高中科普英語競賽翻譯中的若干問題.doc

Shanghai Popular Science English Contest 2006暑期高中科普英語講座 高中科普英語競賽翻譯中的若干問題主講人：胡衛(wèi)衛(wèi) 1 注意科技文體風(fēng)格，使用科技英語語言科技文體的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)縝密、概念準(zhǔn)確、行文流暢、邏輯性強(qiáng)，詞語的專業(yè)性強(qiáng)而修飾性較弱。在詞匯方面，科技英語大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)和動詞的非限定式，即分詞、動名詞和動詞不定式；詞匯的組成可分三類：一是被賦予新義的常用詞，二是從拉丁語、希臘語等外來語中借用的詞匯，三是新造詞。在語法方面，科技英語多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)（尤其是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）、被動語態(tài)、非人稱主語及定語從句?？萍嘉捏w是比較正式莊重的文體。譯文能否體現(xiàn)科技文體的特色，關(guān)鍵是譯文中的詞匯、語法、句法結(jié)構(gòu)等是否與原文中的諸因素契合一致。1） 辨析文體色彩詞匯是文章最基本表現(xiàn)材料，文章的總體風(fēng)貌必然反映在詞匯上。翻譯中的選詞是否準(zhǔn)確直接關(guān)系到譯文能否體現(xiàn)原文的總體風(fēng)貌。The agenda of ongoing work in the social and behavioral sciences has been revealed here in only the most fragmentary way. But I hope these fragments will provide some glimpse into the excitement and significance of the whole.關(guān)于在社會和行為科學(xué)中我們目前正在搞的工作的進(jìn)程，在這兒只是以很不搭界的方式擺出來的；可是我希望這些拉拉雜雜的東西倒能使讀者見識一下我們整個的研究工作是多么有趣又是多么有意義。這里展示的并非社會科學(xué)和行為科學(xué)的總體現(xiàn)狀，只不過是讓讀者見其一斑。然而，筆者希望這零散材料能引起人們的興趣，使之對全部工作的重要意義有個概略的了解。2） 理清學(xué)科歸屬英語詞匯的突出特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)為一詞多義。一個常用詞的詞義可以依據(jù)其所處的不同上下文輻射到各個不同的學(xué)科，形成一個語意輻射圈。隨著社會的進(jìn)步、科學(xué)的發(fā)展，越來越多的詞被賦予新義，其語義輻射范圍也隨之?dāng)U大。譯者首先應(yīng)明確原文所涉及的學(xué)科范疇：是數(shù)學(xué)、物理學(xué)、化學(xué)還是醫(yī)學(xué)They made their base at Cape Evans and planned the journey to the Pole in three stages.他們在埃文斯海角建立了大本營，并計(jì)劃分三個階段來完成到南極的全部旅程。Some reactions such as those between soluble acids and bases occur very rapidly.有些反應(yīng)，像酸堿溶液之間的反應(yīng)進(jìn)行得很快。Convert the following denary numbers base 8.把下列各十進(jìn)制換算成以8為基值的數(shù)。Large missiles are typically without a rail launching system, and whether tied down or simply standing on their base are subject to wind effects.大型導(dǎo)彈一般是沒有導(dǎo)軌發(fā)射系統(tǒng)的，不論是系裝還是豎立在發(fā)射場上，都受風(fēng)的影響。3） 準(zhǔn)確引申詞義即是依據(jù)詞的本義進(jìn)行必要的延伸拓展，使之與上下文在意義上相符，在風(fēng)格上一致。A.首先是延續(xù)拓展原文詞義:Of the thousands of lines in the suns spectrum, most can be definitely identified with those of elements known on the earth.太陽光譜中的幾千條譜線，絕大多數(shù)能夠確切地與地球上的已知的元素譜線相吻合。One of the beauties of the medicine is the absence of aftereffects.這種藥品的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一是沒有副作用。It was only in the last few years that advances were made for the work of identification of pain-sensitive cells in the caudal part of SNT.只是最近幾年來，在尾端尋找痛敏細(xì)胞的工作方面有了突破。B其次將抽象的詞義具體化:All the wit and learning in this field are to be present at the symposium.這一領(lǐng)域的全部學(xué)者都將出席這次專題討論研討會。By experimentation, imagination, and reasoning, mathematics are discovering new facts and ideas that science and engineering are using to change our civilization.通過實(shí)驗(yàn)、想象和推理，數(shù)學(xué)家們正在尋求新論據(jù)新觀念，從而使科學(xué)家和工程師們用之以促進(jìn)人類文明的發(fā)展。