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1、系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Interacting: the interpersonal metafunction,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,“The speaker uses specific language structures as the means of social communication to involve the speech event: the expressions of his comments, his attitudes, his evaluations, and also the relationship he sets up between him

2、self and the listener, which are decided by different communication roles he adopts, like informing, questioning, persuading”. (Halliday, 2000:69),Introduction,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,the most important sociological use of language is the interpersonal function, by which people establish and maintain their s

3、tatus in a society. In the framework of the function grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addressees attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Roles of addressers and audience,The most fundame

4、ntal purposes in any exchange are giving (and taking) or demanding (and being given) a commodity of some kind. commodity: information goods-and-services,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,four basic speech roles,giving information demanding information giving goods-and-services demanding goods-and-services,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理

5、功能,The usual labels for these functions are: statement; question; offer; and command three of these basic functions are closely associated with particular grammatical structures: statements - declarative clauses questions - interrogative clauses commands - imperative clauses,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Mood,The

6、Mood carries 1) the interpersonal functions of the clause 2) consists of Subject + Finite.,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,The Subject is realised by a nominal group that the speaker gives responsibility to for the validity of the clause. The Finite is realised by the first of the verbal group to express tense and m

7、odality (The rest of the verbal group is the Predicator, which forms part of the Residue.) A clause thus consists of Mood+Residue.,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Identifying Subject and Finite,it is usually relatively easy to identify the Subject, but in cases of doubt we can establish exactly what the Subject and

8、Finite of any clause are by adding a tag question,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Meanings of Subject and Finite,The Subject is the entity that the speaker wants to make responsible for the validity of the proposition being advanced in the clause. That is, the claim that the speaker is making is valid for the entity

9、. The Finite makes it possible to argue about the validity of the proposition. Through Finite, the speaker signals three basic kinds of claims (tense, polarity and modality)about the validity of the proposition,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Mood in non-declarative clauses,In yes/no interrogatives In WH-interrogati

10、ves(with known Subject),系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,WH-interrogative with WH-element as Subject In exclamative clauses,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Mood in imperative clauses (unmarked),系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,The Residue,The general term for part of the clause that is not the Mood is the Residue. In interoersonal term the Residue is

11、merely what is left over once the Mood has been established. There are three kinds of functional elements in the Residue: the Predicator, Complements, and Adjuncts,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Predicator expressed by the rest of the verbal group apart from the Finite.(the Finite is not a part of the Predicator, t

12、he Predicator itself in non-finite) express the process - the action, happening, state, etc. three other functions: to specify secondary tense; to specify various other aspects of the process; to specift the voice,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Complements the term includes both Objects and Complements in the more

13、traditional sense. A Complement is an element in the Residue, typically realized by a nominal group, which could have been chosen as Subject,but was not. Adjuncts circumstantial Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct Modal Adjunct (Comment Adjuncts & Mood Adjuncts),系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Modality,Modality and polarity

14、 The Finite expresses not only tense but also polarity and modality. In terms of the interaction carried out by the clause, polarity is a basic part of the meaning. Any Finite is inherently positive or negative in polarity. a. The negative forms have an identifiable added element (nt or not) in rela

15、tion to the positive b. Polarity may also be expressed through Mood Adjuncts.,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,modality A simple definition : modality is the space between yes and no. Types of modality (1) commodaity - information the modality relates to how valid the information is being presented as in therms of pr

16、obability or usuality. (2) commodaity - goods-and-services the modality relates to how confident the speaker can apper to be in the eventual success of the exchange. In commands, this concerns the degree of obligation on the other person to carry out the command. In offer it concerns the degree of w

17、illingness of the speaker to fulfil the offer.,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,type of modality,modalization(information),modulation (goods-and-services),probalility,usuality,inclination,obligation,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Appraisal,introduction The Appraisal framework appeared a little more than 15 years ago and it is a resu

18、lt of the work which is carried out by a group of researchers led by James R. Martin, Professor of the University of Sydney. Its primary impetus for the development came from the research conducted in the 1980s and 1990s for the “Write It Right” project of the Disadvantaged Schools Program of the Ne

19、w South Wales Department of Schools Education. Under this project, researchers investigated the literacy requirements of the discourses of science, technology, the media, history, English literature studies, geography and the visual arts, and so on. The central issues of the project are concerned wi

20、th the semantics of the interpersonal aspects.,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Appraisal is an evaluative use of language, which is a special method to exploring, describing and explaining the way language is applied to evaluate, to adopt stances, to construct textual personas and to manage interpersonal positioning

21、 and relationships. Thus it examines how speakers and writers convey judgments to other speakers or writers, their utterances, material objects, happenings and states of affairs, and therefore construct a good relationship with those who share the same views and keep distance from those who do not.

22、It investigates how attitudes, judgments and emotive responses are clearly showed in texts and how they are more indirectly indicated, presupposed or assumed. Apart from this, it examines how the expression of such attitudes and judgments is carefully carried out in many instances to consider the ev

23、er-present possibility of challenge or contradiction from those who has differing views (Martin, 2000).,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,To sum up Appraisal framework: is a system of interpersonal meanings. Speakers or writers use the resources of Appraisal to construct their social relationships by telling their lis

24、teners or readers what their attitudes are, in other words, how they feel about things and people.,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Attitude Affect Judgement Appreciation Engagement monogloss heterogloss Graduation,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Attitude,Attitude is related to our feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments o

25、f behavior and evaluation of things (Martin & White, 2008). In other words, Attitude deals with how we feel about people and things around us. Attitude is the central part of appraisal system and focuses on gradable resources for construing evaluation. It is divided into three subsystems: Affect, Ju

26、dgment, and Appreciation.,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Affect: the characterisation of phenomena by reference to emotion. Judgement: the evaluation of human behaviour with respect to social norms Appreciation: the evluation of objects and products (rather than human behaviour) by reference to aesthetic principle and other systems of social value,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) 人際純理功能,Engement,Engagement

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