四、K-5 閱讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：基本技能.doc

P16-17 Reading Standards: Foundational Skills (K5)閱讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：基本技能(K5)These standards are directed toward fostering students understanding and working knowledge of concepts of print, the alphabetic principle, and other basic conventions of the English writing system. These foundational skills are not an end in and of themselves; rather, they are necessary and important components of an effective, comprehensive reading program designed to develop proficient readers with the capacity to comprehend texts across a range of types anddisciplines. Instruction should be differentiated: good readers will need much less practice with these concepts than struggling readers will. The point is to teach students what they need to learn and not what they already knowto discern when particular children or activities warrant more or less attention.這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直接針對培養(yǎng)學(xué)生關(guān)于印刷出版物、按字母順序的原則和英語寫作系統(tǒng)其他基本原則的概念的理解和應(yīng)用知識。這些基本的技能并不是目的本身，相反，它們是一份有效、全面的閱讀計(jì)劃的必要和重要的組成部分，該閱讀計(jì)劃旨在培養(yǎng)具有熟練的閱讀與理解各種類型和學(xué)科的文本的能力的讀者。應(yīng)該進(jìn)行有差異的指導(dǎo)：高水平的讀者相比在閱讀中苦苦掙扎的讀者在對于這些概念的練習(xí)會(huì)少得多。關(guān)鍵是教學(xué)生了解他們需要學(xué)習(xí)什么而不是他們已經(jīng)知道什么辨別時(shí)特別是兒童或活動(dòng)值得受到或多或少的關(guān)注。Note: In kindergarten, children are expected to demonstrate increasing awareness and competence in the areas that follow.在幼兒園里，孩子們被期望能在以下的領(lǐng)域中表現(xiàn)出越來越多的意識和能力。K年級1年級2年級3年級4年級5年級Print Concepts 紙質(zhì)出版物的概念1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.表明對紙質(zhì)出版物的組織和基本特征的理解。1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print表明對紙質(zhì)出版物的組織和基本特征的理解。a. Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.按照從左到右，從上到下，一頁接一頁的語言順序。a. Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word,capitalization, ending punctuation)認(rèn)識和區(qū)分句子的特點(diǎn)（例如，第一個(gè)單詞，大小寫，結(jié)束標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號）b. Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.認(rèn)識到口頭的語言在書面語言中的表達(dá)，通過字母的特定的排序。c. Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.理解在出版物中由空格分隔的詞語d. Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet認(rèn)識并且能說出字母表中所有大寫和小寫字母Phonological Awareness 音韻意識2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds(phonemes).表明對口語的詞，音節(jié)和發(fā)音（音素）的理解2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds(phonemes).表明對口語的詞，音節(jié)和發(fā)音（音素）的理解a. Recognize and produce rhyming words.認(rèn)識并能說出押韻的詞a. Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.區(qū)分在口語的單音節(jié)詞中的長和短元音的發(fā)音b. Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.能數(shù)清、發(fā)音、混合和劃分口語詞匯中的音節(jié)。b. Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes),including consonant blends.通過包括輔音的混讀方法發(fā)音單音節(jié)詞。c. Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.混合和分割單音節(jié)詞的首尾音c. Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) inspoken single-syllable words.單獨(dú)地發(fā)出口語中單音節(jié)詞的第一個(gè)音素，中間的元音和最后的音素。d. Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes)in three-phoneme (consonant-vowel-consonant, or CVC) words.* (This doesnot include CVCs ending with /l/, /r/, or /x/.)單獨(dú)地發(fā)出三音節(jié)（輔音元音輔音，或縮寫CVC)詞的第一個(gè)音素，中間的元音和最后的音素。（不包括以/l/, /r/, 或 /x/結(jié)尾的單詞）d. Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).將口語的單音節(jié)詞語劃分為獨(dú)立音節(jié)組成的完整序列。e. Add or substitute individual sounds (phonemes) in simple, one-syllable words to make new words.添加或替換簡單的單音節(jié)詞中個(gè)別發(fā)音（音素）來造新字。Phonics and Word Recognition 拼音和詞語的識別3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語構(gòu)成中各級別的發(fā)音和詞語分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語構(gòu)成中各級別的發(fā)音和詞語分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語構(gòu)成中各級別的發(fā)音和詞語分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語構(gòu)成中各級別的發(fā)音和詞語分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語構(gòu)成中各級別的發(fā)音和詞語分析的技能。