C最后將具體詞義抽象化:There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.過去，對移民的限制極為嚴(yán)格，不允許任何人出于個人考慮而遷居他國。Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from mens muscles and enormously expanded productivity, so the microcomputer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of drudgery from the human brain and thereby expanding the minds capacities in ways that man has begun to grasp.正如工業(yè)革命取消了大量的體力勞動并極大發(fā)展了生產(chǎn)力一樣，微型電子計(jì)算機(jī)迅速地承擔(dān)起大量繁重的腦力勞動，從而以人們現(xiàn)在才開始領(lǐng)會的各種方式擴(kuò)大了人腦的功能。2 翻譯的步驟1） 緊縮主干In that same village and in one of these very house (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple good natured fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle.2） 辨析詞義A形態(tài)語義關(guān)系QuarterfinalElectronumeroscopicB語法層次關(guān)系timelessnessthe nursing profession his nursing motherC詞語聯(lián)立關(guān)系science of defence for ladiesthe London SchoolA young lady who thinks is like a young man who rougesD語言文化關(guān)系Some would say that today it is very difficult to find such a man in this community, as difficult as to find a landmark Baptist./E情態(tài)色彩關(guān)系F指涉呼應(yīng)關(guān)系G思維邏輯關(guān)系I love fools experiments; I am always making them.Every couple is not a pairH專業(yè)領(lǐng)域關(guān)系3） 分析句型英語句法分析比較障目的是：一、后置成分很多，常與漢語表達(dá)法適得其反；二、插入成分很多，使以漢語為母語的人難免思維阻斷；三、一詞多義、多詞一義現(xiàn)象比較突出。A PhD does not make a doctor nor the judicial gown the judge.He was convinced against his will but is of the same opinion still.4） 理清脈絡(luò)指思維的表達(dá)層次，也是思維發(fā)展的形式，一般表現(xiàn)為句子與句子或主句與分句的組合關(guān)系。還應(yīng)包括對原語重心的探究5） 調(diào)整搭配廣義的搭配至整個句子的主謂（賓）以及其他句子成分的搭配形式，狹義的搭配制止此一次的搭配形式。還涉及到語言的約定性，即所謂約定俗成，有自己的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法。6） 潤飾詞語潤飾詞語的一個重要手段是統(tǒng)觀全局，包括詞、詞組、句、語段與語篇。3 翻譯的方法1） 常規(guī)手段(對應(yīng))Sophistic reasoningBe marveled at his sophistic wording2） 變通手段A分切Today /pilots flying the new Boeing 767 and 757 aircraft /navigate with the aid of new laser gyroscopes. Supermarket clerks /use lasers to ring up process /at the check-out/ by “reading” universal bar-codes /printed on packages and canned goods.今天，駕駛新型波音767和757客機(jī)的駕駛員，借助新的激光舵轉(zhuǎn)儀進(jìn)行操作；而超級市場的售貨員，則利用激光，“閱讀”通用價(jià)格條碼，在結(jié)帳臺上計(jì)價(jià)，因?yàn)閮r(jià)碼已印在貨品包裝盒罐頭制品上了。B轉(zhuǎn)換詞性轉(zhuǎn)換：漢英互譯中最常見的是名詞與動詞、介詞與動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。漢語中動詞占優(yōu)勢，英語中名詞與介詞占優(yōu)勢。Ignorance of the law excuses no man from practising it.任何人也不能以不知法為借口，不受法律制裁。肯定與否定轉(zhuǎn)換：正說與反說的轉(zhuǎn)換。無人售書處 / self-service bookstand句式的轉(zhuǎn)換：復(fù)合句與簡單句的各種形式的轉(zhuǎn)化。You say 5000 dollars for this bubble car? Its daylight robbery!這么一輛破車5000美元？這不是光天化日之下攔路搶劫嗎？語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換：漢語中的被動句處于顯著的弱勢。A Chinese rule is that the inferior is introduced to the superior.中國的規(guī)矩是向上級介紹下級。