2017-畢業(yè)設計文獻翻譯封面-模板.doc

畢業(yè)設計（論文）文獻翻譯文獻名稱機械手的發(fā)展與研究學生姓名院 別專 業(yè)指導教師 2017 年 4 月 10 日外文原文The development and research robots Along with our country the rapid development of industrial production, rapidly improve degree of automation, implementation artifacts of handling, steering, transmission or toil for welding gun, spray gun, spanner and other tools for processing, assembly operations such as automation, should cause the attention of people more and more. Manipulator is to imitate the people part of the action, according to a given program, track and demanding acquirement, handling or operation of the automatic device. Applied in the industrial production of the manipulator is referred to as industrial manipulator. Application manipulator can improve the automation of production water in production and labor productivity; Can reduce labor fatigue strength, to ensure product quality, implement safety production; Especially in high temperature and high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as harsh environment, it instead of people normal work, the more significant. Therefore, in the machining, casting, welding, heat treatment, electroplating, spray painting, assembly, and light industry, transportation industry get more and more extensive application, etc. Manipulator institutional form is simple, strong professionalism, only as a loading device for a machine tools, special-purpose manipulator is attached to this machine. Along with the development of industrial technology, produced independently according to the process control to achieve repetitive operation, using range is wide program control general manipulator, hereinafter referred to as general manipulator. General manipulator used to quickly change the working procedure, adaptability is stronger, so he is in constant transformation in the medium and small batch production of products are widely used. Manipulator is a kind of can automatic positioning control and can change to programming with multifunctional machine, it has more degrees of freedom, can be used to move things to complete the work in different environments. In China the low level of wages, plastic products industry still belongs to the labor-intensive, the use of the manipulator has become more popular. The electronic and automobile industry in Europe and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China introduced automatic production. But now the change is the industrial intensive distribution in south China, east Chinas coastal regions local plastic processing plant also began to manipulator show more and more interest, because they have to face high worker turnover rate, as as the challengewell s brought about by the workers pay inductrial injury fee.一、The composition of the manipulator Manipulator is in the form of a variety of, some relatively simple, some more complex, but the basic form is the same, generally by the actuators, transmission system, control system and the auxiliary device. The actuator manipulator actuators, by the hand, wrist, arm, pillars. Hand is grasping mechanism, which is used to clamp and release artifacts, as a human finger, can complete staff of similar action. Is connected to the fingers and wrist arm components, can be up and down, left and right sides and rotary movement. Simple manipulator can not the wrist. Prop used to support the arm, can also according to need to make it move. The driving system movement of the actuator by the transmission system to achieve. Common mechanical transmission system of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic transmission and power transmission etc. Several forms. The control system of manipulator control system main function is to control the manipulator according to certain procedures, movement direction, position, speed, simple manipulator is generally not set special control system, only the stroke switch, relay, control valves and control circuit can realize dynamic transmission system, the executing agency action in accordance with requirements. Action complex manipulator should adopts the programmable controller, microcomputer control.