分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展歷史

1、第一章 分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展歷史,What is Molecular biology ,1.1. 分 子 生 物 學(xué) 的 概 念,The term has more than one definition,Define in broadly： understand biological phenomena in molecular terms (difficult to distinguish from biochemistry,Define in restrictively： the study of gene structure and their activities in molecula

2、r level,What is Molecular biology ,遺傳學(xué)（genetics,生物化學(xué)（biochemistry,分子生物學(xué) （molecular biology,1.2. 分子生物學(xué)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史,Transmission Genetics,傳遞遺傳學(xué),In 1865, Gregor Mendel published Mendelian inheritance (孟德?tīng)栠z傳定律,garden pea,Inheritance occurred through blending of each trait of the parents in the offspring,Inherit

3、ance is particulate（微粒，微粒的）. Each parent contributes particles, or genetic units, to the offspring,1822-1884,/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.html,In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan provided the first definitive evidence for the Chromosome theory of inheritance,1933 Nobel Prize in Phys

4、iology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning the role played by the Chromosome in heredity（遺傳） , demonstrated that genes are on the chromosome,fruit fly ( Drosophia melanogaster,1866-1945,/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html,Molecular Genetics,What genes are made of and

5、how they work,The discovery of DNA,1869, Friedrich Miescher discovered nuclein and the major component of nuclein is DNA,1844-1895,http:/www.fmi.ch/members/marilyn.vaccaro/ewww/index2.html,The Composition of Genes,1944, Oswald Avery demonstrated that the chromosome is composed of DNA. Not RNA or pro

6、tein,Frederick Griffith 肺炎球菌轉(zhuǎn)化試驗(yàn),1877-1955,/dnaftb/concept_17/con17bio.html,How does genes work,1902, Archibald Garrod, alcaptonuria（尿黑酸癥,George Beadle and E.L.Tatum, Neurospora（脈孢菌屬/鏈孢菌屬,one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesis,Most genes contain the information for making one polypeptide

7、,The overall structure of DNA,1951 James Watson (23y) 丹麥 哥本哈根,劍橋大學(xué) Cavendish Lab. Francis Crick (35y,1953, double helix,Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (Nature, April 25, 1953. volume 171:737-738.,Rosalind Frankin,Xray photograph of DNA with high qualit

8、y (核與磷酸連接成的扭曲繩子，每一節(jié)上都有配對(duì)的堿基,1951. Kings Lab. London University UK,M. H. F. Wilkins,James Watson (34y) Francis Crick (46y) Maurice Wilkins (46y,1962 Nobel Prize,1958，Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl proved that DNA replication in bacteria follows the semiconservative pathway,Matthew Meselson and F

9、ranklin Stahl more recently,Faculty member at Harvard Mechanisms of Molecular Evolution Faculty Chair for CBW Studies,Faculty member at U. of Oregon Meiotic Recombination,Francois Jacob and Sydney Brenner,The ribosomes are nonspecific translation machines that can make different proteins, according

10、to the instructions in the mRNAs that visit the ribosomes,In the early 1960s Marshall Nirenberg Gobind Khorana Robert W. Holley,for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis,1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine,1927,1922,1922,one gene,one polypeptide,normal gene,normal f

11、unction,mutant gene,genetic disorder,Technique: gene cloning,The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980,for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids,Walter Gilbert,Frederick Sanger,1932,1918,for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin,The N

12、obel Prize in Chemistry 1958,Frederick Sanger,1918,The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989,for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA Ribozyme,Sidney Altman,Thomas R. Cech,Yale University New Haven, CT, USA,University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA,1939,1947,Kary B. Mullis,1944,for his invention of

13、the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1995,discovered Genetic control of early development in Drosophila（果蠅,In 1997, lan Wilmut and colleagues cloned a sheep (Dolly) from an adult sheep udder cell,1997，The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,for his

14、discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infection,Stanley B. Prusiner Univ. of California, School of Medicine USA 1942,2002 Nobel Prize John Sulston Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz,Programmed Cell Death (PCD) and development,1.3. 分子生物學(xué)的研究概況,人類對(duì)生命現(xiàn)象的認(rèn)識(shí),了解整個(gè)生命現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì) 仍然是零敲碎打研究策略 （ piece meal,人類對(duì)生命現(xiàn)象的認(rèn)識(shí),Genomics Structural Genomics Functional genomics,數(shù)