新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第二版）泛讀教程2 Unit1 課文翻譯及課前課后答案.doc

新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第二版）泛讀教程2UNIT 1 PASSAGE A Polar Differences Between Chinese and American CulturesAmericans wear black for mourning. Chinese wear white. Westerners think of dragons as monsters. Chinese honor them as representations of God. The polarities between Chinese civilization and the West often make it seem as though each stands at extreme ends of the earth. Now a University of California, Berkeley, psychologist has discovered deeper polarities between Chinese and American cultures-polarities that go to the heart of how we reason and discover truth.在喪禮上，美國(guó)人穿黑色喪服，而中國(guó)人穿白色。西方人認(rèn)為龍是怪物，而中國(guó)人把龍當(dāng)成神明。中國(guó)與西方的文明差異使它們看起來(lái)像分別站在地球的極端。最近加利福尼亞的一所大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家伯克利發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)和美國(guó)文化差異的更深極性，那是關(guān)于內(nèi)心深處的如何理性和發(fā)現(xiàn)真理的極性。His findings go far toward explaining many of the differences between Chinese and American cultures, when compared to each other. More importantly, the research opens the door for the peoples of the East and the West to learn from each other in basic ways. The Chinese would learn much from Western methods for determining scientific truth, said Kaiping Peng, a former Beijing scholar, who is now a UC Berkeley assistant professor of psychology, and Americans could profit from Chinese ways of accepting contradictions in social and personal life.他的研究結(jié)果對(duì)于解釋許多中美文化對(duì)比的差異有很大的貢獻(xiàn)。更重要的是，這項(xiàng)研究為東西方民族相互學(xué)習(xí)的基本途徑開(kāi)啟了大門?！爸袊?guó)人從西方方法中學(xué)到許多關(guān)于如何確定科學(xué)真理的知識(shí)，”前北京的學(xué)者，現(xiàn)為伯克利大學(xué)的心理學(xué)助理教授的彭開(kāi)平說(shuō)，“同時(shí)美國(guó)人可以從中國(guó)式的接受社會(huì)和個(gè)人生活的矛盾中得到啟示?！薄癆mericans have a terrible need to find out who is right in an argument,” said Peng. “The problem is that at the interpersonal level, you really dont need to find the truth, or maybe there isnt any.” Chinese people, said Peng, are far more content to think that both sides have good and bad points, because they have a holistic understanding that life is full of contradiction. They do far less blaming of the individual than Americans do, he added.“美國(guó)人迫切地要找出誰(shuí)是一場(chǎng)辯論中正確的人，”彭說(shuō)。“但問(wèn)題是在人際關(guān)系方面，你真的不需要找到確切的真相，或者根本就沒(méi)有所謂的真相?！迸碚f(shuō)，“中國(guó)人對(duì)一件事物有一個(gè)較為全面的了解，認(rèn)為生命是充滿了矛盾的，因此認(rèn)為凡事都有好壞兩面。他們一般會(huì)比美國(guó)人更少去指責(zé)一個(gè)個(gè)體的錯(cuò)誤?！彼a(bǔ)充說(shuō)。In studies of interpersonal argument, for example, when subjects were asked to deal with contradictory information resulting from conflict between a mother and a daughter or a student and a school, Peng found that Americans were “non-compromising, blaming one sideusually the motherfor the causes of the problems, demanding changes from one side to find a solution, and offering no middle ground” in dealing with the conflict.在研究人際關(guān)系的爭(zhēng)論中，例如，當(dāng)受試者被要求處理母女或?qū)W生與學(xué)校之間的矛盾時(shí)，彭發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國(guó)人是“毫不妥協(xié)地指責(zé)其中一方通常母親被認(rèn)為是問(wèn)題的引起者，他們只從其中一方尋找解決方法，而不是在兩者的中間地帶尋找”來(lái)解決矛盾。By contrast, the Chinese were able to find fault on both sides and look for solutions that moved both sides to the middle.