked to the relevant process as soon as possible ； 2） Digitization produce definition ： Consist of digitization produce pattern and the administration ,Digitization process defini administration ,Digitization means definition and message integration ， In case DFQ,DFA,DFM,CAD/CAE/CAMs integration awaits ； 3） Product development troops reconfigurations ： Shall be traditional takes the meritorous service capacity department as the thread product design ， Revising takes the produce as the thread ， Integrated product development corps of organisation multi-purpose ， Carrying on the produce parallelly opens up ； 4） Cooperation work environment ： Use multi-medium ,Technique such as electric network and so on ， The organisation harmonizes the work environment ，The support is parallelly designed . The parallel is designed as one kind of design “Philosophy ”， Much branches of learning idea and the technique integration should be be supposed to .In the days to come ， Shall main below several respects being living develop ： 1） Fictitiousization of product design ,Integrationization Fictitious product development ； 2 ） Product design electric networkization,Quickly dissolve Based on fictitious business product development ； 3） Product design individualization ,Quickly dissolve Large scale is customize . Each qualitative leap of manufacturing industry is dependent on technological penetration to every branch of learning invariably .Calculating machine technique ,Electric network together with news dispatch technique,Fresh stuff technique ， Even to the extent that osmosis get in by every opening to traditional manufacturing industry of living beings technique ， Cause traditional manufacturing industry overflowing with vigour ， Causes intelligence and the manufacturing industry of tabrication person capability breachs the tradition time,Room and viewpoint is bindd up speedily developing .This effect to the manufacturing industry of technique well-developed quite right . 4 Administration pattern in good time Open the manufacturing industry driving force fountainhead catalytic agent In case the well-developed manufacture technique is not matched somebody with somebody with the timely administration pattern ， The beneficial result is not come out not comes equally Someone has counted ， The administration pattern in good time be able to be brought a few -fold to the business ， Even to the extent that tens -fold the beneficial result. The energetic action of administration originates its timely alternation .21Century the manufacturing industry orgnization and administration distinguishing feature shall possess changing as follows ： 1)Through takes the technique as the heart to the technique drive ， Man transforms in the interest of the heart ； 2)The multi-level production control composition through the pyramid style transforms to the flat network architecture ； 3)The sequential work means through the tradition transforms to the parallel work means ； 4)What it is through divide the department according to the meritorous service fixs the form of organization to the developments admittedly ,Acting on o nes own , administration group work form of organization transforms ； 5） Through the quality first vieing the tactics is actually answered to the marketplace,Velocity first ， And then to the produce innovates first vies the tactics actually to transform. The administration pattern is in good time embodying below fresh idea and fresh means ： Electric network