3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and wordanalysis skills in decoding words.知道和應(yīng)用在詞語構(gòu)成中各級別的發(fā)音和詞語分析的技能。a. Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-oneletter-sound correspondences by producingthe primary sound or many of the mostfrequent sounds for each consonant.通過發(fā)基本音或每個(gè)輔音的多數(shù)常用音來展示基本的字母與發(fā)音的對應(yīng)關(guān)系。a. Know the spelling-sound correspondences forcommon consonant digraphs.了解常見輔音字母組合對應(yīng)的字形和字音。a. Distinguish long and short vowels whenreading regularly spelled one-syllable words.讀到常見的單音節(jié)詞時(shí)能夠區(qū)分長元音和短元音。a. Identify and know the meaning of the mostcommon prefixes and derivational suffixes.能識別和了解常見前綴和派生后綴的含義a. Use combined knowledge of all letter-soundcorrespondences, syllabication patterns, andmorphology (e.g., roots and affixes) to readaccurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words incontext and out of context.結(jié)合字母與讀音的對應(yīng)關(guān)系、音節(jié)劃分模式和詞形學(xué)（如詞根和詞綴）的知識來準(zhǔn)確讀出文中或文外的非常見多音節(jié)詞。a. Use combined knowledge of all letter-soundcorrespondences, syllabication patterns, andmorphology (e.g., roots and affixes) to readaccurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words incontext and out of context.結(jié)合字母與讀音的對應(yīng)關(guān)系、音節(jié)劃分模式和詞形學(xué)（如詞根和詞綴）的知識來準(zhǔn)確讀出文中或文外的非常見多音節(jié)詞。b. Associate the long and short sounds withcommon spellings (graphemes) for the fivemajor vowels.將長音和短音與五個(gè)主要元音的拼寫（字母）聯(lián)系起來b. Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.能識別規(guī)則拼寫的單音節(jié)詞。b. Know spelling-sound correspondences foradditional common vowel teams.知道其他常見元音組合的拼寫和發(fā)音。b. Decode words with common Latin suffixes.能識別帶有常見拉丁后綴的單詞。c. Read common high-frequency words by sight(e.g., the, of, to, you, she, my, is, are, do, does).看到就能讀出高頻出現(xiàn)的詞。（如the, of, to, you, she, my, is, are, do ,does）c. Know final -e and common vowel teamconventions for representing long vowelsounds知道表示長元音的結(jié)尾為e和常見元音字母組合規(guī)則。c. Decode regularly spelled two-syllable wordswith long vowels.能識別規(guī)則拼寫的帶有長元音的雙音節(jié)詞。c. Decode multisyllable words.d. Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelledwords.能識別出多音節(jié)詞。能讀出符合學(xué)齡的不規(guī)則拼寫詞。d. Distinguish between similarly spelled words byidentifying the sounds of the letters that differ.通過識別字母發(fā)音的差異來區(qū)分拼寫相近的詞。d. Use knowledge that every syllable must havea vowel sound to determine the number of syllables in a printed word.用每個(gè)音節(jié)都有一個(gè)元音的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來確定一個(gè)詞有幾個(gè)音節(jié)。d. Decode words with common prefixes andsuffixes.知道帶有常見前后綴的詞的含義。e. Decode two-syllable words following basicpatterns by breaking the words into syllables.能根據(jù)基本模式劃分音節(jié)來識別雙音節(jié)詞。e. Identify words with inconsistent but commonspelling-sound correspondences.能識別常見的拼寫和發(fā)音不一致的單詞。f. Read words with inflectional endings.帶著聲調(diào)讀詞。？f. Recognize and read grade-appropriateirregularly spelled words 能識別和讀出符合學(xué)齡的非常規(guī)拼寫詞。g. Recognize and read grade-appropriateirregularly spelled words. 能識別和讀出符合學(xué)齡的非常規(guī)拼寫詞。Fluency 流暢度4. Read emergent-reader texts with purpose andunderstanding.有目的的理解和閱讀初學(xué)者文章。？4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency tosupport comprehension.準(zhǔn)確流利的理解文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。a. Read grade-level text with purpose andunderstanding.有目的地閱讀、理解適合學(xué)齡的文章。b. Read grade-level text orally with accuracy,appropriate rate, and expression on successivereadings.帶著感情以適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z速準(zhǔn)確連續(xù)地朗讀符合學(xué)齡的課文。b. Read grade-level text orally with accuracy,appropriate rate, and expression on successivereadings. 帶著感情以適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z速準(zhǔn)確連續(xù)地朗讀符合學(xué)齡的課文。b. Read grade-level prose and poetry orally withaccuracy, appropriate rate, and expression onsuccessive readings帶著感情以適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z速準(zhǔn)確連續(xù)地朗讀符合學(xué)齡的詩歌和散文。b. Read grade-level prose and poetry orally withaccuracy, approp