相反的是，中國(guó)人會(huì)認(rèn)為雙方都有過(guò)錯(cuò)而從兩方之間尋找解決方案，使雙方都向中間靠。“It can hardly be right to move to the middle when you have just read evidence for a less reasonable view. Yet that is what the Chinese subjects did,” said Peng.“當(dāng)你只知道一點(diǎn)真相，缺少合理的看法時(shí)，是很難以從中間去判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)的，然而這就是中國(guó)人的做法?！迸碚f(shuō)。He believes that this practice of finding the middle way has made it difficult for the Chinese to seek scientific truth through aggressive argumentation, the classic Western Method for forging a path through contradictory information, which results in identifying right and wrong answers.他認(rèn)為這種從中庸尋找答案的方式使得中國(guó)人很難通過(guò)積極熱烈的討論這種方法尋找科學(xué)真理，而西方經(jīng)典方法是將信息分為對(duì)立的兩面，這使得他們的到得答案是確切的，毫不模棱兩可的。Dialectical thinking also has a Western version, which Americans often consider the highest form of reasoning, said Peng. This type of reasoning allows people to go from thesis to antithesis, to synthesis.辯證的思維也有屬于西方的方式，這就是美國(guó)人經(jīng)常用到的最高形式的推理，彭說(shuō)，這種方式使得人們能夠從一個(gè)論題思考到它的對(duì)立面，然后綜合起來(lái)分析。To compare, Chinese people do not attempt to work through contradictions, following a cultural tradition which holds that reality is “multi-layered, unpredictable, and contradictory,” and is in an unending state of change, Peng said.相比之下，中國(guó)人不喜歡試圖通過(guò)矛盾來(lái)解決事情，而是遵從文化的傳統(tǒng)，那就是所謂的現(xiàn)實(shí)是“多層次的，不可預(yù)測(cè)的，矛盾的”，而且一直處于一個(gè)永不停止的變化的狀態(tài)，彭說(shuō)。Peng believes that more dialectical thinking among Americans would make American public life less contentious. “We could stop blaming each other, poor people, and immigrants, and talk about what we can do as a society to become more accepting of differences,” he said. The Chinese, on the other hand, “could learn from the Western tradition to think more about action, truth, and the right thing to do. This would make them more scientific,” said Peng.彭認(rèn)為美國(guó)人的辯證思維使得美國(guó)的社會(huì)生活更少爭(zhēng)議。“我們能夠停止指責(zé)對(duì)方，停止指責(zé)貧窮的人們，移民，而是去談?wù)撟鳛樯鐣?huì)一份子的我們能夠怎么做來(lái)使這個(gè)社會(huì)更具有包容性?！迸碚f(shuō)，“另一方面，中國(guó)人可以從西方傳統(tǒng)中學(xué)會(huì)更注重行動(dòng)，真理，做正確的事。這將會(huì)使他們更加具有科學(xué)理性?！盩he psychologist said that many people ask him which way is the best the imperfect Chinese way or the imperfect American way. “I always say that life is full of contradictions,” said Peng. “The best way is to use both one style for science and the other for relationships. Maybe that will be the real benefit of multiculturalism.”彭說(shuō)，很多人問(wèn)他究竟哪條路是最好的不完美的中國(guó)方式還是不完美的美國(guó)方式?！拔抑粫?huì)告訴他，生活是充滿矛盾的，”彭說(shuō)，“最好的方法就是兩種都用上綜合科學(xué)和人際關(guān)系?；蛟S這就是文化多元的真正好處?！盤review:1. “Polarities” means a state in which beliefs or behaviors are opposite or contradictory to each other. The passage is most likely to deal with the differences in reasoning and discovering truth between the Chinese and Westerners.2. He thinks that each has its advantages and disadvantages and that the best way is to use both.Exercises:I.1-5. AACBCII.1. who is right2. good and bad3. far less4. one5. the middle6. By contrastPASSAGE BDo American and British People Speak the Same Language?It was said by Sir George Bernard Shaw that “England and America are two countries separated by the same language”. My first personal experience of this was when I worked as a camp counselor for two months in 2000 in a summer camp run by the Boy Scouts of America, as part of an international leader exchange scheme. Before I went, all the participants in the scheme were given a short list of words that are in common use in the UK but would either confuse or even offend Americans. I remembered the words and thought, “Ill cope.”