organisation composition ,Fictitious business ,The view is evaluated in the fresh tabrication investment ,Fresh quality assurance setup ,Weighty series of project awaits with man as a result of the project .These fresh idea is innovate with the fresh means so as to to resolve the organisation,It is the core problem that awaits to resolve that high quality a talented person fosters to facilitate tabrication resources the well-developed manufacture pattern such as effectively integrated speedily and so on with how.The produce raisied as far as takeing the top is innovate ， The business have to draw up out one suit the integrated,Practicable operation system ， Futurely adapt to the contemporary manufacturing industry development demand. 5Produce innovation Faucet of manufacturing industry It is pretty ,Day,Developed countries such as morals and so on ， Why they manufacturing industry be able to be living is lead on the world ， The first is that such fresh produce continuously springs up ， Moreover seize best portion of some territorys .Be living in these countrys ， Even if there being the strength business most ， Such misery is conscious of also very thickly.First-rate significant matter of produce innovation as such.As is known to all ， After the building of half century ，It is the largesttest property of China that China machine is manufacture already .Industry total output value,The figure of Li Shuis gross amount with workers and staff members man all is nationwide industry 1/5 1/4， The value of output is next to pretty,Day,Morals,Law ， Dwell the world the 5th.The inflexible manufacturing industry kind of China is completely ， Have 14 great professions ， 145Little profession ， 4More than ten thousand businesss ， 6More than ten thousand straiies.Yet ， Since over a long period of time because of the planned economy effect ， The produce innovation capability is extremely weak.Hence ， Be living in more than 6 thousand straiies ， The grade lets drop in very bestly acing as the whole world marketplace,Technique content and produce that attached value is lower ， A lot superior quality produce either blank space either does not possess the contest capability of international market .For instance ， Several cars being living are construct in the item ， Home-made outfit is merely seizied 30 of general outfit value Left and right sides ， Some are importantly fitted out and completely are dependent on the import some industry departments .The more grave is ， Such import had been one transmigration the earth with per 10 years and had been living to go on .Pass through appearance ， In reality this is the produce innovation problem 21Century inflexible manufacturing industry of China what is confronted with the largesttest task . In view of this problem ， It is main through the viewpoint,The respect such as system and mechanism and means and so on is put ones hand to resolving ： 1） Have to establish the market economy term below ， Whether possesing the produce innovation capability is affecting first-rate great problem of a business life or death viewpoint .Is living at present produce existence cycle below the person who cuts down increasingly the situation ， The produce is innovate not to be the affair accomplished the whole task at one stroke ， But task that is perpetual .Manufacture a generation have to be puied into practice ， Open up next generation ， It is 2 generations second as the advanced research ,The development strategy of second three generations 2） Intelligence and wisdom and the quality of our country engineers and technicians is as good as competitor of external ， Over a long period of time be living below bygone system and the mechanism only ， Be subjected to repressing .For this reason ， Not resolving establishment capacity utmost shifts system and the mechanism to open up personnel staffs initiative ， Piece produce innovation is difficult to becomes actuality . 