二、classification and characteristics of the manipulator Robots generally fall into three categories the first is general manipulator doesnt need manual operation. It is a kind of independence is not attached to a host device. It can according to the need of the task program, the operation of the provisions to complete. It is with the characteristics of common mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence of three yuan. The second is the need to do manually. Called Operating machine. It originated in the atom, military industry, first by Operating machine to complete a specific assignment, later to use radio signal Operating machine to explore the moon and so on. Used in the forging industry Operating machine falls under this category. The third kind is to use special manipulator, mainly attached to automatic machine or automatic line, used to solve machine tool material and workpiece to send up and down. This manipulator in a foreign country is called the Mechanical Hand, it is in the service of the host, driven by the host; Except a few working procedures generally is fixed, so it is special. 三、The application of industrial manipulator Manipulator is in the process of mechanization, automation production, developed a kind of new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computer, the robots development and production has become a high technology developed rapidly in the field of an emerging technology, it promoted the development of the manipulator, make the manipulator can achieve better with the combination of mechanization and automation. Manipulator although it is not as flexible as manpower, but it can have repeated work and labor, do not know fatigue, is not afraid of danger, snatch heavy weights strength characteristics such as larger than man, as a result, the manipulator has been brought to the attention of the many departments, and have been applied more and more widely.(1) Machine tools machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in automatic lathe, use common combination machine tools.(2) Widely used in the assembly operation, it can be used to assemble printed circuit board in the electronics industry, it can be in the machinery industry to assemble parts.(3) Can be in working conditions is poor, repetitive easy fatigue of the work environment, to instead of human Labour.(4) The development of the universe and the ocean.(5) Military engineering and biomedical research and test. Application of robots can replace people in dull, repetitive or heavy manual work, to realize mechanization and automation of production, instead of human in harmful environment of manual operation, improve labor condition, ensure the personal safety. In the late 1940 s, the United States in the nuclear experiments, firstly adopts manipulator handling radioactive materials, people in the security room to manipulate manipulator for various operation and experiment. After the 50 s, robots gradually extended to industrial production department, for use in high temperature, serious pollution of local leave work pieces and the loading and unloading materials, as auxiliary device in the machine tool automatic machine, automatic production line and processing center in the application, complete the material up and down or from libraries take put the knives and replace tool operations such as fixed procedure. Manipulator is mainly composed of hand and motion mechanism. Hand mechanism varies according to the usage situation and operation object, the common are holding, hold and the adsorption type etc. Motion mechanism usually driven by hydraulic, pneumatic, electric devices. Manipulator can be achieved independently of scaling, rotation and lifting movement, generally speaking, there are 2 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, light industry and atomic energy etc. Manipulator is used in the production process automation with grab and move the workpiece is a kind of automatic device, it is in the process of mechanization, automation production, developed a new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computer, the robots development and production has become a high technology developed rapidly in the field of an emerging technology, it promoted the development of the manipulator, make the manipulator can achieve better with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robots can replace humans do dangerous, repeat the boring work, reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator have been applied more and more widely, it can be used for parts assembled in the machinery industry, processing the workpiece handling, loading and unloading, especially on the automatic CNC machine, combination machine tools more common use. At present, the manipulator has developed into a flexible