AWS D1.1介紹參考幻燈片

1、AWS D1.1,AWS D1.1,American Welding Society (美國(guó)焊接協(xié)會(huì)) This code covers the welding requirements for any type of welded structure made from the commonly used carbon and low-alloy constructional steels. Clauses 1 through 8 constitute a body of rules for the regulation of welding in steel construction. T

2、here are nine normative and twelve informative annexes in this code. A Commentary of the code is included with the document. 本規(guī)范包含對(duì)常用碳素鋼和低合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的任何類型結(jié)構(gòu)的焊接要求。第1 章至第8 章構(gòu)成了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)焊接規(guī)范條例的主體。規(guī)范中載有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性附錄9 則和信息性附錄12 則。文件還包括對(duì)規(guī)范條文的說(shuō)明。,AWS D1.1,1. General Requirements 總則 2. Design of Welded Connection. 焊接連接的設(shè)計(jì) 3. P

3、requalification of WPSs WPS 的免除評(píng)定 4. Qualification 評(píng)定 5. Fabrication 建造 6. Inspection 檢驗(yàn) 7. Stud Welding 螺柱焊 8. Strengthening and Repair of Existing Structures 現(xiàn)有結(jié)構(gòu)的補(bǔ)強(qiáng)與修理,5. Fabrication,5.1 范圍 5.2 母材 5.3 焊接材料的要求 5.4 ESW和EGW方法 5.5 WPS 參數(shù) 5.6 預(yù)熱和層間溫度 5.7 調(diào)質(zhì)鋼的焊接熱輸入控制 5.8 消除應(yīng)力熱處理 5.9 襯墊、背部保護(hù)氣體或嵌條 5.10 襯

4、墊 5.11 焊接和切割設(shè)備 5.12 焊接環(huán)境 5.13 符合設(shè)計(jì)要求 5.14 最小角焊縫 5.15 母材的準(zhǔn)備 5.16 凹角,5.17 梁的開槽口和焊縫的穿越孔 5.18 定位焊縫和結(jié)構(gòu)輔助焊縫 5.19 組裝部件的拱度 5.20 周期載荷結(jié)構(gòu)的拼接 5.21 變形和收縮的控制 5.22 接頭尺寸公差 5.23 焊接結(jié)構(gòu)部件的尺寸公差 5.24 焊縫剖面外形 5.25 塞焊和槽焊技術(shù) 5.26 返修 5.27 錘擊 5.28 捻縫 5.29 電弧擊傷 5.30 焊縫清理 5.31 焊縫引弧板和引出板,AWS D1.1,5. Fabrication 5.26 Repairs 返修 The

5、 removal of weld metal or portions of the base metal may be done by machining, grinding, chipping, or gouging. It shall be done in such a manner that the adjacent weld metal or base metal is not nicked or gouged. Oxygen gouging shall not be used in quenched and tempered steel. Unacceptable portions

6、of the weld shall be removed without substantial removal of the base metal. The surfaces shall be cleaned thoroughly before welding. Weld metal shall be deposited to compensate for any deficiency in size. 焊縫金屬或部分母材的清除可用機(jī)加工、打磨、鏟鑿或刨槽的方法進(jìn)行。清除必須這樣：不在鄰近焊縫金屬或母材上造成缺口或槽痕。調(diào)質(zhì)鋼上嚴(yán)禁使用氧氣刨槽。焊縫的不合格部分必須清除但不要傷及母材。焊接之

7、前，必須徹底清潔表面。對(duì)于任何尺寸的不足必須熔敷焊縫金屬加以補(bǔ)償。,AWS D1.1,5. Fabrication 5.26 Repairs 返修 5.26.1 The contractor has the option of either repairing an unacceptable weld or removing and replacing the entire weld, except as modified by 5.26.3. The repaired or replaced weld shall be retested by the method originally us

8、ed, and the same technique and quality acceptance criteria shall be applied. If the contractor elects to the weld, it shall be corrected as follows: 除按5.26.3 要求的修正外，承包商可以選擇返修不合格的焊縫，或者清除整條焊縫而重焊。返修或重焊的焊縫必須按原方法再檢測(cè)，并且使用同樣的技術(shù)和質(zhì)量合格判據(jù)。如果承包商選擇返修焊縫，必須按如下要求進(jìn)行：,AWS D1.1,5.26.1.1 Overlap, Excessive Convexity, o

