初中從句類型(主要知識(shí)點(diǎn)).doc

初中從句類型【賓語(yǔ)從句】 賓語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出。我們根據(jù)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞不同，可把賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類。 學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句,我們應(yīng)該注意三個(gè)方面：連接詞、語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)。一、連接詞 1. that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that只起連接作用,不充當(dāng)句子成分,也沒(méi)有詞義,?？墒÷?。如:I know(that) he is a Canadian athlete. 2. whether或if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),whether或if在句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,意為“是否”,不可省略。如:I dont know whether/ if my parents agree with me. 注意:與or not直接連用時(shí)只能用whether不可用if。如:He didnt say whether or not he would be staying here.3. what, who, whose, which等連接代詞和when, where, how, why等連接副詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),這些詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分,都有各自的詞義,不能省略。如:He didnt understand what the teacher said. I dont know when we will have a meeting. 二、語(yǔ)序1. 在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中,賓語(yǔ)從句須用陳述句語(yǔ)序。如:Do you know where he lives? 2. 當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 think, believe, guess, suppose, imagine, expect等詞時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞常常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中,譯為漢語(yǔ)時(shí),仍把從句翻譯成否定的意思。否定轉(zhuǎn)移句的主語(yǔ)一般是第一人稱。如:I dont think (that) Tom is wrong. 我認(rèn)為湯姆沒(méi)錯(cuò)。三、時(shí)態(tài)1. 當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候,賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要使用各種時(shí)態(tài)。但如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也必須使用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:I want to know how he came yesterday. She asked if he was leaving for Beijing soon. 2. 賓語(yǔ)從句表述的是客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理時(shí),不管主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是什么時(shí)態(tài),賓語(yǔ)從句仍使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:The teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth. 用法注意一、if和when既能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,又能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。因此,一定要認(rèn)清它們一種形式的“兩副面孔”,從而準(zhǔn)確地判斷句子的類型。如:I dont know if / when he will come tomorrow. (賓語(yǔ)從句) If / When he comes, Ill tell you about it.(狀語(yǔ)從句)二、 賓語(yǔ)從句與簡(jiǎn)單句 含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句有時(shí)可以變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單句。該知識(shí)點(diǎn)在句型轉(zhuǎn)換的題型中經(jīng)常會(huì)作為考點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)。現(xiàn)歸納如下:1. 在某些由疑問(wèn)詞(why除外)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),原復(fù)合句可以變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單句。【變法】把賓語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換為“疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:I want to know how I can open the door. I want to know how to open the door. 2. 在某些由疑問(wèn)詞(why除外)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的間接賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí),原復(fù)合句可以變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單句。【變法】把賓語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換為“疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。如:Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? Could you tell me how to get to the post office?3. 在某些由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),原復(fù)合句可以變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單句?！咀兎ā吭瓘?fù)合句可變?yōu)椤爸髡Z(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”的句型。如: We found that the boy was very clever. We found the boy very clever. I saw that they were playing basketball there. I saw them playing basketball there.【狀語(yǔ)從句 】狀語(yǔ)從句是句子的狀語(yǔ)由一個(gè)從句充當(dāng)，來(lái)修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞，形容詞或副詞等。狀語(yǔ)從句都由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，與主句連接，放在句末時(shí)，一般不在前面加逗號(hào)。 狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)它表示的意思可分為時(shí)間，原因，條件，比較，結(jié)果，目的等類。下面我們揀重點(diǎn)的一個(gè)一個(gè)來(lái)分析。 1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 在句中相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的從句叫時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句, 常由as soon as, when, while, as, after, before, since, ever since, until, every time, each time, next time等引導(dǎo)。As soon as you arrive, give me a phone call. 你一到就給我來(lái)電話.Mary was reading when I left. 我走的時(shí)候瑪麗正在讀書(shū).While I played the piano, sister did her homework. 我在談鋼琴,姐姐在做功課.You cant leave until you go through with your work. 不完成這項(xiàng)工作你不能走。注意: 1. 用until引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 主句應(yīng)用可持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,如果主句是非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,則主句用否定形式. 如:I wont go until you come back. 你回來(lái)了我再走. 2. 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí), 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí). 如:Dont forget to bring your DV4000 camera here when you come. 你來(lái)的時(shí)候別忘了帶DV4000攝像機(jī). 3. 在由since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí). 也可用 “It is + 一段時(shí)間 + since (引導(dǎo)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句)”句型. 如:He has worked in that company since he graduated from Wuhan University. 他畢業(yè)以來(lái)就一直在那個(gè)公司工作.2.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句在句中相當(dāng)于地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的從句叫地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句.引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的常用詞有 where, anywhere, somewhere等.Make marks where you have questions. 在有問(wèn)題的地方作出標(biāo)記.You can go anywhere you like. 