manufacturing system of FMS and flexible manufacturing cell is an important component of FMC. The machine tool equipment and manipulator of a flexible manufacturing system or flexible manufacturing unit, it is suitable for medium and small batch production, can save a large workpiece delivery device, structure is compact, but also has a strong adaptability. When the workpiece changes, flexible production system is easy to change, is advantageous to the enterprise continuously updated marketable varieties, improve product quality, better adapt to the needs of the market competition. But at present our countrys industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and foreign than there is a certain distance, scale and industrialization level is low, research and development of the manipulator has direct influence on raising the automation level of production in our country, from the consideration on the economic and technology is very necessary. Therefore, carries on the research design of the manipulator is very meaningful.四、The development trend of manipulator Current industrial applications of the manipulator gradually expanding, constantly improve the technology performance. Due to the short development time, it has a gradual understanding of process, the manipulator and a technically perfect step by step process, its development trend is:To expand the application of manipulator and processing industry At present domestic robots used in mechanical industry more in cold working operations, while in the hot work such as casting, forging, welding, heat treatment less, and the application of assembly work, etc. So processing work items heavy, complicated shape and high environmental temperature, bring many difficulties to manipulator design, manufacture, it is need to solve the technical difficulties, make the manipulator to better service for processing work. At the same time, in other industries and industrial sectors, also will with the constant improvement of the industrial technology level, and gradually expand the use of the manipulatorImprove the work performance of the industry manipulator Manipulator in the working performance of the pros and cons, determines the application and production, it can normal manipulator working performance of the repetitive positioning accuracy and speed of work two indicators, decided to ensure the quality of manipulator can complete the operation of the key factors. Therefore to solve good working stability and rapidity of the manipulators request, besides from solve buffer localization measures, should also be development meet the requirements of mechanical properties and low price of electro-hydraulic servo valve, servo control system was applied to the mechanical hand.Development of modular robots Variable application manipulator from the characteristics of the manipulator itself, more adapted to the product type, equipment updates, many varieties, small batch, but its cost is high, the special manipulator and cheap, but the scope is limited. Therefore, for some special purpose, you need special design, special processing, thus improving the product cost. In order to adapt to the request of the application field of classify, the structure of the manipulator can be designed to the form of combination. Modular manipulator is a common parts according to the requirement of the job, select necessary to accomplish the function of the unit components, based on the base of combination, deserve to go up with adaptive control part, namely the manipulator with special requirements can be completed. It can simplify the structure, take into account the specificity and design on the use of generality, more in the series design and organization of standardization, specialized production, to improve quality and reduce cost of the manipulator, is a kind of promising manipulatorHas a vision and touch of so-called intelligent robots For artificial has flexible operation and the need for judgment of the situation, industrial manipulator is very difficult to replace human labor. Such as in the working process of the accident, disorders and conditions change, etc., manipulator cannot be automatically distinguish correct, but to stop, after waiting for people to rule out accident can continue to work. As a result, people puts forward higher requirements on mechanical hand, hope to make it a vision, touch, etc, make it to the judgment, the choice of object, can be continuously adjusted