Since 用法完全總結(jié).doc

Sincesince是一個(gè)用法極活躍的詞， 也是高考中的重點(diǎn)考查詞匯， 現(xiàn)就其用法歸納如下： 一、用作介詞， 意思是“從以來， 自從”， 常與完成時(shí)連用。 I havent written home since Christmas. 自圣誕節(jié)以來， 我未曾寫信回家。 二、用作副詞，意思是“從那時(shí)以后(一直到現(xiàn)在)”， “其后(到現(xiàn)在之間)”; ever since從那以后一直 (更加強(qiáng)調(diào)since的用法)。 Things have not changed very much since. 從那時(shí)起， 情況并沒有太大的改變。 His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since. 他的第一本書非常暢銷， 從那時(shí)起他就成了一位名作家。 He got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since. 他從1970年開始在那家公司任職， 之后就一直在那里工作。 三、用作連詞 1. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，相當(dāng)于now that，意思是“因?yàn)?，既然?鑒于”。 Since the rain has stopped，lets go for a walk. 既然雨停了，我們出去散散步吧。 Since we are young，we shouldnt be too afraid of making mistakes. 因?yàn)槲覀冞€年輕，所以不應(yīng)該太害怕犯錯(cuò)誤。 注意：since表示原因時(shí)， 語氣比because弱， 表示的原因是對(duì)方已知的，或是句中不很重要的部分， 是附帶的原因， 因此引導(dǎo)的從句不是信息的焦點(diǎn)， 不能回答why的提問， 也不能用在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中作為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。since引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在主句之前。 2. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，此用法較復(fù)雜。 (1) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是終止性動(dòng)詞(如go，come，leave， start， begin等)的過去時(shí)， 則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從該動(dòng)作開始的那一時(shí)刻起”。這是最常見的一種用法。如： He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自從來到我們學(xué)校，他學(xué)習(xí)就非常努力。 Great changes have taken place in our school since you left. 自從你離開這里，我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了很大的變化。 (2) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如live， stay， study， learn， smoke， be等)的過去時(shí)，則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的完成或結(jié)束時(shí)算起”。如： I havent heard from him since he lived here. 這句話應(yīng)譯為：從他不住這兒起，我一直沒有收到他的信。 I havent eaten snakes since I was a student at school. was表示狀態(tài)，因此該句可理解為：I havent eaten snakes since I left school. 自從我畢業(yè)后就一直沒吃過蛇。 試比較： He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 自從我病愈以來，他經(jīng)常給我寫信。(從句謂語為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞) He has written to me frequently since I fell ill. 自從我生病以來，他經(jīng)常給我寫信。(從句謂語為終止性動(dòng)詞) (3) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，則表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(說話時(shí)刻)，其表示的時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從動(dòng)作發(fā)生之時(shí)算起。如： He has written to me frequently since I have been ill. 這里have been ill表示狀態(tài)的持續(xù)性，時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從：“開始生病”時(shí)算起。因此此句可理解為：“自從我生病以來，他經(jīng)常給我寫信?！?試比較： Ive written her 20 letters since I have been here. 自從我來到這，我已經(jīng)給她寫了20封信。(從開始算起) Ive written her 20 letters since I was here. 自從我離開這兒，我已經(jīng)給她寫了20封信。(從結(jié)束算起) (4) It is + 段時(shí)間 + since. / It has been + 段時(shí)間 + since.表示“從起已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”。兩句型意思相同，前者是規(guī)范說法，后者是口語說法。 用法：since從句中常用一般過去時(shí)，若從句中是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)， 則表示該動(dòng)作結(jié)束有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。如： It is three years since he smoked. 他不吸煙已有3年了。 試比較： It is three years since he began to smoke. It is three years since he has smoked. 兩句均意為：他吸煙已有3年了。 注意：在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中， since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對(duì)不能用否定式的謂語動(dòng)詞來表示否定意義， 試比較： 他好久沒學(xué)漢語了。 誤：It is a long time since be didnt study Chinese. 正：Its a long time since he studied Chinese. (studied為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)從其動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)算起)since的用法主要有兩點(diǎn)：一是表示“自從以來”，二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只了解詞的含義，而不了解其用法，在使用時(shí)就會(huì)造成錯(cuò)誤。例如：I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 不少人會(huì)望文生義，將該句譯為：“自從我住在上海以來，就再也沒有收到他的信了?！倍鴮?shí)際上這個(gè)句子的譯文并非如此，那么正確的含義是什么呢？ 下面談?wù)剆ince作連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的用法。 一、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是終止性的過去時(shí)，則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從動(dòng)作開始的那一時(shí)刻起”。如： He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自從他來到我們學(xué)校，他學(xué)習(xí)就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自從他們離開這里，我們就一直很想念他們。 這是最常見的一種用法，此處不再多述。 二、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)時(shí)，則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從那持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時(shí)算起”。如： I havent heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，sleep的動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)，即“醒來”時(shí)，這句應(yīng)譯為“我醒后還未聽到任何聲音”。 John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher約翰現(xiàn)在和父母一起住在紐約，他不當(dāng)教師已經(jīng)三年了。 本文開始出現(xiàn)的那個(gè)句子就可以譯為“自從我離開上海，就再也沒有收到他的信。”這種譯法常被人們誤用，我們不妨再多舉幾個(gè)例子看看： How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你離開（沒住在）上海多久了？ It is half a month since he was a League member.他退團(tuán)（不當(dāng)團(tuán)員）半個(gè)月了。 Its been quite some time since I was last in London我離開倫敦已很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。 比較：He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來，他屢次給我寫信。（從句謂語為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來，他就屢次給我寫信。（從句謂語為終止性動(dòng)詞） 三、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，則表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（說話時(shí)刻），其表示的時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從動(dòng)作發(fā)生之時(shí)算起。如： I havent heard from him since he has lived there。 這里has lived表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從：“開始居住”時(shí)算起。因此此句可理解為“自從他（開始）住在那兒起，我就一直沒收到他的來信”。 Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車，我們每年都去野營(yíng)。 試比較：1. Since Ive been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自從我到這所學(xué)校，我們已換了三個(gè)校長(zhǎng)了。 Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自從我離開這所學(xué)校，他們已換了三個(gè)校長(zhǎng)了。 2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自從我生病以來，他從未來看過我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自從我病愈以來，他從未來看過我。 由此可見，since引導(dǎo)的從句持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的意思恰好相反。換言之，一般過去時(shí)持續(xù)動(dòng)詞以肯定的語法形式反映著否定的邏輯內(nèi)容，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的形式與內(nèi)容是一致的。 至于It is +一段時(shí)間+since的句型與It has been +一段時(shí)間+since意思相同。前者是規(guī)范說法，后者是口語說法。 應(yīng)注意的是，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對(duì)不能用否定式的謂語動(dòng)詞來表示否定意義，下面兩句都錯(cuò)了： It is a long time since he didnt study English. Its two months since you didnt come to see me. 正確的說法為： Its a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學(xué)英語了。 You havent come to see me for two months. 你有兩個(gè)月沒來看我了。1) since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一