9、r Excessive Reinforcement. 焊瘤、過(guò)分凸起或余高過(guò)大 Excessive weld metal shall be removed. 必須清除過(guò)量的焊縫金屬。 5.26.1.2 Excessive Concavity of Weld or Crater, Undersize Welds, Undercutting. The surfaces shall be prepared (see 5.30) and additional weld metal deposited. 過(guò)分的焊縫內(nèi)凹或弧坑，焊縫尺寸不足，咬邊 必須對(duì)表面進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)備（見5.30），并熔敷補(bǔ)充的焊縫金屬。,

10、AWS D1.1,5.26.1.3 Incomplete Fusion, Excessive Weld Porosity, or Slag Inclusions. 未融合，過(guò)多的焊縫氣孔或夾渣 Unacceptable portions shall be removed (see 5.26) and rewelded. 清除不合格部分并重焊。,AWS D1.1,5.26.1.4 Cracks in Weld or Base Metal. The extent of the crack shall be ascertained by use of acid etching, MT, PT, or

11、 other equally positive means; the crack and sound metal 2 in. 50 mm beyond each end of the crack shall be removed, and rewelded. 焊縫或母材裂紋 應(yīng)用酸蝕、磁粉檢查、滲透檢驗(yàn)或其他可靠的方法確定裂紋的范圍；還應(yīng)清除裂紋和超出裂紋每一端50mm的完好金屬并重焊。,AWS D1.1,5.26.3 Engineers Approval. Prior approval of the Engineer shall be obtained for repairs to base

12、 metal, repair of major or delayed cracks, repairs to ESW and EGW with internal defects, or for a revised design to compensate for deficiencies. The Engineer shall be notified before welded members are cut apart. 工程師認(rèn)可 母材的返修、重要的或延遲裂紋的返修、對(duì)有內(nèi)部缺陷的電渣焊縫和氣電焊縫的返修、或由于修改設(shè)計(jì)而對(duì)缺損處進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償返修，必須事先得到工程師的同意。割開焊接構(gòu)件前必須通知

13、工程師。,5.26.4 Inaccessibility of Unacceptable Welds. 難以返修的焊縫 If, after an unacceptable weld has been made, work is performed which has rendered that weld inaccessible or has created new conditions that make correction of the unacceptable weld dangerous or ineffectual, then the original conditions shal

14、l be restored by removing welds or members, or both, before the corrections are made. If this is not done, the deficiency shall be compensated for by additional work performed conforming to an approved revised design. 已經(jīng)造成不合格焊縫后，如果由于工作結(jié)束而使該不合格焊縫難以接近，或者出現(xiàn)新的情況、給返修工作帶來(lái)危險(xiǎn)或不能返修成功，那么返修前就必須清除焊縫或構(gòu)件，或兩者都除去，以

15、恢復(fù)原有條件。如果不進(jìn)行這一工作，則必須按照得到認(rèn)可的修改設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施追加的工作來(lái)補(bǔ)償該缺陷。,AWS D1.1,5.29 Arc Strikes 電弧擊傷 Arc strikes outside the area of permanent welds should be avoided on any base metal. Cracks or blemishes caused by arc strikes shall be ground to a smooth contour and checked to ensure soundness. 對(duì)于任何母材都應(yīng)避免在永久性焊縫區(qū)域以外引燃電弧。電弧

16、擊傷導(dǎo)致的裂紋或損傷必須打磨成光滑外形，并作檢查以保證金屬完好。,AWS D1.1,5.30 Weld Cleaning 焊縫清理 5.30.1 In-Process Cleaning 過(guò)程中的清理 Before welding over previously deposited metal, all slag shall be removed and the weld and adjacent base metal shall be cleaned by brushing or other suitable means. This requirement shall apply not on

17、ly to successive layers but also to successive beads and to the crater area when welding is resumed after any interruption. It shall not, however, restrict the welding of plug and slot welds in conformance with 5.25. 在焊接覆蓋前道熔敷金屬以前，必須清除所有焊渣，同時(shí)焊縫及鄰近的母材必須擦刷或用其他合適的方法清理干凈。這一要求不僅必須實(shí)施于逐次的焊層，而且必須實(shí)施于逐次的焊道以及任

18、何中斷焊接對(duì)弧坑區(qū)域的清理。但按照5.25 要求進(jìn)行的塞焊和槽焊必須不受此限制,AWS D1.1,5.30.2 Cleaning of Completed Welds. 完工焊縫的清理 Slag shall be removed from all completed welds, and the weld and adjacent base metal shall be cleaned by brushing or other suitable means. Tightly adherent spatter remaining after the cleaning operation is a

