第七章英語的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài).doc

英語的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)知識(shí)精講時(shí)態(tài)是英語謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài);語態(tài)是說明主語與謂語之間的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系的。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。現(xiàn)以”do”為例列出常用的各種時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)形式： 語 態(tài) 時(shí) 態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/doesbe done一般過去時(shí)didwas/were done一般將來時(shí)will /shall dowill/shall be done過去將來時(shí)would /should dowould/ should be done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are doingam/is/are being done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/ were doingwas/were being done將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shall be doing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has donehave/has been done過去完成時(shí)had donehad been done將來完成時(shí)will/shall have donewill/shall have been done現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/has been doing過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shall have been doing過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)would/should be doing過去將來完成時(shí)would/should have done過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)would/should have been doing一、時(shí)態(tài)（Tense）英語時(shí)態(tài)分為16種：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時(shí)，以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 下面，我們只講高考中的常用時(shí)態(tài)。1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 用法： 1). 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，常與頻度副詞連用。例：It seldom snows here.若表具體何時(shí)發(fā)生則選用其他時(shí)態(tài)。比較：It is snowing heavily./Has it snowed here this year?2). 表示現(xiàn)階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征.常見詞有：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong, seem等。例：l I know what you mean.l Smith owns a car and a house.l All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.3). 表示客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。l The sun rises in the east.l Light travels faster than sound.說明 1).表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定,計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，（僅限于“come, go, leave, arrive, start, end,continue, return, begin, open”等的動(dòng)詞 ）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可與表示將來時(shí)間的狀語搭配使用，常見的用法是表示飛機(jī),火車,輪船,汽車等的時(shí)刻表。例：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon. 2).在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在（有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）表示將來事情。例：l If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.l When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.比較：I dont know when he will come here.(賓語從句)2. 一般過去時(shí) 用法： 1). 表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 l He travelled in Europe last year.l He was in Beijing some years ago.2). 表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would / used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過去時(shí)。 例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.l He used to visit his mother once a week. 說明： 1).一般過去時(shí)常帶有特定的過去時(shí)間狀語，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，有時(shí)還可通過上下文來顯示時(shí)間概念。- How long have you been here?- Only five minutes. Tom and Peter walked here with me. 2).一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：注意動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在還是過去。l I forgot to tell you that I had passed the exam.l What a surprise! I didnt know you were here.l I never thought you had given up the job. l Why didnt you / I think of that?l I didnt notice it.l Sorry, I didnt recognize you.3). 常用一般過去時(shí)表示主語發(fā)出的幾個(gè)連續(xù)動(dòng)作。l The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.l The old lady went into the supermarket ,bought some eggs and walked home.3. 一般將來時(shí) 用法： 1).shall多用于第一人稱；在口語中，will可以用于任何人稱。如：l I shall/will show my photos to you next Monday.l Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2). be going to +do，表示將來。a. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。說明：在對(duì)話中，聽了對(duì)方說的話作出的臨時(shí)反應(yīng)，用will而不用be going to。- Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.- Never mind. I will post it myself tonight. b. 有跡象可能要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3).be to do表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排即將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4). be about to +do，意為馬上要做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。但有be about to do.when(這時(shí)) 句型，表示“正要這時(shí)”。5). be on the point of doing同樣可以表示“正要,將要”。 例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points. 6). 某些詞，如come, go, leave, arrive, start等的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示將來。l The plane takes off at 8:00 pm.l He is leaving tomorrow.4. 過去將來時(shí)用法：表示從過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。 例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法：表示此刻或者現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。l He is writing a letter now.l China is developing the west.l How are you getting on with your new job?說明：1).一般說來，狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和短暫動(dòng)詞不能用于各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，除非有特別的含義。如：have, belong to, have on, look, smell, taste, feel, sound, know, think, believe, remember, forget, love, like, want, hope等。例如:l Tom, you are being rude.(說明不同于一貫的表現(xiàn))l Im staying with my aunt this week. (說明暫時(shí)的動(dòng)作)2).現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, constantly, all the time, forever等副詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩(憤怒,不滿等情緒)。例如:l You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。l My wife is asking me for money all the time.3). 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：l The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。l Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。6. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 用法： 表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或者某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例：l I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.l He was playing games this time yesterday./when I came in.說明：與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動(dòng)作在過去發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果；過去進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或在某一階段持續(xù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。I was reading a novel last night.(不一定讀完)I read a novel last night. (讀完) Why didnt you come to the film last night? I was watching a football game on TV.7. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing) 用法：強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。 例：Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（別擔(dān)心，你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。） 8. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法：1). 表示過去開始的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。常和so far, up to now, recently, already,just,ever,never,for+時(shí)間段,since+時(shí)刻點(diǎn)，during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks),in recent years狀語連用。