測繪專業(yè)英語翻譯27單元.docx

unit 27 Developments of Photogrammetry 攝影測量的發(fā)展Photogrammetry can be defined as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment by recording，measuring and interpreting photographic images (American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1987).（攝影測量可以定義為通過記錄、量測和解讀相片來獲取關(guān)于物理實體及環(huán)境的可靠信息的科學(xué)和技藝。） Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photographs, but it may be also imagery stored electronically on tape or disk taken by video or CCD cameras or radiation sensors such as scanners.（攝影測量是在相片上量測物體（二維或三維），但也可能是通過電子手段【electronically】存儲在磁帶上或攝像機、CCD相機或像掃描儀一樣的輻射傳感器自帶的盤上的圖像。）The most important feature of photogrammetry is that the objects are measured without being touched.（攝影測量最重要的特征是物體不經(jīng)過接觸就可量測。） Although the term Photogrammetry can apply to measurements from ground photographs, modern photogrammetric techniques are most often applied to aerial and satellite images.（盡管攝影測量這個詞能應(yīng)用于對地面相片的量測，現(xiàn)代攝影測量技術(shù)更常常用于航空和衛(wèi)星圖像。） Historically, the traditional, and largest application of Photogrammetry is to extract topographic information (e.g., topographic maps) from the aerial images, to support civil engineering projects.（歷史上，攝影測量傳統(tǒng)的最常見的應(yīng)用是從航空影像中提取地形信息（例如地形圖），以提供對土木工程項目的支撐。） Today, with advancements in computer technology, information can be gathered，assembled, sorted, and reported in expanded ways.（如今，隨著計算機技術(shù)的進步【advancement】，信息可以以更多的方式被收集、整合、存儲和生成報告。）Thesedevelopmentshavethrustphotogrammetryfromalimitedsupportserviceroletotheforefrontofdigitalinteractiveinformationgathering.（這些發(fā)展已經(jīng)推動了攝影測量從有限的支撐服務(wù)角色向數(shù)字交互式信息收集的最前沿轉(zhuǎn)變。）One of the most common uses of photogrammetry is the analysis of aerial photography to extract ground elevations for the production of topographic maps.（攝影測量的一個最常見的應(yīng)用是分析航空相片提取地面高程來生成地形圖。）However,thefieldalsoincludestheproductionofdigitalorthophotographsanddigitalterrainmodels.（然而，這個領(lǐng)域也包括了生成數(shù)字正射影像以及數(shù)字地面模型。）Principally, photogrammetry can be divided into aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range photogrammetry.（攝影測量主要可以分為航空攝影測量和地面攝影測量或近景攝影測量。） Aerial photogrammetry uses special metric cameras to take photographs of ground from the aeroplane which flies over a certain area.（航空攝影測量使用特殊的量測相機【metric camera】從在一定區(qū)域內(nèi)航行的飛機上拍攝地面。） Then the overlapping part of each stereopair can be viewed in 3D and consequently mapped in 3D.（然后每一個立體像對的重疊部分可以以三維的形式顯示和繪制。） The most common utilization of aerial photogrammetry is in the production of base maps.（航空攝影測量的最常見的應(yīng)用是生成基礎(chǔ)底圖。） Mapping generated using aerial photogrammetry provides a cost-effective method of establishing an accurate digital base for such things as urban planning, terrain analysis and forest management.（使用航空攝影測量進行制圖提供了一種為諸如城市規(guī)劃、地形分析、森林管理等建立準確的數(shù)字基礎(chǔ)的性價比高【cost-effective】的方法。） Aerial photogrammetry can also be used for landfill or gravel pit monitoring, determining the location of ore bodies or determining proposed locations for utilities, such as pipelines and transmission lines.（航空攝影測量還能用于垃圾掩埋或采礫坑監(jiān)測，確定礦體的位置或例如管線和傳輸線等設(shè)施的建議位置。） Terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range photogrammetry, which generally refers to a camera-to-object distance less than 100 meters, is to obtain stereo photo pairs of an area to be mapped by photographing with a camera located on the ground and then engage in measurement or contour delineation with a stereoplotting instrument.