ing分詞用法歸納.doc

-ing分詞用法歸納1. -ing分詞概述-ing分詞的基本形式是由動(dòng)詞加-ing 構(gòu)成，與動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式一致。 -ing分詞的主要變化形式有一般式和完成式；一般式和完成式中又分別有主動(dòng)形式及被動(dòng)形式。詳見(jiàn)下表： 主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done2. -ing分詞的意義(1) -ing分詞所表示的動(dòng)作常與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：He used to stand there thinking. 他過(guò)去常站在那兒思考。They held activities celebrating their culture. 他們舉行活動(dòng)來(lái)慶祝他們的文化。(2) -ing分詞若在suggest, insist等動(dòng)詞后或作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示的動(dòng)作常發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后；He suggested us practicing English every day. 他建議我們每天練習(xí)英語(yǔ)。He insists on going with us together. 他堅(jiān)持要跟我們一起去。Her mother went away alone, leaving her crying there. 她母親一個(gè)人走了，讓她一個(gè)人在那兒哭。(3) -ing分詞若在forget, regret, remember等動(dòng)詞后或作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。如：Can you still remember living there? 你還能記得在那里的生活情況嗎？I dont regret helping him, though he is unkind to us. 盡管他對(duì)我們不友好，我對(duì)幫助他還是不后悔。(4) -ing分詞若在介詞before, after之后，動(dòng)作的先后依介詞before, after的意義而定。如：I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. 我在入睡前常要看一看報(bào)紙。(5) -ing分詞表泛指意義的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，沒(méi)有時(shí)間意義。如：Keeping on doing morning exercises is a good habit. 堅(jiān)持做早操是一種好的習(xí)慣。(6) -ing分詞的完成式表示所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。如：Not having received her answer, he decided to write to her again. 由于沒(méi)有收到她的回信，他決定再給她寫(xiě)封信。(7) -ing分詞的主動(dòng)形式，表明邏輯主語(yǔ)所動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者；過(guò)去分詞表明邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：Seeing from the top of the mountain, you will find the town very beautiful. 你從山頂上看，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這座城市很美。Seen from the top of the mountain, the town looks beautiful. 從山頂上看去，這座城市看起來(lái)很美。(8) -ing分詞的否定式是在-ing分詞前面加否定詞not。如：Not knowing what to do, he went to ask the teacher for help. 由于不知道該怎么做，他去請(qǐng)求老師的幫助。Not having made it clear, he went to ask the teacher about it again. 由于他沒(méi)有弄明白，他又去向老師詢(xún)問(wèn)這件事。3. -ing分詞的句法功能-ing分詞具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，可帶自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，從而一起構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞ing 形式的短語(yǔ)。這個(gè)動(dòng)詞ing 形式短語(yǔ)具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句子中，可做句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)及狀語(yǔ)等成分。(1) 作主語(yǔ)-ing分詞短語(yǔ)放在句子的前面做主語(yǔ)，但當(dāng)-ing分詞短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，為了使句子保持平衡，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的主語(yǔ)放到句子的末尾。如：Reading makes a man perfect. 閱讀使人完美。Crying over spilt milk is no use. It is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶倒了，哭也無(wú)益。-ing分詞做真正的主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用于句型：It is no use doing/ It is no good doing / It is useless doing/ It is worthwhile doing如：It is no good reading in the sun. 在陽(yáng)光下看書(shū)是不好的。It is useless remembering words only. 只記單詞是沒(méi)有用的。(2) 作賓語(yǔ)-ing分詞既可做某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，也可做介詞的賓語(yǔ)。a. -ing分詞并不是做所有及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，而是只能做某些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，如：admit, advise, allow, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, keep, pardon, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, resist, risk, suggest, stop及下列短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)： carry on, cant help, feel like, give up, keep on, put off, set about, object to, insist on, prevent from, pay attention to, stick to, refer to, get down to, look forwards to, devoteto, be / get used to, lead to。如：I dislike playing cards. 我不喜歡打牌。