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1、Ralph Waldo Emerson愛默生簡介,方涵琦,生平簡介,拉爾夫沃爾多愛默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson,1803年1882年),生于波士頓。 美國思想家、文學(xué)家,詩人。 愛默生是確立美國文化精神的代表人物。 美國前總統(tǒng)林肯稱他為“美國的孔子”、“美國文明之父”。1803年5月6日出生于馬薩諸塞州波士頓附近的康考德村,1882年4月27日在波士頓逝世。他的生命幾乎橫貫19世紀(jì)的美國,他出生時候的美國熱鬧卻混沌,一些人意識到它代表著某種新力量的崛起,卻無人能夠清晰的表達出來,Ralph Waldo Emerson(May 25, 1803 April 27, 1882) w
2、as an American lecturer,philosopher, essayist, andpoet, best remembered for leading theTranscendentalistmovement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion ofindividualismand a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of pub
3、lished essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay,Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave
4、a speech entitledThe American Scholarin 1837, whichOliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.considered to be Americas Intellectual Declaration of Independence.1Considered one of the great lecturers of the time, Emerson had an enthusiasm and respect for his audience that enraptured crowds,早年經(jīng)歷,愛默生出身牧師家庭,他的父親是威廉愛默生是
5、一位知名的一位論派牧師。愛默生在即將過八歲的兩周前父親過世(1811年),由母親和姑母撫養(yǎng)他成人。隔年他被送到了波士頓拉丁學(xué)校就讀。在1817年10月愛默生14歲時,他入讀哈佛大學(xué)并且被任命為新生代表,這個身份讓他獲得免費住宿的機會。為了增添微薄的薪水,寒假期間他會到Ripley 伯父在馬薩諸塞州瓦勝市的學(xué)校進行輔導(dǎo)及教學(xué)事務(wù)。在校期間,他閱讀了大量英國浪漫主義作家的作品,豐富了思想,開闊了視野。1821年愛默生從哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,他協(xié)助自己的兄弟在母親的家中設(shè)立一所給年輕女性就讀的學(xué)校,這是在他于切爾姆斯福德設(shè)立自己的學(xué)校以后的事;當(dāng)愛默生的兄弟前往格丁根讀神學(xué)時,愛默生負責(zé)主持這所學(xué)校。之后
6、數(shù)年,愛默生都過著擔(dān)任校長的日子,然后進了哈佛大學(xué)神學(xué)院,并于1829年以一位論派牧師的形象嶄露頭角,Emerson wrote most ofhis important essaysas lectures first, then revised them for print. His first two collections of essays Essays: First Series andEssays: Second Series, published respectively in 1841 and 1844 represent the core of his thinking, a
7、nd include such well-known essays asSelf-Reliance,The Over-Soul,Circles,The PoetandExperience. Together withNature, these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emersons most fertile period. Emerson wrote on a number of subjects, never espousing fixed philosophicaltenets, but dev
8、eloping certain ideas such asindividuality,freedom, the ability for man to realize almost anything, and the relationship between the soul and the surrounding world. Emersons nature was more philosophical thannaturalistic; Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul.“
9、While his writing style can be seen as somewhat impenetrable, and was thought so even in his own time, Emersons essays remain one of thelinchpinsof American thinking, and Emersons work has influenced nearly every generation of thinker, writer and poet since his time. When asked to sum up his work, h
10、e said his centraldoctrinewas theinfinitudeof the private man,Early life, family, and education,Emerson was born inBoston,Massachusettson May 25, 1803,son of Ruth Haskins and theRev. William Emerson, aUnitarianminister. He was named after his mothers brother Ralph and the fathers great-grandmother R
11、ebecca Waldo.Ralph Waldo was the second of five sons who survived into adulthood; the others were William, Edward, Robert Bulkeley, and Charles.Three other childrenPhebe, John Clarke, and Mary Carolinedied in childhood. The young Ralph Waldo Emersons father died from stomach cancer on May 12, 1811,
12、less than two weeks before Emersons eighth birthday.Emerson was raised by his mother, with the help of the other women in the family; his aunt Mary Moody Emerson played an important role. Aunt Mary had a profound effect on Emerson.She lived with the family off and on, and maintained a constant corre
13、spondence with Emerson until her death in 1863,Emersons formal schooling began at theBoston Latin Schoolin 1812 when he was nine.In October 1817, at 14, Emerson went toHarvard College and was appointed freshman messenger for the president, requiring Emerson to fetch delinquent students and send mess
14、ages to faculty.Midway through his junior year, Emerson began keeping a list of books he had read and started a journal in a series of notebooks that would be called Wide World.He took outside jobs to cover his school expenses, including as a waiter for the Junior Commons and as an occasional teache
15、r working with his uncle Samuel inWaltham, MassachusettsBy his senior year, Emerson decided to go by his middle name, Waldo.Emerson served as Class Poet; as was custom, he presented an original poem on Harvards Class Day, a month before his official graduation on August 29, 1821, when he was 18.He d
16、id not stand out as a student and graduated in the exact middle of his class of 59 people. In 1826, faced with poor health, Emerson went to seek out warmer climates. He first went to Charleston, South Carolina, but found the weather was still too cold.He then went further south, to St. Augustine, Fl
17、orida, where he took long walks on the beach, and began writing poetry. While in St. Augustine, he made the acquaintance ofPrince Achille Murat. Murat, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was only two years his senior; the two became extremely good friends and enjoyed one anothers company. The two eng
18、aged in enlightening discussions on religion, society, philosophy, and government, and Emerson considered Murat an important figure in his intellectual education. While in St. Augustine, Emerson had his first experience of slavery. At one point, he attended a meeting of the Bible Society while there
19、 was a slave auction taking place in the yard outside. He wrote, One ear therefore heard the glad tidings of great joy, whilst the other was regaled with Going, gentlemen, going,1. Emersons transcendentalism:The over-soulit is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which
20、all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.2.Transcende
21、ntalismit is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. 3.His attitude toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His na
22、ture is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with Gods presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult. We do not look in our great cities for our best morality. Jane Austin,名言警句,Everyone has a kind of belligerent attitude of mind, are inclined to this eternal war crimes, he wanted to prove himself as a mighty force alone will be a
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