.蕭伯納爵士曾說(shuō)過(guò)“英國(guó)和美國(guó)是兩個(gè)被同一種語(yǔ)言所分隔的國(guó)家”。我第一次有這種個(gè)人的體驗(yàn)是在2000年我執(zhí)行一個(gè)國(guó)際領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人交換項(xiàng)目的時(shí)候，那時(shí)候我以一個(gè)輔導(dǎo)員的身份參加了由美國(guó)童子軍組成為期2個(gè)月的夏令營(yíng)。在我去之前，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的每一個(gè)參與者都得到了一份簡(jiǎn)短的清單，是一些英國(guó)常用的但是卻容易被混淆甚至?xí)胺该绹?guó)人的詞語(yǔ)。我記住了所有的詞，我認(rèn)為我會(huì)處理好的。When I finally arrived in the States three months later, I realized that perhaps a lifetime of watching American television was not adequate preparation for appreciating and coping with the differences between American and British speech. In the first hour of arriving at the camp I was exposed to High School American English, Black American English, and the American English spoken by Joe Public, all very different from each other. Needless to say, I did cope in the end. The Americans I met were very welcoming and helpful, and I found they were patient with me when I made a social mistake by using an inappropriate word or phrase.在我到達(dá)美國(guó)的三個(gè)月后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)也許看一輩子的美國(guó)電視也無(wú)法充分地了解區(qū)分和處理美國(guó)與英國(guó)語(yǔ)言的差異。在到達(dá)夏令營(yíng)的頭一個(gè)小時(shí)里，我充分地體會(huì)到美國(guó)高中英語(yǔ)，美國(guó)黑人英語(yǔ)和美國(guó)平民英語(yǔ)之間的差異很大。不用說(shuō)，最后我終于都應(yīng)付過(guò)去了。我遇到的美國(guó)人都很熱情且樂(lè)于助人，而且我發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)我用了一個(gè)不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~或者短語(yǔ)而發(fā)下一個(gè)社會(huì)性的錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，他們?nèi)匀缓苡心托牡貙?duì)我。Upon my return I began to wonder whether anyone had recorded the differences between American and British English. I found several books on the subject but often these were written in a dry way. I felt that I could do better and use my sense of humour and personal experiences to help people from both sides of Atlantic to communicate more effectively when they meet.回國(guó)之后，我開(kāi)始懷疑是否有人記錄了美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)之間的差異。我發(fā)現(xiàn)有幾本書(shū)是關(guān)于這一方面的，但是通常它們是被用一種死板而干巴巴的方式闡述出來(lái)的。我認(rèn)為我能夠做得更好，利用我的幽默和個(gè)人經(jīng)歷來(lái)幫助大西洋兩岸的人們，讓他們能在相遇的時(shí)候更有效的溝通。My research into the subject led me to several conclusions. Firstly, American English and British English are converging thanks to increased travel across the Atlantic and the media. The movement of slang words is mostly eastwards, though a few words from the UK have been adopted by Ivy League fraternities. This trend is a recent one dating from the emergence of Hollywood as the important film making centre in the world and also from the Second World War when large numbers of American GIs were stationed in the UK. This trend was consolidated by the invention of television. Before then, it was thought that American English and British English would diverge as the two languages evolved. Words and expressions returned from the America and joined the mother tongue, but very few people in Britain realize how many of the words they use are of American origin. Often this introduction of American words has encountered a linguistic snobbery by the British, which showed the cultural snobbery that bedeviled Anglo-American relationships for a long time. This is not, thankfully, the case now.