He enjoys reading stories. 她喜歡讀故事。He got down to working as soon as he got to the office. 他一進(jìn)入辦公室就開(kāi)始工作。b. 下列動(dòng)詞或形容詞: want, require, need, deserve, worth帶-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。如：The book is worth reading. 這本書(shū)值得讀。The house requires repairing at once. 這座房子需要馬上維修。c. 介詞除besides, but, except接不定式外，一般都須接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)。如：You must finish your work before going to the concert. 你必須在去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)演唱會(huì)之前必須把工作完成。On seeing her mother, the little girl began to cry out. 這個(gè)小女孩一看見(jiàn)她的母親就大哭了起來(lái)。(3) 作表語(yǔ)-ing分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，有兩種情況，一方面，當(dāng)-ing分詞具有名詞性質(zhì)時(shí)，-ing分詞短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容；另一方面，當(dāng)-ing分詞具有形容詞性質(zhì)時(shí)，-ing分詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征。如：His job is teaching English. 他的工作是教英語(yǔ)。(說(shuō)明工作的內(nèi)容) His job is interesting. 他的工作很有趣。(說(shuō)明工作的特征) 注意：當(dāng)-ing分詞的動(dòng)作是主語(yǔ)所發(fā)出的時(shí)，句子不是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，而是動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：He is teaching Japanese at that school. 他在那所學(xué)校教日語(yǔ)。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)) (4) 作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)下列動(dòng)詞可接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。a. 感、知覺(jué)動(dòng)詞：feel, hear, look at, listen to, notice, observe, sense, see, watch 可接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I heard her singing in the next door。我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁唱歌。I watched them playing volleyball on the playing ground. 我觀看他們?cè)诓賵?chǎng)上打排球。b. 動(dòng)詞find, get, have, keep, leave, send，suggest可接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I found the missing boy playing by the river. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)失蹤的男孩在河邊玩。Dont have your guest standing there and ask him to sit down. 不要讓客人站在那里, 請(qǐng)他入坐。(5) 作定語(yǔ)-ing分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，分兩種情況。a. 單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞ing 形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它總是位于被修飾的名詞之前，說(shuō)明被修飾名詞的目的、用途或特征。如：China is a developing country. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。Would you please give me some writing paper? 請(qǐng)給一些書(shū)寫(xiě)紙好嗎？b. -ing分詞接名詞、代詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，總是位于所修飾的名詞之后，說(shuō)明名詞所處的狀態(tài)或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：The boy studying in the classroom is Li Lei. 在教室里學(xué)習(xí)的那個(gè)男孩是李雷。Dont trouble the dog sleeping over there. 不要惹事生非。(6) 作同位語(yǔ)-ing分詞作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，位于同位的名詞之后，且跟前面的名詞用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，表示前面名詞的內(nèi)容。如：His idea, helping farmers get in their crops, interested us very much. 他那幫助農(nóng)民收割莊稼的想法使我們很感興趣。The goal, making two thousand cars this month, excites the workers. 本月生產(chǎn)兩千輛小汽車(chē)的目標(biāo)使工人們很興奮。(7) 作狀語(yǔ)-ing分詞在句子中做狀語(yǔ)，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨、目的、程度和結(jié)果。如：a. 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Having cleaned the house, she went on to help her mother pick apples. 把房子打掃后，她又繼續(xù)幫助母親摘蘋(píng)果。Having had his breakfast, he began to look for work again. 吃過(guò)早餐后，他又開(kāi)始去尋找工作。b. 作原因狀語(yǔ)Not knowing English, they found it very difficult to communicate with the people in America. 由于不懂英語(yǔ)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)在美國(guó)跟人們交流很困難。Getting up late, he missed his early train. 由于起床晚了，他沒(méi)有趕上早班火車(chē)。c. 作條件狀語(yǔ)Living in a polluted environment, people may fall ill easily. 如果生活在受污染的環(huán)境中，人們很容易生病。Loving others, you will be loved by others. 如果你愛(ài)他人，你就會(huì)得到他人的愛(ài)。