你可以到你想去的任何地方.Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成.3. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句在句中相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)的從句叫原因狀語(yǔ)從句. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的常用詞有because, as, since, for 等.Roman was absent from school because he was ill. 羅曼病了, 沒(méi)有上學(xué).As Parker was in a hurry, he left this bag home. 由于派克太匆忙才把包丟家里了.Since everyone makes mistakes, you shouldnt always criticize him. 既然每個(gè)人都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤, 你不該總是批評(píng)他。4. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句在句中相當(dāng)于目的狀語(yǔ)的從句叫目的狀語(yǔ)從句. 常用in order that, so that引導(dǎo), 譯為 “為了,以致, 以便”.Rhonda spoke very slowly in order that we could follow. 朗達(dá)講話很慢, 以便我們大家都能跟上.Well sit in the front of the hall so that we can hear more clearly. 我們坐在大廳的前面，以便聽(tīng)得更清.5. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句在句中相當(dāng)于結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的從句叫結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句.常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞或短語(yǔ)有so that, sothat, such that等, 譯為 “如此以致于”, “結(jié)果”.Miss Gao is so kind that we all respect her. 高老師很和藹，我們都很尊敬她.This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice. 這音樂(lè)太好了, 值得聽(tīng)兩遍.6. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句在句中相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)的從句叫條件狀語(yǔ)從句. 常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有if, unless, as/so long as, once等.If you correct all your mistakes, your work is nice. 如果你能把所有的錯(cuò)誤改正, 你的工作就很出色.As long as you promise to go, Ill surely go. 只要你答應(yīng)去, 我當(dāng)然去.Once you begin, you must continue. 你一旦開(kāi)始，便不可停下來(lái).You cannot succeed unless you work hard. 如果不努力， 你是不會(huì)成功的.注意: 由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,不管主句是用一般將來(lái)時(shí)還是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),或當(dāng)主句是祈使句時(shí), 從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí); 主句是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí), 從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí).If the weather is fine tomorrow, well go hiking. 明天天氣好的話, 我們就去徒步旅行.7. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句在句中相當(dāng)于讓步狀語(yǔ)的從句叫讓步狀語(yǔ)從句, 常用的引導(dǎo)詞有though, although, even though, even if, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whosever, whenever, wherever, however 等.Although/ Though Toby works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress. 盡管托比很努力,但進(jìn)步還是不大。Even though/ if you say so, I do not believe it. 即使你這么說(shuō)，我也不信.Whatever you do, you should do it well. 不管做什么事, 都要做好.8. 比較狀語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)進(jìn)行比較的狀語(yǔ)從句叫比較狀語(yǔ)從句,常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有asas, not as/so as, than等.Carol speaks English as well as you do.卡羅爾英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得和你一樣好.He does not run so fast as his brother. 他不如他弟弟跑得快.Burton was more successful than we had expected. 伯頓比我們想象的要成功得多.9. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句在句中用作方式狀語(yǔ)的從句叫方式狀語(yǔ)從句, 常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有as, as if, as though等.You should do as I tell you. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我告訴你懂得去做.It looks as if/ as though it is going to rain. 看來(lái)要下雨了.【There be句型與中考試題】 There be句型的基本用法是表示“某地（或某時(shí)）有某人（或某物）”，其形式為“Therebe代詞或名詞（短語(yǔ)）地點(diǎn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)”。這里there是引導(dǎo)詞，沒(méi)有詞義，be是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，代詞或名詞（短語(yǔ)）是主語(yǔ)。be要與主語(yǔ)保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。否定句是在be后加not；一般疑問(wèn)句是將be放在句首；反意疑問(wèn)句中的簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句是由“be（或其否定式）there”構(gòu)成。例如： 1There is a desk and two chairs in the room（緊挨著be動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)是a desk，是單數(shù)，故be的形式要用is）當(dāng)be動(dòng)詞后接兩個(gè)以上主語(yǔ)時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞與最臨近主語(yǔ)保持?jǐn)?shù)上的一致。意思為某地有某人或某物。 There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一塊橡皮和兩支鋼筆。 （4）如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，用：How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)？ 1How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水？ 2There arent two chairs and a desk in the room（否定句） 3Is there anything wrong with your ears？（Yes，there isNo，there isnt） 4There wasnt a meeting yesterday，was there？（反意疑問(wèn)句） 除此之外，還有一個(gè)重要句式“有某人在做某事”，要用“There be sbdoing sth地點(diǎn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)”。 There are several children swimming in the river河里有幾個(gè)孩子在游泳。 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中常見(jiàn)的時(shí)態(tài)有如下幾種情況： 通過(guò)上表可知：各種時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過(guò) be動(dòng)詞的變化來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。至于你提到的兩個(gè)句子我們先不考慮對(duì)錯(cuò)，首要的問(wèn)題是弄清楚There be與have所表示的意義。There be句型表示“存在”關(guān)系，have表示“所屬”關(guān)系，兩者不能混合在一個(gè)句子中。例如，要說(shuō)“明天有一個(gè)班會(huì)?！保?）There will have a class meeting tomorrow（）（2）There is going towill be a class meeting tomorrow（）有時(shí)候既表示“存在”又表示“所屬”時(shí)兩種都可以用。例如：Class Three have a map of China on the wall（“地圖”為三班學(xué)生所有）There is a map of China on the wall in Class Three（“地圖”存在于三班）由此看來(lái)，There will have是錯(cuò)誤的。 復(fù)習(xí)There be句型時(shí)除了掌握基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)外，還應(yīng)注意以下問(wèn)題： 1如果作主語(yǔ)的是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，則常?？疾槎陶Z(yǔ)中的修飾語(yǔ)?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式前可以用any，som e，few，a few，m any或用數(shù)詞 hundredthousandmillion，hundreds thousandsmillions of，no等修飾；不可數(shù)名詞可以受any，some，no，little，a l