英語句子成分和句子結構分析.doc

英語句子成分和句子結構分析語法講解1認識語法一、英語語法分為兩大部分詞法（微觀遣詞）；句法（宏觀造句）01詞法（微觀遣詞）1.實詞：有實際意義的詞。名詞n.：表事物名稱動詞vi./vt.：行為，動態(tài)。vi.不及物動詞，本身可以表達完整意義，后面不需要帶賓語vt.及物動詞，本身無法表達完整意義，后面必須帶賓語形容詞adj.：修飾n.副詞adv.：修飾v./adj.或者句子中其他adv或者整個句子代詞Pron.：代替n.數詞num.：表數量（基數詞），表順序（序數詞）2.虛詞：沒有實際意義的詞。介詞prep.：說明詞與詞之間的關系連詞conj.：說明句子與句子之間的關系冠詞art.：在n.前，限定n.感嘆詞int.：表達感嘆02句法（宏觀造句）1.句子的成分2.句子結構3.句子的變化4.句子的功能5.句子的類型：簡單句，并列句，復合句6.復合句：名詞性從句，定語從句，狀語從句二、語法四大原則1.詞性決定詞用2.同類同用同種類型的詞，用法相同，越細分，越一致3.動詞即句魂句子里最重要的是謂語，謂語部分最重要的就是動詞4.舉一反三由表及里，發(fā)掘句子結構，歸屬；認識句子本質，由點及面，放大到句群。語法精講2句子的成分 主體：主語，謂語，賓語，表語次體：定語，狀語，補語，同位語主語：一個句子的主體，是全句述說的對象。常由名詞，代詞或相當于名詞或代詞的詞擔任，一般放在句首。The sun(名詞n.) rises in the east.We(代詞pron.) are friendsTwenty years(數詞num.) is a short time in history.Seeing（動名詞） is believingTo be a teacher(不定式)is my dreamWhat he needs(句子)is a book 主語從句It（形式主語）is timeto go home（真正的主語）形式主語是為保持句子平衡謂語：表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動詞或動詞詞組擔任，放在主語的后面We study(實意動詞)English！Ican（情態(tài)動詞）doit!Idont（助動詞）know!Heis（系動詞）asleep.賓語：表示謂語行為的對象，常由名詞，代詞或相當于名詞的詞擔任，一般放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。 I playwithhim(代詞) Ilikechina（名詞）How many do you need?we need two（數詞）Ienjoyworking with you（動名詞）Ihopeto see youagain（不定式） Did you writedownwhat he said?（句子）Under the snow（介賓短語）,there are many rocks.He gaveme（間接賓語）a book（直接賓語） yesterday表語：用來說明主語的性質或狀態(tài)，一般由名詞或者形容詞擔任。凡是系動詞(be 動詞,感官動詞等)出現的地方，后面必定帶著表語He isa teacher(名詞)Seventy-four !you dontlookit（代詞）Five and five isten（數詞）He isasleep（形容詞）This picture ison the wall（介詞短語）My watch ismissing/lost （形容詞化的分詞）To wear a flower isto say“ Im poor ,Icant buy a ring”(不定式)The question iswhether they will come（句子）語法精講3定語：用來修飾或者限制名詞的成分，常用形容詞或者相當于形容詞的短語或者從句擔任，形容詞放在名詞前面。相當于形容詞的短語或者從句放在名詞后面。He is acleverboyThis is anappletreeThere aretenstudents in our classShe isTomssisterHe bought somesleepingpillsThe girlin redis his sisterWe have a lot of workto doThe girlstanding under the treeis his daughterDo you knowthe man who spokejust now.狀語：用來說明動詞，形容詞，副詞或者整個句子的成分。常由副詞擔任。修飾動詞可放動詞前，也可放在動詞后；修飾形容詞或者副詞時放在他們前面。動詞的八個狀態(tài)：時間，地點，原因，狀態(tài)，目的，結果，方式，程度The students studyhardIoftenwrite to himHe wrotewith a red pencilHe wentto see a filmThe students went awaylaughingIll write to you as soon asIget there .補語：表示補充說明，總是跟著賓語跑Ifound a booklying on the floor.Do you smell somethingburning?She asked me to gowith her.獨立成分：同位語，感嘆語Bruce，myEnglishteacher,is a cool manThats great! 語法精講4簡單句的5種基本結構通過一個愛情故事掌握5種簡單句。1，主語+謂語：She comes.2，主語+系動詞+表語She is lovely.3，主語+謂語+賓語Ilove her.4，主語+謂語+間賓+直賓Igave her a rose.5，主語+謂語+賓語+賓補Imade her happy.2三大句子結構類型1，簡單句Frank and Ericare good friends.Imake and havebreakfast.2，并列句IlikeEnglish,butIdont like math.Ihate grammar,whilehe loves it.3，復合句What she doesis not good.The manwho has an umbrella in his handis my uncle.When you finish the work,you may go out to play with Sam. 語法精講5簡單句Tomsfather bought him anewbikeyesterday.Imet mybestfriendTom at the station yesterday.The manover thereis myoldfriend.The meat went badbecause of the hot weather.Katesuncle livesin a village.He studies hardto learnEnglishwell.Grandma told me aninterestingstorylast night.Johns father,Mr black ,is a lawyer.Wealwaysgo to schoolearly.He alwaysmakes me cryin this situation.并列句句子+句子，并列關系You help himandhe helps you.Hurry up,oryoull be late .Iam thirsty,forit is hot.復合句一個句子在另一個句子里充當了一定的成分。句子套句子,主從關系What she likesis watching TV. 主語從句Do you knowhow much the house is.賓語從句That iswhatIwant to tell you.表語從句Its a questionhow he did it. 同位語從句The manwhom you talk withis my friend. 定語從句IfIam free,Iwill go shopping . 條件狀語從句四種句子類型：英語01陳述句（肯定，否定） He is six years old. She doesnt likeEnglish.02疑問句（一般，特殊，選擇，反義） Do you like swimming? 一般疑問句 What are you doing ? 特殊疑問代詞+一般疑問句=特殊疑問句 Is this a pen or a p