d. 作讓步狀語(yǔ)Being at school or at home, she is a good girl. 不管是在學(xué)校還是在家，她都是個(gè)好姑娘。Talking or acting, he is very honest. 無(wú)論是說(shuō)話還是做事，他都很誠(chéng)實(shí)。e. 作方式狀語(yǔ)He went there riding his bike. 他騎單車(chē)去那里。They make money selling fruits. 他們靠賣(mài)水果掙錢(qián)。f. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)He used to sit there thinking. 過(guò)去他常坐在那里思考。He walked along the river singing in a low voice. 他一邊沿著河邊走一邊低聲唱著歌兒。g. 作目的狀語(yǔ)。作目的狀語(yǔ)的-ing分詞一般是表示所從事的活動(dòng)方面的動(dòng)詞，如：boating, climbing, fishing, hunting, riding, sailing, shopping, shooting, skating, skiing, swimming, walking, washing等。I often go shopping with mother on Sundays. 星期天我常跟媽媽買(mǎi)東西。Will you please go skating with me this afternoon? 今天下午跟我去滑冰好嗎？h. 作程度狀語(yǔ)。作程度狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞。如：He was caught in the heavy rain and got his clothes soaking wet. 他淋了一場(chǎng)大雨，把衣服全部弄濕了。He wore his thin coat in freezing cold days and fell ill soon. 他在冰冷的天還穿著單薄的大衣，不久就病倒了。i. 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)He cut down the trees in front of his house, having its roof blown off by strong wind. 他把房前的樹(shù)給砍了，結(jié)果大風(fēng)把房頂刮走了。He died, leaving his wife and children nothing but great debt. 他死了，留給妻子和孩子的只有巨大的債負(fù)。4. -ing分詞的一些慣用法在英語(yǔ)實(shí)際交際中，還有一些特殊用法或句型。如：(1) There be no doing = It is impossible to do 。如：There is no telling whether he will keep his words. 他會(huì)不會(huì)遵守諾言很難說(shuō)。(2) How / What about doing = How do you like / What do you think of 如：How about hiking this Sunday? 本周星期天去遠(yuǎn)足怎么樣？(3) on doing= as soon as + clause , 如：On hearing the bad news, the little girl burst out crying. 一聽(tīng)到這一噩耗，小女孩就大哭了起來(lái)。(4) There be no end to doing 無(wú)止境。如：If everyone wants others to dance to his music, there will be no end to fighting in the world. 要是大家都要其它的人來(lái)按照他的意志做事，那么世界上就永遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有安寧的日子。(5) without so much as doing = even. not. 甚至，連都沒(méi)有。如：He started his company without so much as having his own office. 他創(chuàng)辦公司時(shí)連自己的辦公室都沒(méi)有。(6) lose no time in doing = begin to do at once. 立刻做。如：There are very few days left for College Entrance Examination, so we can lose no time in revising our lessons. 離高考沒(méi)幾天了，我們得抓緊復(fù)習(xí)我們的功課了。(7) be up on the point of doing = be going to do 即將做。如：We believe our China is on the point of creating a new era. 我們相信我們中國(guó)即將開(kāi)創(chuàng)一個(gè)新時(shí)代。(8) in (the) hope of doing 懷著希望。如：After graduating from university, he went to Shenzhen in the hope of finding a good job. 大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，他去深圳希望找到一個(gè)好的工作。(9) for the purpose of doing = for the sake of 為了。如：He went on studying abroad for the purpose of serving the people better. 他繼續(xù)去國(guó)外深造以便能更好地為人民服務(wù)。(10) come near doing = almost do幾乎，差一點(diǎn)兒。如：He came near dying in the traffic accident. 他在那場(chǎng)車(chē)禍中差一點(diǎn)喪了命。5. -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)根據(jù)句子意思的需要，有時(shí)須在-ing分詞前加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)，這種邏輯主語(yǔ)與-ing分詞一起就構(gòu)成了-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。(1) -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式a. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是由形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞的所有格與-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如：His ( Li Leis ) singing / writing / painting attracts many people. 他的唱歌 / 寫(xiě)字 / 繪畫(huà)吸引了很多人。b. 當(dāng)-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可用人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格或名詞的普通格與-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如：The teacher suggested us / our / Li Lei / Li Leis waiting for Wu Dong at the station. 老師建議我們 / 李蕾在車(chē)站等吳東。Do you mind me / my / Li Lei / Li Leis rea