（地面攝影測量或近景攝影測量，涉及到的相機到物體的距離一般小于100米，其目的是為了通過架設(shè)在地面的相機拍攝獲得待測區(qū)域的立體像對，然后使用立體繪圖儀測繪等高線。） Many uses for terrestrial or close-range photogrammetry include digital modeling for architectural restoration, medical imaging for forensic sciences and reconstructive surgery, data collection for structural stability studies of bridges and hydroelectric dams, and the documentation of traffic accidents and crime scenes by police departments.（地面攝影測量或近景攝影測量的應(yīng)用包括建筑物重建【architecture restoration】數(shù)字建模，司法科學(xué)【forensic science】和重建外科【reconstructive surgery】的醫(yī)學(xué)制圖，橋梁和水力發(fā)電大壩【hydroelectric dam】的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性研究的數(shù)據(jù)收集，以及警察部門對交通事故和犯罪現(xiàn)場【crime scene】的記錄。） Developments of Photogrammetry（攝影測量的發(fā)展） Photogrammetry was invented in 1851 by Laussedat, and has continued to develop over the last 150 years.（攝影測量由Laussedat于1851年發(fā)明，在過去的150年中得到了持續(xù)的發(fā)展。） Over time, the development of Photogrammetry has passed through the phases of, analogue photogrammetry, analytical photogrammetry, and has now entered the phase of digital photogrammetry.（在過去的時間中，攝影測量的發(fā)展經(jīng)過了模擬攝影測量和解析攝影測量的階段，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)進入了數(shù)字攝影測量的階段。） Three key phases of its developments are mentioned here as follows.（攝影測量的發(fā)展的三個關(guān)鍵階段如下所述） Analogue photogrammetry（模擬攝影測量）: It is to obtain a terrain model by simulating with two projectors the intersection of homologous rays from two cameras during exposure. Mechanical or optical principles are utilized for the solution of the relationship between the coordinates of an image point and the coordinates of an object, which is usually accomplished by space rods or optical projection, or both.（模擬攝影測量通過使用兩個投影儀模擬兩臺相機在曝光時同名射線的交會來獲取地面模型。利用機械或光學(xué)原理來解決像點坐標和物點坐標之間的關(guān)系，這一過程是通過空間導(dǎo)桿【space rod】或光學(xué)投影，或二者同時完成的。） The main products during this phase were topographic maps.（這一階段的主要產(chǎn)品是地形圖。） Analytical photogrammetry（解析攝影測量）: In this phase, the computer replaces some expensive optical and mechanical components by substituting analog measurement and calculation with mathematical computation to solve the relationship between the coordinates of an image point observed in the photographic two-dimensional coordinated system and the coordinates of an object photographed in the object 3D coordinate system.（在這一階段，通過用數(shù)學(xué)計算替代模擬測量計算以解決二維像方坐標系中的像點坐標與三維物方坐標系中的所拍物體的坐標之間的關(guān)系，計算機替代了昂貴的光學(xué)和機械部件。） Relying on pure mathematics rather than simulation devices, the analytical photogrammetry has the advantage of readily satisfying accuracy requirements and making corrections for all the known images errors.（單純依賴于數(shù)學(xué)而非模擬儀器，解析攝影測量的優(yōu)點是能輕易【readily】滿足精度需要，并且可以對所有已知的圖像誤差進行改正。） Circumventing mechanical limitations such as those caused by the photographic principal distance, photo tilt, etc., it is capable of being applied to almost all kinds of photography.（因為避免了由攝影主距，相片傾斜等引起的機械方面的限制，解析攝影測量【it】能夠應(yīng)用于幾乎所有的拍攝方式。） The resulting devices were analog/digital hybrids.（最終的儀器是模擬和數(shù)字的混合體【hybrid】。） Analytical aerotriangulation, analytical plotters and orthophoto projectors were the main developments during this phase.