19、cceptable, unless its removal is required for the purpose of NDT. Welded joints shall not be painted until after welding has been completed and the weld accepted. 必須清除所有完工焊縫的焊渣，并必須將焊縫及鄰近的母材刷干凈或用其他適當(dāng)方法清理。清理后仍牢固粘附的飛濺殘余物允許留存，為了無(wú)損檢測(cè)而必須清除者除外。直到焊接工作已經(jīng)完成并且焊縫驗(yàn)收合格為止，嚴(yán)禁焊縫涂漆。,AWS D1.1,6 Inspection,Part A Gener

20、al Requirements Part B Contractor Responsibilities Part C Acceptance Criteria Part D NDT Procedures Part E Radiographic Testing (RT) Part F Ultrasonic Testing (UT) of Groove Welds Part G Other Examination Methods,AWS D1.1,6.1 Scope Clause 6 contains all of the requirements for the Inspectors qualifi

21、cations and responsibilities, acceptance criteria for discontinuities, and procedures for NDT. 第6 章包括對(duì)檢驗(yàn)人員的資格評(píng)定與職責(zé)的所有要求，缺陷的驗(yàn)收準(zhǔn)則，以及無(wú)損檢測(cè)（NDT）工藝,Part A General Requirements,AWS D1.1,Part B Contractor Responsibilities,6.6.1 Contractor Responsibilities.承包商責(zé)任 6.6.2 Inspector Requests.檢驗(yàn)員要求 6.6.3 Engineeri

22、ng Judgment.工程判斷 6.6.4 Specified NDT Other than Visual.除目檢外規(guī)定的NDT 6.6.5 Nonspecified NDT Other than Visual.除目檢外未規(guī)定NDT,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.7 Scope Acceptance criteria for visual and NDT inspection of tubular connections and statically and cyclically loaded nontubular connections are

23、 described in Part C. The extent of examination and the acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contract documents on information furnished to the bidder. C 部分述及管材連接以及靜荷載和周期荷載的非管材連接的外觀檢驗(yàn)和NDT 的驗(yàn)收判據(jù)，檢查的范圍和驗(yàn)收判據(jù)必須根據(jù)提供給投標(biāo)者的資料在合同文本中規(guī)定。,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.9 Visual Inspection All we

24、lds shall be visually inspected and shall be acceptable if the criteria of Table 6.1 are satisfied. 所有焊縫必須目檢，且如滿足表6.1 所列的條件即必須認(rèn)為合格。,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.10 PT and MT Welds that are subject to MT and PT, in addition to visual inspection, shall be evaluated on the basis of the applica

25、ble requirements for visual inspection. The testing shall be performed in conformance with 6.14.4 or 6.14.5,whichever is applicable. 除進(jìn)行目檢外還需進(jìn)行磁粉檢測(cè)和液體滲透檢測(cè)的焊縫，必須在目檢合格要求的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行評(píng)定。兩種檢測(cè)必須符合6.14.4 或6.14.5 的適用條款的要求,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.11 NDT Except as provided for in 6.18, all NDT methods

26、 including equipment requirements and qualifications, personnel qualifications, and operating methods shall be in conformance with Section 6, Inspection. Acceptance criteria shall be as described in this section. Welds subject to NDT shall have been found acceptable by visual inspection in conforman

27、ce with 6.9. 除6.18 的內(nèi)容外，所有NDT 方法，包括設(shè)備要求和鑒定，人員資格評(píng)定和操作方法，均必須符合第6 章的規(guī)定。驗(yàn)收判據(jù)必須按本章的規(guī)定。需作無(wú)損檢測(cè)的焊縫必須先按6.9 規(guī)定目檢合格。,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.11 NDT For welds subject to NDT in conformance with 6.10, 6.11, 6.12.3, and 6.13.3, the testing may begin immediately after the completed welds have cooled

28、to ambient temperature. Acceptance criteria for ASTM A 514, A 517, and A 709 Grade 100 and 100W steels shall be based on NDT performed not less than 48 hours after completion of the welds. 根據(jù)6.10，6.11，6.12.1 和6.13.3 要求作無(wú)損檢測(cè)的焊縫，可以在完工焊縫冷卻至環(huán)境溫度后立即開始檢測(cè)。對(duì)ASTM A514、A517 鋼和A709 100 及100W 級(jí)鋼，則規(guī)定必須在焊縫完工后至少48