時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換：漢語以時(shí)態(tài)助詞（著、了、過）以及時(shí)間副詞或添加詞語來表示時(shí)態(tài)，總之是以詞匯手段表示時(shí)體范疇。語氣轉(zhuǎn)換：漢語中的語氣可以詞語形式加以表達(dá)。通常伴隨時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。C轉(zhuǎn)移否定部位轉(zhuǎn)移 主語轉(zhuǎn)移重心轉(zhuǎn)移D注釋E替代Nobody is as sophisticated as a boy of nineteen who is just recovering from a baby grand passion.沒有比十九歲的少男更嬌揉做作的了，他剛剛脫掉黃毛稚氣就自命為七尺男兒。(老于世故的，大幼兒情結(jié))You have gives yourself the trouble to be born.你這是杞人憂天。Im afraid you have the advantage of me.很抱歉，我真想不起您是哪一位了。F拆離：就是將原句中的“障礙點(diǎn)”（特定搭配，大都是副詞或形容詞）拆離原句后的詞語聯(lián)立關(guān)系，另行處理，一般是放在全句之首或全句之尾。Powerful words can drive men to madness. They may inspire them, schizophrenically, to acts of self-sacrifice.激昂慷慨的辭令可以使人聽了發(fā)狂；也可以使人行動起來，連命都不要，就象得了精神分裂癥。Every British motorist will tell you that radar is used most unfairly by the police to catch drivers who are accidentally going a little faster than the speed limit.每一個駕駛汽車的英國人都會告訴你，警察用雷達(dá)來抓那些只是偶爾稍微超速行駛的駕車人，這種做法很不公平。G音譯基因 / gene邏輯 / logic4 歷屆試題分析1. The champions of hearing, by any standard, are the bats. Bat sounds long went undetected by man because they are pitched two to three octaves (八度音階) above what we can hear. But to a number of bats flying around on a calm, still summer eveningand to the unfortunate moths (蛾) that can hear them and must try to avoid themthe evening is anything but calm. It is a madhouse of constant screaming. Each bat sends out a series of screams in short pulses, each lasting less than a hundredth of a second.不管用哪一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，聽力的冠軍都是蝙蝠。蝙蝠發(fā)出的聲音在長時(shí)間內(nèi)不為人類所覺察到，因?yàn)樗鼈儼l(fā)出的聲音要比我們所能聽見的高2到3個八度。但是對于在安寧而又寂靜的夏天的傍晚到處飛翔的許多蝙蝠 以及對于那些能聽見它們聲音而必須設(shè)法避開它們的不幸的蛾來說，這個夜晚一點(diǎn)兒也不寧靜。那簡直是一個不斷在發(fā)出尖叫聲的瘋?cè)嗽骸Ｃ恳恢或鸢l(fā)出一連串短脈沖的尖叫聲，每一聲的持續(xù)時(shí)間還不到百分之一秒。2. If ignorance about the nature of pain is widespread，ignorance about the way pain-killing drugs work is even more so. What is not generally understood is that many of the boasted pain-killing drugs conceal the pain without correcting the underlying condition. The abuse of pain killing drugs will deaden the mechanism in the body that alerts the brain to the fact that something may be wrong. The body can pay a high price for suppression of pain without regard to its basic cause. 如果說人們對疼痛的本質(zhì)普遍不甚了解，那么他們對止痛藥是如何起作用的就更是一無所知了。人們所知甚少的是許多這種被吹噓為止痛藥的藥物在止痛時(shí)并沒有消除產(chǎn)生疼痛的根源。濫用止痛藥會使人體中向腦子警告有什么地方可能出了毛病的機(jī)制變麻木。光是鎮(zhèn)痛而不考慮疼痛的根本原因，會使人體付出高昂的代價(jià)。3. Before 1965 many scientists pictured the circulation of the oceans water mass as consisting of large slow-moving currents, such as the Gulf Stream. That view, based on 100 years of observations made around the globe, produced only a rough approximation of the true circulation. But in the 1950s and the 1960s, researchers began to employ newly developed techniques and equipment including sub-surface floa