外文翻譯--蔬菜移栽機(jī)在發(fā)展中國家的展望.doc

外文翻譯單行蔬菜缽體苗自動(dòng)移栽機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)取苗裝置設(shè)計(jì)原文1：VegetableTransplantersforUseinDevelopingCountriesAReview譯文1：蔬菜移栽機(jī)在發(fā)展中國家的展望原文1：Developingcountriescontribute72%ofthetotalvegetableproductionintheworld.Thetransplantingoperationisoneofthemostlaborintensiveinvegetableproduction.ItislargelydonebyhandinIndiaandmostdevelopingcountriesandincurslargeinvestmentsinlabor,time,andcost.Thisarticlepresentsthedetailsofconstructionofvegetabletransplantersinadditiontorecentadvancesintheirdevelopment.Performanceoftransplantersunderactualfieldconditionsisdiscussed.TraditionalMethodsofTransplantingVegetableSeedlingsFerminger(1953)reportedthatinIndia,forsmall-scalevegetablegardening,holesof60cmdiameterand30cmdeeparemanuallyduginthefieldatdesiredspacings.Thesoilismixedwithfarmyardmanure,bonemeal,andwoodashes.Theholeisthenfilledtoadepthof1520cmandpacked.Aseedlingisplacedinthemiddleoftheholeandtopsoilisfilledaroundtheseedling,compacted,firmed,andsoakedwithwater.Ashelterisbuilttoshadetheseedlingunderdryweatherconditions.Thismethoddoesnotrequireanyfieldpreparation.Ashovelorspadeistheonlyimplementused.ClassificationofVegetableTransplantersandSeedlingsTransplantersaredesignedbasedonseedlingtypetobeused.Thesemiautomatictransplanterscanbeusedforalmostalltypesofseedlings(Table1).Thebarerootseedlingsareobtainedbypullingseedlingsdirectlyfromnurserybeds.Thesoilblockseedlingsareobtainedbysowingofseedsinmoistsoilcubesmadebymixingsoil,peat,compost,andsand(Press,2001).Thecellmoldseedlingsaregrowninflexibleplastic(Tsuga,2000)orheavy-dutyinjection-moldedtrays(HorticulturalSuppliesCo.,Mumbai,India)withcellstofillwiththesoilmixandsowtheseed.Trayscancontain128,200,or288cells,inwhichthearrangementofcellsis816,1020,and1224,respectively(Tsuga,2000).TheHorticulturalSuppliesCo.trayhasfivesections,eachwith30or40cells,supportedbyanoutertray,whichcanhold150or200seedlings.Theshapeofthecellisaninvertedtruncatedpyramid.Anothermethodfortransplantproductionisthepaperpot,generallymadefromrecycledpaper.Paperpotsprovideanindividualareaforeachseedtogerminateandtheplanttodevelop(IndianInstituteofHorticulturalResearchIIHR,2006).Atotalof128or200potscanbeplacedonatrayin88or1010arrangements(Tsuga,2000).Semiautomaticandfullyautomatictransplanterscanbeusedforplantingcellmoldandpaperpotproducedseedlings.Thelinkedpaperpot,orachainofpotspreparedbyconnectingaseriesofpaperpots,ismadebyjoiningtwo-plysheetsofpaperwithwater-resistantadhesive(NambuandTanimura,1992).Theydonotrequireatrayforholdingseedlingsbutrequireanarrangementtoseparatethechainofpotsintoindividualsbeforefeedingthemtotheplantingunit.Linkedpaperpotsareusedonlywithfullyautomatictransplanters.Thewalking-typesemiautomatictransplantersareeitherself-propelledorhandtractoroperatedmachines.Theyarerarebecausetheoperatorhastoconcentrateontheoperationofthemachineandfeedingtheseedlings.Riding-typetwo-roworthree-rowsemiautomatictransplantersaretractormountedortractorpulledmachines,whereasthosethatareusedwithmorerowsaretractorpulled.Thewalking-typeautomatictransplantersareself-propelledmachinesforsowingamaximumoffourrows.Ridingtypeautomatictransplantersareeitherself-propelled(uptofourrows)ortractorpulled(uptoeightrows).Further,Marr(1994)describedtypesoftransplanterscalledpunchplanters(automatic)andwater-wheelplanters(semiautomatic).Thepunchplanterstransplantthroughplasticmulchesbypuncturingthemulchandthesoilandsettingtheseedlingintotheholes.Thewater-wheelplantersaresimilartothepunchplanterswiththeadditionofalargetankfilledwithwaterorfertilizersolution.Astheholeisformedforthetransplant,aportionofthesolutionisinjectedintothetransplanthole.Seedlingsarehand-setintothewateredholebyoperatorsridinglowneartheground(Model1600ofRobertMarvelPlasticMulch,Annville,Pa.).Astheseedlingispushedin,mudfromthebottomcomesupalongthesidesandcoversthetoptocompletethetransplantingoperation.MunillaandShaw(1987)describedadibblingtransplanterinwhichholesaremadeinthesoilandseedlingsareplantedintheholes.SeedlingBoxorTrayHolderAseedlingboxisprovidedonsemiautomatictransplanterstostorebarerootseedlingsforfeedingtotheplantingunit.Itisrectangularincrosssectionandisopenatthetop.Longrectangularseedlingboxesareusedintransplanters(Model2000,MechanicalTransplanterCo.,Holland,Mich.)usedforplantinglongseedlings,inwhichaconveyorbeltisprovided,whichcanbedrivenbyfootaction.Carrouseltrayholders(Figure1)canalsobeusedintransplanters(MechanicalTransplanterCo.smodels5000,5000W,5000WD,4000,and6000)thatusecellmoldseedlings.Eachtrayholderstoresfourtosixtrays,eachcarrying200cellmoldseedlings.Inautomatictransplanters,thetrayiskeptataplacewithitsorientationsuitableforthepick-updevicetoremoveseedlingsfromtrays.Italsohasamechanismtomovetraysforwardasseedlingsareremovedfromthetray.Recentadvancesinthedesignofvegetabletransplanters.Apartfromtheessentialcomponentsforefficientplantingofvegetableseedlings,vegetabletransplantersareprovidedwithsystemsformaintainingtheaccuracy,precision,andeffectivenessinplantingseedlingswithminimumhumanintervention.ResearchershavereportedrecentdevelopmentsinautomaticvegetabletransplanterintheUnitedStates(Parish,2005),Italy,Japan,Australia,andEngland(Labowsky,2001).Robotictransplantershavebeendeveloped(Brewer,1994；Kimetal.,1995；Ryuetal.,2001；Sakaue,1992；Taietal.,1994),andFigure7presentsaschematicdiagramforthistypeoftransplanterdevelopedbyRyuetal.(2001).IthasaCCDcamera,whichidentifiesemptycellsinhigh-densityplugtrays,passesthisinformationtothecomputer,whichfeedsittothemanipulator.Themanipulatoractuatestheend-effectertopickuponlythegood-qualityseedlingstothelow-densitygrowingtrays.Thelaborandtimeinvolvedindiscardingthepoor-qualityseedlingsarefullyFIGURE7.Schematicsoftherobotictransplanter:(a)thefrontviewofthemanipula