29、小時(shí)才能按對(duì)這些鋼的驗(yàn)收判據(jù)作無(wú)損檢測(cè)。,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.11.1 Tubular Connection Requirements. For CJP groove butt welds welded from one side without backing, the entire length of all completed tubular production welds shall be examined by either RT or UT. The acceptance criteria shall conform to

30、6.12.3 or 6.13.3 as applicable. 對(duì)無(wú)襯墊、從一面焊接的CJP 坡口接焊縫，對(duì)完工的管材產(chǎn)品焊縫的全長(zhǎng)必須用射線或超聲波檢測(cè)進(jìn)行檢查。驗(yàn)收判據(jù)必須符合6.12.1 或6.13.3 中適用者。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.14 Procedures 工藝 The NDT procedures as described in this code have been in use for many years and provide reasonable assurance of weld integrity; however, i

31、t appears that some users of the code incorrectly consider each method capable of detecting all unacceptable discontinuities. Users of the code should become familiar with all the limitations of NDT methods to be used, particularly the inability to detect and characterize planar discontinuities with

32、 specific orientations. (The limitations and complementary use of each method are explained in the latest edition of AWS B1.10, Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Welds.) 本規(guī)范所述無(wú)損檢測(cè)（NDT）工藝已使用多年，并且對(duì)焊縫完好性提供了合理的保證；然而看起來(lái)有些規(guī)范使用者不正確地認(rèn)為每一種方法都能檢測(cè)所有不合格的不連續(xù)性。規(guī)范使用者應(yīng)當(dāng)熟諳每一種所用的無(wú)損檢測(cè)方法的局限性，尤其是無(wú)法探測(cè)并確定具有特定危害性取向的平

33、面不連續(xù)性。（在AWS B1.10 焊縫無(wú)損檢查指南的最新版中闡明了每一種方法的限定及補(bǔ)充使用）。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.14.1 RT: When RT is used, the procedure and technique shall be in conformance with Part E of this section. 當(dāng)使用射線照相檢測(cè)時(shí)，其工藝和技術(shù)必須符合本章E 部分的要求 6.14.3 UT: When UT is used, the procedure and technique shall be in conformance

34、 with Part F of this section. 當(dāng)使用超聲波檢測(cè)時(shí)，其工藝和技術(shù)必須符合本章F 部分的要求。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.14.4 MT. When MT is used, the procedure and technique shall be in conformance with ASTM E 709, and the standard of acceptance shall be in conformance with Section 6, Part C, of this code, whichever is appli

35、cable. 當(dāng)使用磁粉檢測(cè)時(shí)，其工藝和技術(shù)必須符合ASTM E709 的規(guī)定，而合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則必須符合本規(guī)范第6 章C 部分的要求，取其適用者。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.14.5 PT. For detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface, PT may be used. The standard methods set forth in ASTM E 165 shall be used for PT inspection, and the standards of acceptance

36、shall be in conformance with Section 6, Part C, of this code, whichever is applicable. 當(dāng)探測(cè)表面開口的不連續(xù)性時(shí)，可以使用著色滲透檢測(cè)。根據(jù)適用情況，必須將ASTM E165 中規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法用于著色滲透檢測(cè)，而合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)符合本規(guī)范第6 章C 部分適用規(guī)定的要求。,AWS D1.1,6.14.6 Personnel Qualification 人員資格評(píng)定 6.14.6.1 ASNT Requirements. Personnel performing NDT other than visual shall

37、 be qualified in conformance with the current edition of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A. Individuals who perform NDT shall be qualified for: (1) NDT Level II, or (2) NDT Level I working under the NDT Level II,Part D NDT Procedures,AWS D1.1,Part D N

38、DT Procedures,6.15 Extent of Testing 檢驗(yàn)范圍 6.15.1 Full Testing. 完全檢驗(yàn) Weld joints requiring testing by contract specification shall be tested for their full length, unless partial or spot testing is specified. 除規(guī)定作局部檢測(cè)或抽檢外，按照合同技術(shù)規(guī)定要求檢測(cè)的焊縫接頭必須全長(zhǎng)度檢測(cè),AWS D1.1,6.15.2 Partial Testing. 局部抽檢 When partial tes

39、ting is specified, the location and lengths of welds or categories of weld to be tested shall be clearly designated in the contract documents. 當(dāng)規(guī)定作局部檢測(cè)時(shí)，必須在合同文本中清晰地標(biāo)明待檢測(cè)的焊縫部位和長(zhǎng)度，或者待檢測(cè)焊縫的類別,Part D NDT Procedures,AWS D1.1,6.15.3 Spot Testing. 抽檢 When spot testing is specified, the number of spots in e