3） In means ： First of all through digests to suck up introduce from elsewhere the produce to put ones hand to .Next ward off the way in addition ， Overstep adversary .The freshest fruit with else kind branches of learning of high and new technique territory widely suck up ， Integration ,Transforms in the interest of self ；Not confine to now available mechanism and rule ， In order to leap over a generation either some generations rather than take the place of the means following the tracks of adversary to innovate with one by one purely .Raise once by the way here ， At the moment very prevalent way of saying a thing is name dacting as “Green design ” ,“Green is manufacture ”， That natural manufacture is come out too is “Green produce ”.Here “It is green ”It not the only one is the environmental protection idea ，But is the synthetical target of various sides ， Consising of the produce innovates.Good produce of such three organisation Combination which pestle ， The international resources ought to be sufficiently utilized moreover . As to the country ， Pay special attention to several great items ， In case motor vehicle ,News dispatch awaits ， Such produce grade ,Technique content go up with attaching value ， Add the contest force that such is living in the world market certainly enormously ， Only staring out several noted brands ， Be able to spur on the swift development of entire country manufacturing industry.In short ， Whether . or being the developed country ， Nevertheless underdeveloped country ， Wholly first of all resolve the good produce innovation problem ， Produce innovation Faucet of manufacturing industry. 6 Concluding remarks Newly confronts century ， The favourable circumstances coexists against challenge ， The inflexible manufacturing industry merely one another unites against the well-developed technique ， Continuously come out the product,Quality goods ，Is wealthy vitality . Look ahead 21 cen Integrationization,Electric networkization, Digitization ,Fictitiousization along with intelligentization are revising the tradition manufacturing the system ， Causes it becomeinformationage,Information economy age the well-developed the mainest substance to manufacture the system .Except for this ， Fresh cutting action mechanism ,Fresh stuff along with against such one another homologous respect such as composition and technology and so on also be able to possess the great development .Calculating machine is living ,The professions such as news dispatch and so on becomes people chases the heatpoint today ， May believe in ， One with artificially originally ， Takes the produce innovation as the faucet ，Takes the well-developed technique as the support ， With the whole worldization ,Messageization,The intelligentization is the inflexible manufacturing industry of development orientation be able to the flourishing development . 附錄 B 未來(lái)機(jī)械制造業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 引言 機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展總是依托于整個(gè)社會(huì)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，并以此為界線劃分為不同的發(fā)展時(shí)代 .