我對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的研究帶給我?guī)讉€(gè)結(jié)論。首先，大西洋兩岸日益頻繁的旅游來(lái)往和媒體的傳播促進(jìn)了美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)的相互融合。盡管有些英國(guó)詞語(yǔ)被美國(guó)常春藤聯(lián)盟學(xué)院采納了，但俚語(yǔ)的傳播趨勢(shì)總的來(lái)說(shuō)是從西往東的。這是一個(gè)近代趨勢(shì)，要追溯到重要的世界電影制作工廠好萊塢的出現(xiàn)，還有世界二戰(zhàn)大量的美國(guó)士兵駐扎在英國(guó)的時(shí)候。電視的發(fā)明是的這個(gè)趨勢(shì)得到了強(qiáng)化。在這之前，美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)被認(rèn)為最終會(huì)分叉演化為兩種語(yǔ)言。這些來(lái)自美國(guó)的詞語(yǔ)傳到英國(guó)并且融進(jìn)了當(dāng)?shù)氐恼Z(yǔ)言中，但是極少數(shù)的英國(guó)人能夠意識(shí)到他們所使用的詞語(yǔ)中有多少是源自于美國(guó)的。通常這些引進(jìn)的美國(guó)詞語(yǔ)會(huì)遭到英國(guó)人的語(yǔ)言鄙視，正因如此，這種文化勢(shì)利使得英美關(guān)系長(zhǎng)時(shí)期受到挫傷。但值得慶幸的是，這不再是現(xiàn)在的情況了。Secondly, there are some generalizations that can be made about American and British English which reveal the nature of the two nations and their peoples. British speech tends to be less general, and directed more at a subgroup of the population. This has become a kind of code, in which few words are spoken because each carries a wealth of shared ideas and attitudes. In other words, the British care much about their social status within society and speak and act to fit into the social class they aspire to. This is particularly obvious when talking to someone from “the middle class” who points out that he is “upper middle class” rather than “middle class” or “l(fā)ower middle class”. John Major, the former UK Prime Minister, may have said that we are now living in a “classless society”, but the class still exists. At that moment both he and the Leader of the Opposition, Tony Blair, were talking about capturing the “middle England, middle class vote” as the key to winning the next general election.其次，英美兩國(guó)的語(yǔ)言能被概括起來(lái)反映兩個(gè)國(guó)家的社會(huì)類型和人民。英國(guó)語(yǔ)言不會(huì)很普遍，它更傾向于小群體傳播,這形成了一種規(guī)則一些詞語(yǔ)里蘊(yùn)含了一種以共同的觀念和態(tài)度為載體的財(cái)富。換句話說(shuō)，英國(guó)人十分在乎他們的社會(huì)地位，因此會(huì)盡量在言行舉止間往他們向往那個(gè)社會(huì)階級(jí)靠攏這在當(dāng)你和一個(gè)來(lái)自“中產(chǎn)階級(jí)”但更樂(lè)意說(shuō)明自己是“上層中產(chǎn)階級(jí)”而不是“普通中產(chǎn)階級(jí)”或“下層中產(chǎn)階級(jí)”的人交談時(shí)表現(xiàn)的尤為明顯。英國(guó)前首相約翰梅杰也許會(huì)說(shuō)我們正生活在一個(gè)“沒(méi)有階級(jí)之分”的社會(huì)中，但階級(jí)主義仍然存在著。他在和反對(duì)黨領(lǐng)袖托尼布萊爾曾經(jīng)談到獲得英國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的選票是贏得下一次大選的關(guān)鍵。American speech tends to be influenced by the overheated language of much of the media, which is designed to attach an impression of exciting activity to passive, if sometimes insignificant events. Yet, curiously, really violent activity and life-changing events are hidden in bland tones that serve to hide the reality. British people tend towards understatement whereas Americans towards hyperbole. A Briton might respond to a suggestion with a word such as “Terrific” only if he is expressing enthusiasm, whereas an American might use the word merely to express polite agreement.