40、ach designated category of welded joint to be tested in a stated length of weld or a designated segment of weld shall be included in the information furnished to the bidders. Each spot test shall cover at least 4 in. 100 mm of the weld length. 當(dāng)規(guī)定作抽檢時(shí)，必須在提供給投標(biāo)者的資料中包括下述要求：在焊縫的規(guī)定長(zhǎng)度內(nèi)或者標(biāo)明的一段焊縫上，每一標(biāo)明范圍的待

41、檢測(cè)焊接接頭上確定檢測(cè)部位數(shù)目。每一抽檢部位必須至少包括4in. 100mm 長(zhǎng)的焊縫,Part D NDT Procedures,AWS D1.1,6.15.3 Spot Testing. 抽檢 When spot testing reveals indications of unacceptable discontinuities that require repair, the extent of those discontinuities shall be explored. Two additional spots in the same segment of weld joint

42、shall be taken at locations away from the original spot. The location of the additional spots shall be agreed upon between the Contractor and the verification Inspector. 當(dāng)抽檢顯示有需作返修的不合格不連續(xù)性時(shí)，必須仔細(xì)檢查這些不連續(xù)性的范圍。還必須在離開原抽檢不合格的部位的相同焊段上另處增加2 個(gè)抽檢部位。增加的抽檢位置必須由承包商和監(jiān)造檢驗(yàn)員共同商定。,Part D NDT Procedures,AWS D1.1,Part

43、D NDT Procedures,6.15.4 Relevant Information. NDT personnel shall, prior to testing, be furnished or have access to relevant information regarding weld joint geometries, material thicknesses, and welding processes used in making the weldment. NDT personnel shall be apprised of any subsequent repairs

44、 to the weld. 在作檢測(cè)前，必須向NDT 人員提供、或使他們有途徑得到有關(guān)焊縫接頭的幾何形狀、材料厚度和用以制作該焊件的焊接方法等相關(guān)資料。并必須向NDT 人員通報(bào)任何后續(xù)的焊縫返修的情況。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,When either of the two additional spots show defects that require repair, the entire segment of weld represented by the original spot shall be completely tested. If th

45、e weld involves more than one segment, two additional spots in each segment shall be tested at locations agreed upon by the Contractor and the verification Inspector, subject to the foregoing interpretation. 如果增加的兩抽檢部位中有一個(gè)顯示有需要返修的缺陷，則必須對(duì)原抽檢部位所代表的整個(gè)焊段進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。如焊縫包括一個(gè)以上的焊段，則必須對(duì)每一焊段增加二個(gè)抽檢部位進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，其位置亦由承包商與監(jiān)造

46、檢驗(yàn)員商定，并按上述說(shuō)明處理,AWS D1.1,Part ERadiographic Testing (RT),ASTM E 94：Standard Recommended Practice for Radiographic Testing(射線檢測(cè)推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法) ASTM E 142：Standard Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing, (射線檢測(cè)質(zhì)量控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法) ASTM E 747：Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing Using Wire Penetramet

47、ers, (使用線型像質(zhì)計(jì)的射線檢測(cè)質(zhì)量控制) ASTM E 1032：Radiographic Examination of Weldments.(焊件的射線檢測(cè)),6.17 RT Procedures,6.17.3 Removal of Reinforcement. 6.17.3.1 Tabs(引弧板). Weld tabs shall be removed prior to RT unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. 除非工程師同意，否則焊縫引、熄弧板必須在射線照相檢測(cè)前除去 6.17.3.2 Steel Backing(襯墊). When

48、 required by 5.10 or other provisions of the contract documents, steel backing shall be removed, and the surface shall be finished flush by grinding prior to RT. Grinding shall be as described in 5.24.3.1. 5.10 或合同文本的其他條款要求使用的鋼襯墊必須除去，表面必須在射線照相前打磨齊平。打磨必須按5.24.4.1 所述要求。,6.17.3.3 Reinforcement. When we

49、ld reinforcement or backing, or both, is not removed, or wire IQI alternate placement is not used, steel shims which extend at least 1/8 in. 3 mm beyond three sides of the required holetype IQI or wire IQI shall be placed under the hole-type IQI or wire IQI, so that the total thickness of steel betw