首先是電力時(shí)代，在此期間，機(jī)械制造業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)了電氣化和自動(dòng)化；同時(shí)，在常規(guī)加工（ CM）即傳統(tǒng)加工（ TM）的基礎(chǔ)上，又發(fā)展了特種加工（ NTM）即非傳統(tǒng)加工（ UTM） .后來(lái)是信息時(shí)代，從 1946 年世界上第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)研制成功，標(biāo)志著信息時(shí)代的開(kāi)始，在此期間，機(jī)械制造業(yè)出現(xiàn)了多種制造模式和理念，即：數(shù)控（ NC）、加工中心（ MC）、成組技術(shù)（ GT）、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（ CAD）、計(jì)算機(jī)輔 助制造（ CAM）、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)（ CAPP）、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造（ CIM）、并行工程（ CE）、精益生產(chǎn)（ LP）、敏捷制造（ AM）、虛擬制造（ VM）等 .新技術(shù)在制造業(yè)中的應(yīng)用，使得被人們稱(chēng)作 “夕陽(yáng)產(chǎn)業(yè) ”的機(jī)械制造業(yè)不斷涌現(xiàn)新的希望，喚發(fā)新的活力 .從起初 “規(guī)模型 ”、 “成本型 ”到 “質(zhì)量型 ”，再到現(xiàn)在的 “快速響應(yīng)型 ”無(wú)不展示其適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，求生存、求發(fā)展的勃勃生機(jī) . 圍繞著以滿足個(gè)性需求為宗旨的新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)與竟?fàn)帲粓?chǎng)以大制造、全過(guò)程、多學(xué)科為特征的新的制造業(yè)革命正波瀾壯闊地展開(kāi) .這是二十一世紀(jì)知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)新時(shí) 代下制造業(yè)的趨勢(shì)，同時(shí)也預(yù)示著其未來(lái)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展方向 全球化、信息化、智能化 . 2 集成化思想 制造業(yè)之靈魂 2.1 集成化思想在制造業(yè)中發(fā)展歷程 提到 “集成 ”，自然想到 CIMS（ Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems） .作為實(shí)現(xiàn) “集成 ”哲理的實(shí)際系統(tǒng)，以計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用為核心，支持制造過(guò)程各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，是信息技術(shù)在制造業(yè)應(yīng)用發(fā)展的高級(jí)階段 .可以說(shuō) CIMS 是集成化思想在制造業(yè)中的具體體現(xiàn) . CIMS 概念提出于 70 年代，在 80 年代得以應(yīng)用并迅速發(fā)展起來(lái) .起初是以信息集成為特征的 .期間， CAD、 CAM、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（ FMS）、 CAPP、制造資源計(jì)劃（ MRP ）等得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用 .進(jìn)入 90 年代，新品更新周期日益縮短；價(jià)廉高性能工作站的普及；加速新品開(kāi)發(fā)軟件包的迅速發(fā)展，使 CIMS 進(jìn)入了以過(guò)程集成為特征的新階段 .其顯著標(biāo)志就是并行工程 CE.它要求新產(chǎn)品一開(kāi)始，設(shè)計(jì)、工藝、生產(chǎn)管理均介入其中，同步進(jìn)行 .有關(guān)這方面更具體的內(nèi)容將在下面做進(jìn)一步闡述 . 新世紀(jì)的來(lái)臨，支持企業(yè)集成的 CIMS 是實(shí)現(xiàn)敏捷制造 AM（ Agile Manufacturing）的要求 .敏捷 制造企業(yè)較并行工程的制造企業(yè)有了進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，更強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)結(jié)盟 .當(dāng)一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)單獨(dú)不能作出敏捷反應(yīng)時(shí)，能通過(guò)高速信息公路（ Internet）的工廠子網(wǎng)和其它企業(yè)進(jìn)行合作，從組織跨企業(yè)的開(kāi)發(fā)組到動(dòng)態(tài)聯(lián)合公司，來(lái)對(duì)機(jī)遇作出快速響應(yīng) 2.2 集成化思想給制造業(yè)帶來(lái)的效益 下面通過(guò)列出國(guó)內(nèi)外一些著名企業(yè)的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料，來(lái)展示集成化思想對(duì)制造業(yè)所產(chǎn)生的巨大影響 . 2.2.1 國(guó)外企業(yè)應(yīng)用 CIMS 的效益 早在 1985 年，美國(guó)科學(xué)院就對(duì)美國(guó)在 CIMS 方面處于領(lǐng)先地位的五個(gè)公司 麥克唐納道格拉斯飛機(jī)公司、迪爾拖拉機(jī) 公司、通用汽車(chē)公司、英格索爾銑床公司和西屋公司進(jìn)行了調(diào)查和分析，認(rèn)為采用 CIMS 可以獲得以下效益： 1）產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量提高 200% 500% 2）生產(chǎn)效率提高 40% 70% 3）設(shè)備利用率提高 200% 300% 4）生產(chǎn)周期縮短 30% 60% 5）在制品減少 30% 60% 6）工程設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)減少 15% 30% 7）人力費(fèi)用減少 5% 20% 8）提高工程師的工作能力 300% 3500% 日本對(duì) CIMS 的效益也做了調(diào) 查，日本富士通一家工廠經(jīng)過(guò) 1 1.5 年的考查與分析認(rèn)為其效益： 1）生產(chǎn)效率提高 60% 2）直接生產(chǎn)率提高 2 倍 3）生產(chǎn)人員費(fèi)用減少 50% 4）庫(kù)存資金減少 30% 60% 5）廢品率降低到原來(lái)的 2.2.2 國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)應(yīng)用 CIMS 的效益 我國(guó)實(shí)施 863/ CIMS 應(yīng)用示范工程近 10 年來(lái)，實(shí)施 CIMS 企業(yè)，從中小企業(yè)到大型企業(yè)，均能從 CIMS 及相關(guān)技術(shù)中獲得明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益 成都飛機(jī)有限公司 1）麥道機(jī) 頭生產(chǎn)周期縮短 100% 2）軍機(jī)批生產(chǎn)周期縮短 25% 3）復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)件生產(chǎn)效率提高 10 100 倍 4）庫(kù)存減少 10% 5）獲得 1 億美元的波音 757 尾段增定單 無(wú)錫威孚集團(tuán) 1）計(jì)劃編制 1 2d15min 2）新品開(kāi)發(fā)周期縮短 30% 50% 3）生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期縮短 50% 60% 4） 96 年壓縮庫(kù)存資金 1000 萬(wàn)元 5） 97 年降低生產(chǎn)成本 1300 萬(wàn)元 6）機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)行扁平化節(jié)約人員 DW400 余人 咸陽(yáng)偏轉(zhuǎn)線圈廠（ 890 人） 1）物料損耗降低 33% 2）減少庫(kù)存資金 30% 50% 3）產(chǎn)品送檢合格率提高 100% 4）產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)周期縮短 200% 5）利稅增長(zhǎng) 1.4 倍 從過(guò)去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)集成化思想在制造業(yè)中發(fā)展歷程及給制造業(yè)帶來(lái)的效益，使我們認(rèn)識(shí)到，制造業(yè)已越來(lái)越離不開(kāi)以先進(jìn)技術(shù)為支持的集成化思想 .小到一個(gè)加工中心，大到一個(gè)企業(yè)集團(tuán)，方方面面無(wú)不滲透著集成化思想 .“集成 ”就意味著精簡(jiǎn)，很難想象，一個(gè)沒(méi)有集成化思想的企業(yè)，它將如 何適應(yīng)當(dāng)今竟?fàn)幦遮吋ち业慕?jīng)濟(jì)浪潮 .可以說(shuō)，集成化思想 制造業(yè)之靈魂 .而且，今后的發(fā)展也將以集成化思想為基本思路 3 先進(jìn)技術(shù) 制造業(yè)之原動(dòng)力 正如前面所述，機(jī)械制造業(yè)所以能夠發(fā)展壯大，得益于日趨激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)刺激下，先進(jìn)技術(shù)的支持與推動(dòng) .我們知道制造業(yè)整個(gè)運(yùn)作過(guò)程包括產(chǎn)品決策、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、工藝設(shè)計(jì)、制造加工、銷(xiāo)售、售后服務(wù)等諸多環(huán)節(jié) .先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)體系亦包含了管理技術(shù)、設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)、制造技術(shù)等方面 .下面從制造加工環(huán)節(jié)入手，就先進(jìn)技術(shù)在其中關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)上的應(yīng)用以及它們?yōu)檫m應(yīng)未來(lái)制造業(yè)發(fā)展要求而需不斷創(chuàng)新的趨 勢(shì)展開(kāi)論述 3.1 制造加工環(huán)節(jié) 跨世紀(jì)的先進(jìn)切削加工技術(shù)概括起來(lái)就是：超高速、超大進(jìn)給量加工；單軸復(fù)合加工；異種材料同時(shí)加工；難切削材料加工以及干式切削 .這些技術(shù)涉及機(jī)床設(shè)備、刀具等 3.1.1 機(jī)床設(shè)備 機(jī)床設(shè)備有兩次質(zhì)的飛躍對(duì)現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展意義深遠(yuǎn)：一次就是數(shù)控機(jī)床的廣泛應(yīng)用；另一次就是高速銑床的商業(yè)化 . 早期使用的單板機(jī)或單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)將逐步被基于 PC 的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)所取代，數(shù)控機(jī)床的應(yīng)用意味著 CAM 已進(jìn)入實(shí)際應(yīng)用階段 .繼數(shù)控機(jī)床之后，為適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)發(fā)展需求，高速 銑床出現(xiàn)了 .應(yīng)該說(shuō)，它是 “機(jī)械 ”、 “電子 ”“材料 ”等多學(xué)科技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)晶 .概括地講，其關(guān)鍵技術(shù)包括高速主軸單元、大進(jìn)給驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、大容量數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)、高速刀具系統(tǒng)、機(jī)床支承與輔助單元 . 高速銑床的出現(xiàn)，給工藝設(shè)計(jì)帶來(lái)新的思路：無(wú)論是按排工藝路線，還是對(duì)難切削材料、薄壁零件的認(rèn)識(shí)，都與傳統(tǒng)工藝有著質(zhì)的不同，更加符合現(xiàn)代制造業(yè) “快 ” 字當(dāng)頭的特點(diǎn) .是對(duì)先進(jìn)切削加工技術(shù)的有力支持 . 今后，機(jī)床發(fā)展趨勢(shì)： 1) 仍然是高速切削，至于硬車(chē)削、硬銑削也要建立在高速切削基礎(chǔ)之上； 2） IT（信息技術(shù)） 與機(jī)床結(jié)合 .目前，世界計(jì)算機(jī)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展迅速 .在 2000年 9 月美國(guó)芝加哥制造技術(shù)展（ IMTS2000）和日本國(guó)際機(jī)床發(fā)展（ 20JIMTOF）上， IT 與機(jī)床結(jié)合的發(fā)展已開(kāi)始成為展覽會(huì)的重要特色之一 .新世紀(jì)， IT應(yīng)用將更加廣泛，一是將出現(xiàn)許多各種精密、高效、高自動(dòng)化小型機(jī)床為加工通信、電子、醫(yī)療、軍工等產(chǎn)品小型零件服務(wù)；二是機(jī)床本身更加廣泛使用 IT 技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)控制、監(jiān)視、診斷、補(bǔ)償、調(diào)整等功能，提高機(jī)床無(wú)人化、智能化、集成化之水平；三是利用 IT 網(wǎng)絡(luò)將機(jī)床與工段、車(chē)間、工廠、外界數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)等聯(lián)系起來(lái)