to adapt to changing conditions, and can perform a hand - eye coordination. This requires a computer can handle a lot of information, require them to exchange of information with machine dialogue. This vision, touch feedback, controlled by computer, is one part of the smart mechanism is called intelligent robots. Is the so-called smart includes: the function of recognition, learning, memory, analysis, judgment. And recognition is through the visual, touch and hearing feel organ of cognitive object. Which has the function of sensory robot, its performance is perfect, can accurately clamping arbitrary azimuth objects, determine an object, weight, work over obstacles, the clamping force is measured automatically, and can automatically adjust, suitable for engaged in the operation of the complex, precision, such as assembly operation, it has a certain development prospects. Intelligent robots is an emerging technology, the study of it will involve the electronic technology, control theory, communication technology, television technology, spatial structure and bionic mechanical discipline. It is an emerging field of modern automatic control technology. With the development of science and intelligent robots will replace people to do more work.外文文獻譯文機械手的發(fā)展與研究 隨著我國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的飛躍發(fā)展，自動化程度的迅速提高，實現(xiàn)工件的裝卸、轉(zhuǎn)向、輸送或是操持焊槍、噴槍、扳手等工具進行加工、裝配等作業(yè)的自動化，應越來越引起人們的重視。 機械手是模仿著人手的部分動作，按給定程序、軌跡和要求實現(xiàn)自動抓取、搬運或操作的自動化裝置。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應用的機械手被稱為“工業(yè)機械手”。生產(chǎn)中應用機械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動化水和勞動生產(chǎn)率；可以減輕勞動疲勞強度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、實現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn)；尤其在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中，它代替人進行正常的工作，意義更為重大。因此，在機械加工、鑄、焊接、熱處理、電鍍噴漆、裝配以及輕工業(yè)、交通運輸業(yè)等方面得到越來越多廣泛應用。 機械手的結構形式開始比較簡單，專業(yè)性較強，僅為某臺機床的上下料裝置，是附屬于該機床的專用機械手。隨著工業(yè)技術的發(fā)展，制成了能夠獨立的按程序控制實現(xiàn)重復操作，使用范圍比較廣的“程序控制通用機械手”，簡稱通用機械手。用于通用機械手很快的改變工作程序，適應性較強，所以他在不斷變換生產(chǎn)品種的中小批量生產(chǎn)中獲得廣泛應用。機械手是一種能自動化定位控制并可重新編程序以變動的多功能機器，它有多個自由度，可用來搬運物體以完成在各個不同環(huán)境中工作。在工資水平較低的中國，塑料制品行業(yè)盡管仍屬于勞動力密集型，機械手的使用已經(jīng)越來越普及。那些電子和汽車業(yè)的歐美跨國公司很早就在它們設在中國的工廠中引進了自動化生產(chǎn)。但現(xiàn)在的變化是那些分布在工業(yè)密集的華南、華東沿海地區(qū)的中國本土塑料加工廠也開始對機械手表現(xiàn)出越來越濃厚的興趣，因為他們要面對工人流失率高，以及為工人交工傷費帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。同時，機械手可以能夠借助軟件的編程，對不同的生產(chǎn)對象，完成不同的控制，提高了生產(chǎn)的效率。目前，在一些對人力要求較高的工業(yè)中，基本上都有使用機械手技術，用來減輕人力的需求和更好的控制，實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)的最大化。一、機械手的組成機械手的形式是多種多樣的，有的較為簡單，有的較為復雜，但基本的組成形式是相同的，一般由執(zhí)行機構、傳動系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和輔助裝置組成。1. 執(zhí)行機構 機械手的執(zhí)行機構，由手、手腕、手臂、支柱組成。手是抓取機構，用來夾緊和松開工件，與人的手指相仿，能完成人手的類似動作。手腕是連接手指與手臂的元件，可以進行上下、左右和回轉(zhuǎn)動作。簡單的機械手可以沒有手腕。支柱用來支撐手臂，也可以根據(jù)需要做成移動。2. 傳動系統(tǒng) 執(zhí)行機構的動作要由傳動系統(tǒng)來實現(xiàn)。常用機械手傳動系統(tǒng)分機械傳動、液壓傳動、氣壓傳動和電力傳動等幾種形式。3. 控制系統(tǒng) 機械手控制系統(tǒng)的主要作用是控制機械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度進行動作，簡單的機械手一般不設置專用的控制系統(tǒng)，只采用行程開關、繼電器、控制閥及電路便可實現(xiàn)動傳動系統(tǒng)的控制，使執(zhí)行機構按要求進行動作動作復雜的機械手則要采用可編程控制器、微型計算機進行控制。二、機械手的分類和特點 機械手一般分為三類：第一類是不需要人工操作的通用機械手。它是一種獨立的不附屬于某一主機的裝置。它可以根據(jù)任務的需要編制程序，以完成各項規(guī)定的操作。它的特點是具備普通機械的性能之外，還具備通用機械、記憶智能的三元機械。第二類是需要人工才做的，稱為操作機。它起源于原子、軍事工業(yè)，先是通過操作機來完成特定的作業(yè)，后來發(fā)展到用無線電訊號操作機來進行探測月球等。工業(yè)中采用的鍛造操作機也屬于這一范疇。第三類是用專用機械手，主要附屬于自動機床或自動線上，用以解決機床上下料和工件送。這種機械手在國外稱為“Mechanical Hand”，它是為主機服務的，由主機驅(qū)動；除少數(shù)以外，工作程序一般是固定的，因此是專用的。三、工業(yè)機械手的應用 機械手是在機械化、自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。近年來，隨著電子技術特別是電子計算機的廣泛應用，機器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術領域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術，它更加促進了機械手的發(fā)展，使得機械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機械化和自動化的有機結合。 機械手雖然目前還不如人手那樣靈活，但它具有能不斷重復工作和勞動、不知疲勞、不怕危險、抓舉重物的力量比人手大等特點，因此，機械手已受到許多部門的重視，并越來越廣泛地得到了應用。(1) 機床加工工件的裝卸，特別是在自動化車床、組合機床上使用較為普遍。 (2) 在裝配作業(yè)中應用廣泛，在電子行業(yè)中它可以用來裝配印制電路板，在機械行業(yè)中它可 以用來組裝零部件。(3) 可在勞動條件差，單調(diào)重復易子疲勞的工作環(huán)境工作，以代替人的勞動。 (4) 可在危險場合下工作，如軍工品的裝卸、危險品及有害物的搬運等。(5) 宇宙及海洋的開發(fā)。(6) 軍事工程及生物醫(yī)學方面的研究和試驗。 應用機械手可以代替人從事單調(diào)重復或繁重的體力勞動，實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動化，代替人在有害環(huán)境下的手工操作，改善勞動條件，保證人身安全。20世紀40年代后期，美國在原子能實驗中，首先采用機械手搬運放射性材料，人在安全室操縱機械手進行各種操作和實驗。50年代以后，機械手逐步推廣到工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門，用于在高溫污染嚴重的地方取放工件和裝卸材料，也作為機床的輔助裝置在自動機床自動生產(chǎn)線和加工中心中應用，完成上下料或從刀庫中取放刀具并按固定程序更換刀具等操作。機械手主要由手部機構和運動機構組成。手部機構隨使用場合和操作對象而不同，常見的有夾持托持和吸