美國(guó)語(yǔ)言往往受到媒體過(guò)熱的言語(yǔ)影響，這些媒體目的在于將一件無(wú)意義的事件描述得給人留下很有趣的印象。然而，奇怪的是，一些真正的暴力活動(dòng)和改變生活的事件卻被平淡的語(yǔ)調(diào)隱藏了事實(shí)。英國(guó)人傾向于輕描淡寫而美國(guó)人傾向于夸張描述。一個(gè)英國(guó)人在被問(wèn)起意見(jiàn)時(shí)會(huì)用一個(gè)詞比如“了不起”來(lái)表達(dá)他的熱情，而美國(guó)人使用這個(gè)詞可能僅僅出于禮貌。 Preview:1. The author probably thinks that American and British people do not speak the same language. At the very beginning, the author puts forward Sir Seorge Bernard Shaws view that “England and America are two countries separated by the same language”.2.1). T2). T3). FExercises:I.1. C2. B3. C4. A5. C.1. differences2. proper American3. beyond4. better;easy;troubles/problems/difficulties5. care aboutPASSAGE CStudent Lifestylesthe lifestyles of students everywhere have many similarities. In both Japan and North America, university is a time to meet new friends and experiment with life. There are some differences in the way students spend their lives, though, and some of these differences reflect deeper cultural values.每個(gè)地方的學(xué)生的生活方式有許多共同之處。不論在日本還是北美，大學(xué)是一個(gè)結(jié)識(shí)新朋友，積累生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的階段。他們的生活方式也有一些不同之處，雖然，這些差異有些反映了更深層次的文化價(jià)值觀。Beginning with free time, it is difficult to describe what the typical student does in his or her spare time because every student has different interests. In North America, students generally do not have very much free time because they must study or write reports. However, talking with friends, listening to music, watching TV, or taking a nap are all quite common. I Japan, students tend to have more free time, but generally they use this time in almost the same way as North American students.先說(shuō)說(shuō)業(yè)余消遣吧，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)學(xué)生的興趣不同，所以很難描繪一般學(xué)生在各自的業(yè)余時(shí)間做些什么。在北美，學(xué)生們通常沒(méi)有很多空余時(shí)間因?yàn)樗麄冃枰獙W(xué)習(xí)或?qū)憟?bào)告。然而，和朋友聊天，聽(tīng)音樂(lè)， 看電視，或者打個(gè)小盹卻是很普遍的消遣方式。在日本，學(xué)生們的業(yè)余時(shí)間往往多一些，但是一般來(lái)說(shuō)，他們?cè)跇I(yè)余時(shí)間的活動(dòng)和北美學(xué)生大同小異。Students in both Japan and North American often have part-time jobs. IN North America, many students work on campus in the libraries, in laboratories, or as teaching assistants. Off campus, they can often find jobs at places like restaurants and department stores, or they can babysit. In Japan, part-time work has a different nuance. Students seldom work on campus; instead, the most common part-time job is to be a tutor for a high school student. This shows the Japanese respect for education and the importance of examinations. Parents are willing to pay a lot of money to university students who help their children pass entrance examination. This happens much less in North America. Other common jobs in Japan include convenience store clerks and restaurant jobs.日本和北美的學(xué)生通常都有做兼職。在北美，許多學(xué)生在校園圖書(shū)館、實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作，或者做助教。離開(kāi)校園，他們通常會(huì)在一些餐廳和百貨找到工作，或者替別人臨時(shí)照看小孩。在日本，兼職就有些微差別了。學(xué)生很少在校園里工作，相反，最常見(jiàn)的兼職是給高中學(xué)生做家教。這也體現(xiàn)了日本很尊重教育和考試的重要性。家長(zhǎng)們很樂(lè)意花大筆的錢請(qǐng)大學(xué)生來(lái)幫助他們的孩子通過(guò)入學(xué)考試。然而，在北美，出現(xiàn)這種情況的幾率卻少得多。日本的其他較多見(jiàn)的兼職包括做便利店職員和到餐館工作。