50、een the hole-type IQI and the film is approximately equal to the average thickness of the weld measured through its reinforcement and backing. 當(dāng)焊縫余高、或襯墊、或兩者都不除去時(shí)，或線型像質(zhì)計(jì)不以另外的方式放置，則必須在孔型像質(zhì)計(jì)或線型像質(zhì)計(jì)下放置鋼質(zhì)補(bǔ)償墊片，使得孔型像質(zhì)計(jì)與底片之間的鋼質(zhì)被償墊片的總厚度大致等于包括余高和襯墊板厚度在內(nèi)的焊縫的平均厚度，補(bǔ)償墊片至少要比所用孔型像質(zhì)計(jì)或線型像質(zhì)計(jì)的三個(gè)邊超出 1/8 in. 3mm,6.17.4 Ra

51、diographic Film. Radiographic film shall be as described in ASTM E 94. Lead foil screensshall be used as described in ASTM E 94. Fluorescent screens shall be prohibited. 射線照相膠片必須符合ASTM E94 所述要求。必須按ASTM E94 所述使用鉛箔增感屏，嚴(yán)禁用螢光增感屏,6.17.5 Technique. 6.17.5.1 Geometric Unsharpness.(幾何不清晰度) Gamma ray sources

52、, regardless of size, shall be capable of meeting the geometric unsharpness limitation of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 2. 6.17.5.2 Source-to-Subject Distance.(射線源至工件的距離) The sourceto-subject distance shall not be less than the total length of film being exposed in a singl

53、e plane. 放射源至工件的距離嚴(yán)禁小于在單平面上曝光的底片總長(zhǎng)度。,6.17.5.3 Source-to-Subject Distance Limitations. 射線源至工件距離的限制 The source-to-subject distance shall not be less than seven times the thickness of weld plus reinforcement and backing, if any, nor such that the inspecting radiation shall penetrate any portion of the

54、weld represented in the radiograph at an angle greater than 26-1/2 from a line normal to the weld surface. 放射源至工件的距離嚴(yán)禁小于焊縫厚度加上余高和襯墊的7倍，且穿透被檢驗(yàn)焊縫的射線與焊縫表面的垂線所成角度嚴(yán)禁大于26.5。,6.17.7 IQI Selection and Placement.,6.17.8 Technique. 6.17.8.1 Film Length. (膠片長(zhǎng)度) Film shall have sufficient length and shall be pl

55、aced to provide at least 1/2 in. 12 mm of film beyond the projected edge of the weld. 膠片必須有足夠長(zhǎng)度，并且其放置必須超出焊縫投影邊至少 1/2 in.12mm,6.17.8.2 Overlapping Film. (膠片搭接) Welds longer than 14 in. 350 mm may be radiographed by overlapping film cassettes and making a single exposure, or by using single film casse

56、ttes and making separate exposures. The provisions of 6.17.5 shall apply 長(zhǎng)度超過(guò)14 in. 350mm的焊縫的射線照相，可以將底片暗盒搭接起來(lái)作一次曝光，或用單個(gè)底片暗盒分別曝光。必須符合6.17.5 的要求。,6.17.8.3 Backscatter. (背散射) To check for backscatter radiation, a lead symbol “B,” 1/2 in. 12 mm high, 1/16 in. 2 mm thick shall be attached to the back of

57、each film cassette. If the “B” image appears on the radiograph, the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. 為檢測(cè)背散射，應(yīng)將一個(gè)高12mm，厚2mm的鉛字“B”放在每一底片暗盒的背面。如在射線底片上出現(xiàn)“B”的圖像，則應(yīng)判定射線底片不合格。,6.17.9 Film Width. Film widths shall be sufficient to depict all portions of the weld joint, including the HAZs, and sh

58、all provide sufficient additional space for the required hole-type IQIs or wire IQI and film identification without infringing upon the area of interest in the radiograph. 底片應(yīng)有足夠的寬度，以拍攝包括熱影響區(qū)在內(nèi)的焊接接頭的所有部分，且應(yīng)另外有足夠的地方放置所需的孔型或線型像質(zhì)計(jì)及底片記號(hào)。,6.17.10 Quality of Radiographs. All radiographs shall be free from

59、 mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest in the radiograph. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to the following: (1) fogging 灰霧 (2) processing defects such as streaks, water marks

60、, or chemical stains諸如條紋、水跡或化學(xué)污染等處理過(guò)程的缺陷,(3) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears 劃痕、指印、皺紋、污跡、靜電擊痕、斑痕或撕裂 (4) loss of detail due to poor screen-to-film contact 因增感屏與底片不夠密貼而導(dǎo)致的不清晰 (5) false indications due to defective screens or internal faults 因增感屏不良或內(nèi)在毛病而造成虛假顯