l He has written 8 books in the last 3 years.l He has studied English for five years.l Ive told you many times to be careful.2). 表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果,說話人著眼于現(xiàn)在。l Youve grown much taller .(you are tall now.)l I have come to apologize .(Im here now.)l Look what you have done.l I have been to Beijing twice.說明:1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的慣用句型 1）It has been/is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：l It is the first time that I have visited the city. l This is the first time（that）Ive heard him sing.注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：This is the best film that Ive ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。3)have been to 去過某地 have gone to 去了某地 2短暫動(dòng)詞不能與時(shí)段連用。He has left for two years. () 可改為：He has been away for two years/since two years ago.He left two years ago.It is two years since he left.Two years have passed since he left.3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果；一般過去時(shí)只表示過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。試比較：He has been in poor health all his life.(他還活著)He was in poor health all his life.（他已故）1). for+時(shí)段. 表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)； 表示過去已結(jié)束的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，用一般過去時(shí)。例：l He lived in Beijing for two months last year.l He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個(gè)過去的事實(shí)，他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。）l He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過去開始工作，一直工作到現(xiàn)在，現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。） 2). since接從句，從句中動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束，主句則用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。l 10 years has passed since he left here.（自從他離開已經(jīng)過去十年了。）l It has been a long time since I enjoyed myself so much.（我已經(jīng)很久沒這么開心過了。）3). 如句中有明確表示過去的時(shí)間狀語, 則用一般過去時(shí). 例:l I heard the story for the first time two years agol I have heard the story a few times.4).談?wù)撘阎虑榈木唧w情況，如事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等用一般過去時(shí)。l -Have you had lunch?-Yes, I had it with Lucy in a new Italian restaurant.l I wonder when he got married.l -Thats a nice picture. Did you put it yourself?l -My father has bought me a bike. -Really, when did he buy it?9. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have been doing) 用法：表示某一動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)間，延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今，或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來。 而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的結(jié)束和完成。例：l We have been working on this project for over a month now. l I have been reading this book for two hours but I havent finished it yet.l I have read the book. I hope youll read it, too. Im sure youll enjoy it.10. 過去完成時(shí)(had done) 用法：表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。表示過去的過去:-|-|-|- 過去的過去 過去 現(xiàn)在 1). 在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。常見時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：l When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.l By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.2).“時(shí)間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式。例如：l He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. l Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.3). 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示原本，未能。例如：l We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。說明:.如果句中沒有過去之前的時(shí)間狀語或另一過去時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)作,就不能用過去完成時(shí)。例：l He has come back at last. He lived on that island alone for 3 years.l Although he had lived there for 10 years, he came back to his hometown last spring. 11. 將來完成時(shí)(will have done) 用法：表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。經(jīng)常與before+將來時(shí)間或by+將來時(shí)間連用，也可與before或by the time引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句連用。 l The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends. l By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom 真題演練1. The house belongs to my aunt but she _ here any more. （全國I）A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live【解析】D。這里說的是現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；本題的干擾項(xiàng)是A項(xiàng)。2. “What are you going to do this afternoon?” “I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _ quite early, so we _ to the bookstore after that.” (重慶卷) A. finished, are going B. finished, goC. finishes, are going D. finishes, go【分析】答案選 C。由問句和答語I am going可知，要用將來時(shí)態(tài)，排除選項(xiàng)A和B；電影的開始和結(jié)束是電影院在時(shí)刻表中已有的計(jì)劃，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，則可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示。3. I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (四川卷)A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived 【解析】A。從句意來看，“我”已經(jīng)不在倫敦了，所以用一般過去時(shí)，但不能用過去完成時(shí)，因?yàn)榫渲袥]有另一過去時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)作(后分句用的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))。4. Scientists think that the continents _always where they _ today. (北京卷)A. arent; are B. arent; were C. werent; are D. werent; were答案選 C。句意是：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為各大陸并非一直在它們現(xiàn)在所處的位置。5. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage. (重慶卷)A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 【解析】C。打的上班的原因是車子“在修理”，所以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。本題的干擾項(xiàng)是B項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)在不會(huì)區(qū)別經(jīng)常性的行為和正在進(jìn)行的行為。6. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. (湖南卷)A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 答案選 D。指贏大獎(jiǎng)以來近階段正在發(fā)生的事，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。7. Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.Oh, nothing much. In fact, I _ of my friends back home.（全國II）A. have just thought B. was just thinking C. would just think D. will just be thinking【解析】B。從對(duì)話提供的語境來看， Bob在聽到問話后回過神來，說“沒什么，我只不過是剛才想起了我家鄉(xiāng)的朋友”。“剛才在想”應(yīng)使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。8. Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didnt want her parents to know what she _. (遼寧卷)A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing答案選 C。9. Your job _ open for your return. Thanks.（北京卷）A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept 【解析】A。由后面的for your return可體會(huì)用一般將來時(shí)；另外your job作主語，則keep就作“保留”解，所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。本題的干擾項(xiàng)是B項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)在把keep當(dāng)作聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞“保持”用了。10. “Did you tell Julia about the result?” “Oh, no, I forgot. I _her now.” (全國III)A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call【解析】答案選 B。表示臨時(shí)的決定，要用“will+動(dòng)詞原形”。11. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _ in science and technology.（天津卷） A. had discovered B. had been discovered C. has discovered D. has been discovered 【解析】D。此題主從句使用的是虛擬語氣，因此考生易誤選A,B項(xiàng)?？墒恰翱茖W(xué)和技術(shù)的發(fā)現(xiàn)”是客觀事實(shí)，不應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，而且what與discover之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。12. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北卷)A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide 【解析】答案選B。因賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)是一般將來時(shí)，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞不可能是過去時(shí)態(tài)，排除選項(xiàng)A和C；由語境判斷，不是“將要決定”，而是“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)決定”，所以排除D，而選B13. Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?Yes, he did. He _ his old friends for a long time.（重慶卷）A. didnt see B. wouldnt see C. hasnt seen D. hadnt seen【解析】D。由時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞for a long time可知應(yīng)使用完成時(shí)；又根據(jù)昨天很高興見到了老朋友這一過去事實(shí)，此處應(yīng)使用過去完成時(shí)，表示在昨天見到老朋友之前他們已經(jīng)很久未見面了。14.Father _for London on business upon my arrival, so I didnt see him. (福建卷)A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left答案選 D。15. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _and see him. (北京卷)A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come【分析】答案選 A。when 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，不是狀語從句。二、語態(tài)（Voice）知識(shí)精講英語的語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，一般說來，只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 1. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常為九種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式, 被動(dòng)語態(tài)由be過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式見總表。說明： 1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過去分詞。 例：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2). 非謂語動(dòng)詞也有被動(dòng)語態(tài)(一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài))doing being done / having been done to do to be done / to have been done。 例I dont like being laughed at in public.2主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的方法1) 通常的辦法是：將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)椤癰e / get +過去分詞”形式，將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(若動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者沒有必要說明則可以省略該by短語)。如：Li Lei planted the tree last year. The tree was planted by Li Lei last year. Workers made the machines in Changsha. The machines were made in Changsha. 2) 將含有復(fù)合賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，應(yīng)將賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語，而賓語的補(bǔ)足語則留在原處成為主語補(bǔ)足語。如：He painted the door green yesterday. The door was painted green yesterday.。注意：表示“使,讓”的動(dòng)詞make, have等，以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等，在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，接不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不定式前的 to 要省略，而變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，成為主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式，則必須帶to。如：I saw him go into the teachersoffice. He was seen to go into the teachersoffice.。3) 帶雙賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，既可將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，而在間接賓語前加to 或for留在動(dòng)詞之后；也可將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語，而直接賓語留在動(dòng)詞之后。但一般采用后一種用法。如He gave me the pen last year. I was given the pen last year. / The pen was given to me last year. 4)一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe過去分詞that從句”或“主語be過去分詞to do sth.”。有：It is said that 據(jù)說,It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that眾所周知，It is thought that大家認(rèn)為，It is suggested that據(jù)建議。例：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam.5) 短語動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，短語動(dòng)詞后面的介詞或副詞不能省略。如：She has never been operated on before. The baby was looked after by her sister. His plan was laughed at by everyone. 3如何使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1). 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 (這時(shí)可省 by 短語)。 My bike was stolen last night. 2). 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的承受者。I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3). 為了更好地安排句子。 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一個(gè)主語就夠了）4. 不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況。1).所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)之中。2).表示狀態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞，如：last,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,last,look like,consist to等。3).表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have,own,belong to等。4).表示“希望,意圖”的動(dòng)詞，如：wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等。5. 謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1).英語中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用來描述主語內(nèi)在的特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語通常是物而且常與否定詞或副詞連用。l This kind of cloth washes well.l The books sell well. 注意：主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door wont lock （指門本身有毛?。?The door wont be locked（指不會(huì)有人來鎖門, 指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因） 2). 表示“發(fā)生,進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。l How do the newspapers come out? l The plan worked out successfully. 3）. 在need，want，require, bear等詞的后面，用-ing的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）這房子需要修理。4). 形容詞worth后面跟-ing的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義；而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）5). 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例試比較： I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。) l With a lot of problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.l There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，誰 lost time不明確。）6). 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）. I find this problem difficult to work out.This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 7). 在be to blame/rent通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。例Who is to blame for starting the fire?8).介詞in, on, under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動(dòng)意義表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用，含被動(dòng)之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。 “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”。常見的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治療中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在討論中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction( is being constructed). “beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“出乎勝過,范圍,限度”。常見的有：beyond belief (令人難以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭長(zhǎng)莫及），beyond ones control（無法控制），beyond our hope 我們的成功始料不及。例The rumor is beyond belief（=cant be believed） “above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“(品質(zhì),行為,能力等) 超過,高于”。 例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough “for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 “適于, 為著”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。 例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). “in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ，表示“在過程中或范圍內(nèi)”常見的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在視野范圍內(nèi))，等。例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) “on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“在從事 中”。常見的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受審）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum