注射塑模具類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、模具的發(fā)展中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

Die history 1 Die position in industrial production Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.  With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption ,  other manufacturing methods can not match.  Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy.  The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role.  March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy.  Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory."  Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry.  All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support.  Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output. 2 China's mold industry and its development trend Die & Mould Industry Status  Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production.  Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns.  Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.  According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold.  However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development.  At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports.  According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment； in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold.  At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development. 2.1  Research on the Structure of industrial products mold  In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part.  Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.  Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.  China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low.  Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing.  Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level. 2.2 mold Present Status of Technology  Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities.  Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.    The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both.  In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go； in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation； in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task； in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work； in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started.  Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required.  Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption.  Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity.  Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.  Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents.  China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level.  Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs； and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology.  In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level. 2.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition  Over the past 10 years, especially the "Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion.  However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap.  In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed.  In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.  Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization.  Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.  China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size.  Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality. 3 Die trend 3.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction (1) mold software features integrated  Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits.  Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems.  A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.  Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems； Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software； Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems . (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional  Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration.  Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing.  Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible.  In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure .  Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications.  China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software.  For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one.  Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results. (3) mold software applications, networking trend  With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible.  The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months. 3.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient  Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding.  Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3m, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning.  Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications.  This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm.  Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Roland's PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on. (2) CNC EDM  Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems.  Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies. (3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)  Milling is an important means of cavity mold.  The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages.  Thus in the mold processing more and more attention.  Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8m, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min.  Italy RAMBAUDI's high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm 5000mm 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min.  HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm. 3.3 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly  Industry to the level of mold, material application is the key.  Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die.  In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.； used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.； used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel  (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.； panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development； by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.； can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention. 3.4 mold industry new techniques, new ideas and new models have been gradually recognized  In the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high-pressure injection molding technology.  On the other hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a whole, in the mold industry, there are some new design, production, management ideas and models.  Concrete are: to adapt to the characteristics of mold-piece production flexible manufacturing technologies； to create the best management and effective teamwork, lean production； to enhance rapid response capabilities of Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing and global agile manufacturing, manufacturing of new production networks philosophy； extensive use of standard parts common parts of the division of work mode of production； meet the environmental requirements of sustainable development and green design and manufacturing. Summary  The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, technology and labor market re-integration of equipment manufacturing in China after joining the WTO will become the world's equipment manufacturing base.  In the modern manufacturing industry, no matter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry.  