Circles and clubs are very popular in Japan; most students have belonged to at least one while in university. Sports clubs, such as tennis, baseball, and soccer, are popular, while non-sport circles include a wide variety of interests, such as hiking, drama and singing. Circles for traditional Japanese arts, such as the tea ceremony, are also found on some campuses.社團(tuán)和俱樂(lè)部在日本非常流行；大多數(shù)大學(xué)里的學(xué)生屬于其中至少一個(gè)組織。運(yùn)動(dòng)俱樂(lè)部，如網(wǎng)球，棒球和足球很受歡迎，而非體育社團(tuán)包括了各種各樣的興趣愛(ài)好，如遠(yuǎn)足，喜劇，唱歌。傳統(tǒng)的日本藝術(shù)社團(tuán)，如茶道，在很多大學(xué)里都有設(shè)立。In North America, circles are not as popular because students would rather follow their own interests without a group. In fact, the word “circle” is seldom used in North America. This difference shows the importance of the group in Japanese culture and the individual in North American culture. Sports, on the contrary, are very popular and seriously taken in North America because competition is an important part of North American culture. Some students are able to enter university because of their sports ability, but often they are not very serious about their studies because they spend most of their time practicing for important sports events. College football and basketball in America are huge businesses, and many universities depend on the money that these games make.在北美，社團(tuán)并沒(méi)有如此流行，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生們更喜歡遵從自己一個(gè)人的興趣而不是團(tuán)隊(duì)的。事實(shí)上，“社團(tuán)”這個(gè)詞極少在北美用到。這一點(diǎn)差異體現(xiàn)了日本文化中團(tuán)結(jié)的重要性和北美文化中的個(gè)人主義。相反的是，體育在北美非常受歡迎和重視，因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)是北美文化的一個(gè)重要的組成部分。有些學(xué)生會(huì)因?yàn)樗麄兂錾倪\(yùn)動(dòng)才能而得以進(jìn)入大學(xué)，但通常他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)上并沒(méi)有很好，因?yàn)樗麄儗⒋罅康臅r(shí)間花在了重要體育賽事的訓(xùn)練上了。在美國(guó)，大學(xué)生橄欖球賽和籃球賽是龐大的產(chǎn)業(yè)，許多大學(xué)都依賴這些球賽獲得財(cái)政收入。Parties, like sports, are a part of students lives in both Japan and North America, but they have different characteristics. In Japan, parties usually only include group members and are held at a pub. One of the main reasons for the party is to make stronger group relations. In North America, parties are often held at someones home, and invitations are much more open than in Japan because people like to make new friends at parties.一些類似體育的聚會(huì)，是日本和北美學(xué)生生活中的一部分，但他們有不同的特點(diǎn)。在日本，聚會(huì)通常只包括參與成員，并且是在酒吧里舉辦的，其中一個(gè)主要的原因是這種聚會(huì)是以促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)關(guān)系為目的的。在北美地區(qū)，學(xué)生們常常在某個(gè)人的家里舉行派對(duì)，而且同日本學(xué)生相比，他們邀請(qǐng)的對(duì)象更廣，因?yàn)槟抢锏膶W(xué)生們喜歡在派對(duì)上結(jié)交新朋友。Finally, there are some activities students do that have a bad image or are even illegal. Naturally, going to bed late and missing classes is common in both cultures, although in North America, if a student misses many classes he or she will usually fail. In Japan, the student who misses many classes may have more chances to pass. Drinking is also a common nighttime activity in both cultures. However, in Japan, students who drink too much and become drunk are usually forgiven more easily by their friends. In North America, getting drunk and losing control of oneself is often seen as shameful. Another popular activity that does not have a good image in