（解析空中三角測量，解析繪圖儀和正射相片投影儀是這一階段的主要發(fā)展產(chǎn)物。） Outputs of the analytical photogrammetry can be topographic maps, but can also be digital products, such as digital maps and DEMs.（解析攝影測量的產(chǎn)品可以是地形圖，也可以是數(shù)字產(chǎn)品，例如數(shù)字地圖和DEM。） Digital photogrammetry（數(shù)字攝影測量）: Digital techniques have become widely available during the last decades.（數(shù)字技術(shù)在過去的幾十年中已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的使用。） Digital photogrammetry is the photogrammetry as applied to digital images that are stored and processed on a computer.（數(shù)字攝影測量是應(yīng)用于存儲于計算機并在其上處理的數(shù)字圖像的攝影測量技術(shù)。） Digital images can be scanned from photographs or can be directly captured by digital cameras.（數(shù)字圖像可以是掃描的相片或由數(shù)字相機直接獲取。） Here, the images are not on film but digitally stored on computer or disc.（在此，圖像并不存儲于膠片上而是以數(shù)字的方式存儲于計算機或盤上。） Each picture element (pixel) has its known position and measured intensity value.（每一個圖像元素（像素）都有已知的位置及量測出的強度值【intensity】。） Photographs are digitized before processing into picture elements with different grey levels, and then after a series of processing procedures on a computer such as automatic identification of homologous points, relative orientation, absolute orientation, etc.（相片在處理為不同灰度級的圖像元素之前先進行數(shù)字化，然后經(jīng)過一系列的電腦處理流程，例如自動識別同名點，） The final results of output can be topographic maps or the products in digital form, such as digital maps, DEMs, and digital orthophotos saved on computer storage media.（最終的輸出結(jié)果可以是地形圖或數(shù)字形式的產(chǎn)品，例如數(shù)字地圖、DEM、以及存儲于計算機存儲媒介上的數(shù)字正射相片。） Therefore Digital photogrammetry is sometimes called Full Digital (softcopy) Photogrammetry.（因此，數(shù)字攝影測量有時被稱為全數(shù)字（軟拷貝【softcopy】）攝影測量。） It has several advantages:（數(shù)字攝影測量【it】有若干優(yōu)點） (1) Digital softcopy workstations running on standard computers can be used rather than expensive plotting devices requiring special hardware;（運行于標準計算機上的數(shù)字軟拷貝工作站可以替代需要特殊硬件的昂貴的繪圖儀。） (2) Data transfer is simpler with regard to plotting results because they can be post-processed on the same computer;（關(guān)于繪圖結(jié)果的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸更簡單，因為這些結(jié)果可以在同一臺計算機上后處理。） (3) Digital image processing techniques can be used for image enhancement;（數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)可以用于圖像） (4) Digital image processing techniques render possible the automation of photogrammetric measurement tasks.（數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)使得攝影測量工作自動化成為可能。）VirtuoZoa Full Digital Photogrammetric System（VirtuoZo一個全數(shù)字攝影測量系統(tǒng)） Supresofts proprietary spatial data processing software, VirtuoZo (a full digital photogrammetric system), is one of the most advanced surveying and mapping software suites available today.（適普軟件公司的空間數(shù)據(jù)處理專利軟件，VirtuoZo（全數(shù)字攝影測量系統(tǒng)），是如今最先進的測量制圖軟件之一。） VirtuoZo uses Supresofts core technologies such as bridge mode image matching and global image matching, utilizing a relaxation method.（VirtuoZo使用適普軟件的核心技術(shù)例如跨接法【bridge mode】影像匹配和基于松弛方法【relaxation method】的整體圖像匹配技術(shù)。） VirtuoZo is highly respected throughout the world due to its extraordinary operational speed and high matching accuracy.（由于其卓越的運行速度和高匹配精度，VirtuoZo在世界范圍內(nèi)得到了認可。） VirtuoZo, Combine 25 years of experience，with its most advanced and unique matching algorithm, was first conceived by Prof. Zhizhuo Wang (Academician of the Chinese Academy of Scienc