In order to meet the user's high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs. 模具的發(fā)展   1 模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位   模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工 藝裝備。  采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)， 用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。 已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向。現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來越大的作用。 1989 年 3 月國務(wù)院頒布的關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定中，把模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位 (僅次 于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備 )，確立模具工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位。 1997 年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了當(dāng)前國家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄和鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄。經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從 1997年到 2000年，對(duì) 80多家國有專業(yè)模具廠實(shí)行增值稅返還70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國務(wù)院和國家有關(guān)部門對(duì)發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為 600億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床工業(yè)，從 1997 年開始，我國模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超 過了機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。   2 我國模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)   由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、 “大而全 ”的企業(yè)特征，我國大部分企業(yè)均設(shè)有模具車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化這個(gè)概念。生產(chǎn)效率不高，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較差。模具行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)小而散亂，跨行業(yè)、投資密集，專業(yè)化、商品化和技術(shù)管理水平都比較低。  據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國現(xiàn)有模具專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠、產(chǎn)品廠配套的模具車間（分廠）近 17000家，約 60萬從業(yè)人員，年模具總產(chǎn)值達(dá) 200億元人民幣。但是，我國模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)有能力只能滿足需求量的 60左右，還不能適應(yīng)國民 經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。目前，國內(nèi)需要的大型、精密、復(fù)雜和長壽命的模具還主要依靠進(jìn)口。據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)， 1997年進(jìn)口模具價(jià)值 6.3億美元，這還不包括隨設(shè)備一起進(jìn)口的模具；1997年出口模具僅為 7800萬美元。目前我國模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和制造能力，是我國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和制約經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸。  2.1 模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀       按照中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的劃分，我國模具基本分為 10 大類，其中，沖壓模和塑料成型模兩大類占主要部分。按產(chǎn)值計(jì)算，目前我國沖壓模占 50左右，塑料成形模約占 20，拉絲模（工具）約占 10，而世界上發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國家和地區(qū)的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具產(chǎn)值的 40以上。       我國沖壓模大多為簡單模、單工序模和符合模等，精沖模，精密多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模還為數(shù)不多，模具平均壽命不足 100萬次，模具最高壽命達(dá)到 1億次以上，精度達(dá)到 3 5um，有 50個(gè)以上的級(jí)進(jìn)工位，與國際上最高模具壽命 6億次，平均模具壽命 5000萬次相比，處于 80年代中期國際先進(jìn)水平。       我國的塑料成形模具設(shè)計(jì)，制作技術(shù)起步較晚，整體水平還較低。目前單型腔，簡單型腔的模具達(dá) 70以上，仍占主導(dǎo)地位。一模多腔精密復(fù)雜的塑料注射模 ，多色塑料注射模已經(jīng)能初步設(shè)計(jì)和制造。模具平均壽命約為 80萬次左右，主要差距是模具零件變形大、溢邊毛刺大、表面質(zhì)量差、模具型腔沖蝕和腐蝕嚴(yán)重、模具排氣不暢和型腔易損等，注射模精度已達(dá)到 5um 以下，最高壽命已突破 2000萬次，型腔數(shù)量已超過 100腔，達(dá)到了 80年代中期至 90年代初期的國際先進(jìn)水平。  2.2 模具工業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀       我國模具工業(yè)目前技術(shù)水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。從總體上來講，與發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國家及港臺(tái)地區(qū)先進(jìn)水平相比，還有較大的差距。     在采用 CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP 等技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)與制造 模具方面，無論是應(yīng)用的廣泛性，還是技術(shù)水平上都存在很大的差距。在應(yīng)用 CAD技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)模具方面，僅有約 10%的模具在設(shè)計(jì)中采用了 CAD，距拋開繪圖板還有漫長的一段路要走；在應(yīng)用 CAE 進(jìn)行模具方案設(shè)計(jì)和分析計(jì)算方面，也才剛剛起步，大多還處于試用和動(dòng)畫游戲階段；在應(yīng)用 CAM技術(shù)制造模具方面，一是缺乏先進(jìn)適用的制造裝備，二是現(xiàn)有的工藝設(shè)備（包括近 10 多年來引進(jìn)的先進(jìn)設(shè)備）或因計(jì)算機(jī)制式（ IBM微機(jī)及其兼容機(jī)、 HP 工作站等）不同，或因字節(jié)差異、運(yùn)算速度差異、抗電磁干擾能力差異等，聯(lián)網(wǎng)率較低，只有 5%左右的模具制造設(shè)備近 年來才開展這項(xiàng)工作；在應(yīng)用 CAPP技術(shù)進(jìn)行工藝規(guī)劃方面，基本上處于空白狀態(tài)，需要進(jìn)行大量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化基礎(chǔ)工作；在模具共性工藝技術(shù)，如模具快速成型技術(shù)、拋光技術(shù)、電鑄成型技術(shù)、表面處理技術(shù)等方面的 CAD/CAM 技術(shù)應(yīng)用在我國才剛起步。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)的軟件開發(fā)，尚處于較低水平，需要知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累。我國大部分模具廠、車間的模具加工設(shè)備陳舊，在役期長、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的鍛、車、銑、刨、鉆、磨設(shè)備加工模具，熱處理加工仍在使用鹽浴、箱式爐，操作憑工人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，設(shè)備簡陋，能耗高。設(shè)備更新速度緩慢，技術(shù)改造，技 術(shù)進(jìn)步力度不大。雖然近年來也引進(jìn)了不少先進(jìn)的模具加工設(shè)備，但過于分散，或不配套，利用率一般僅有 25%左右，設(shè)備的一些先進(jìn)功能也未能得到充分發(fā)揮。  缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知識(shí)面寬、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。中國模具行業(yè)中的技術(shù)人員，只占從業(yè)人員的 8%12%左右，且技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人的總體技術(shù)水平也較低。 1980 年以前從業(yè)的技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人知識(shí)老化，知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)在的需要；而80 年代以后從業(yè)的人員，專業(yè)知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)匱乏，動(dòng)手能力差，不安心，不愿學(xué)技術(shù)。近年來人才 外流不僅造成人才數(shù)量與素質(zhì)水平下降，而且人才結(jié)構(gòu)也出現(xiàn)了新的斷層，青黃不接，使得模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造的技術(shù)水平難以提高。  2.3 模具工業(yè)配套材料，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀       近 10 多年來，特別是 “八五 ”以來，國家有關(guān)部委已多次組織有關(guān)材料研究所、大專院校和鋼鐵企業(yè)，研究和開發(fā)模具專用系列鋼種、模具專用硬質(zhì)合金及其他模具加工的專用工具、輔助材料等，并有所推廣。但因材料的質(zhì)量不夠穩(wěn)定，缺乏必要的試驗(yàn)條件和試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，規(guī)格品種較少，大型模具和特種模具所需的鋼材及規(guī)格還有缺口。在鋼材供應(yīng)上，解決用戶的零星用量與鋼廠的批量生 產(chǎn)的供需矛盾，尚未得到有效的解決。另外，國外模具鋼材近年來相繼在國內(nèi)建立了銷售網(wǎng)點(diǎn)，但因渠道不暢、技術(shù)服務(wù)支撐薄弱及價(jià)格偏高、外匯結(jié)算制度等因素的影響，目前推廣應(yīng)用不多。       模具加工的輔助材料和專用技術(shù)近年來雖有所推廣應(yīng)用，但未形成成熟的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，大多仍還處于試驗(yàn)摸索階段，如模具表面涂層技術(shù)、模具表面熱處理技術(shù)、模具導(dǎo)向副潤滑技術(shù)、模具型腔傳感技術(shù)及潤滑技術(shù)、模具去應(yīng)力技術(shù)、模具抗疲勞及防腐技術(shù)等尚未完全形成生產(chǎn)力，走向商品化。一些關(guān)鍵、重要的技術(shù)也還缺少知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)。       我國的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件 生產(chǎn)， 80 年代初才形成小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用覆蓋面約占 20%，從市場(chǎng)上能配到的也只有約 30個(gè)品種，且僅限于中小規(guī)格。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凸凹模、熱流道元件等剛剛開始供應(yīng)，模架及零件生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)渠道不暢，精度和質(zhì)量也較差。   3 模具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)   3.1 模具 CAD/CAE/CAM 正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展     （ 1）模具軟件功能集成化       模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測(cè)試 及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國 Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面 /實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級(jí)渲染、塑料模設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體 CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測(cè)量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、 UG和 CATIA等。國內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模 CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的 CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模 CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。     （ 2） 模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化       傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的 CAE 分析、模具可制造性評(píng)價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、 UG和 CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點(diǎn)，從而使模具并