專業(yè)英語復(fù)習(xí)要點——土木工程專業(yè)英語.ppt

1、Special English for Civil Engineering 土木工程專業(yè)英語,Lesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程,試題結(jié)構(gòu)形式,1. Translate the words and phrases into Chinese:（20%） 2. Translate the words and phrases into English:（20%） 3. Translate the paragraphs into Chinese:（25%） 4. Translate the paragraphs into English:（15%） 5. Write a sh

2、ort paragraph（20%） 評分要點 （1）詞匯：拼寫正確、符合專業(yè)性要求（7%） （2）句子：語法正確、結(jié)構(gòu)符合專業(yè)英語特點（7%） （3）段落：整體意義描述合理得體（6%）,Structural engineering (結(jié)構(gòu)工程) Water resources engineering (水資源工程) Geotechnical engineering (巖土工程) Environmental engineering (環(huán)境工程) Transportation engineering (運輸工程) Pipeline engineering (管道工程) Construction

3、engineering (建筑工程) Community and urban planning (社區(qū)和城市規(guī)劃) Photogrametry，surveying，and mapping (攝影測量、勘測和制圖) Engineering management (工程管理) Engineering teaching (工程教學(xué)),Organization of this text,Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and manageme

4、nt of the built environmentThis environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.,Civil engineering and civil engineers,土木工程，最老的工程專業(yè)，是建筑環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計、施工和管理。這個環(huán)境包括從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施的所有根據(jù)科學(xué)原理建造的結(jié)構(gòu)物。,Civil engineers

5、 build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations,土木工程師修建道路、橋梁、隧道、大壩、港口、發(fā)電站、水系統(tǒng)和污水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院、學(xué)校、公共交通系統(tǒng)，以及現(xiàn)代化社會和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共設(shè)施。,They also build priv

6、ately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use 他們也修建私人擁有的設(shè)施，如機場、鐵路、管線、高樓大廈，和為工業(yè)、商業(yè)、民用設(shè)計的其他大型建筑。 Because it is so broad，civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties

7、因為土木工程的范圍太廣，所以它被細分為許多技術(shù)專業(yè)。 Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project 巖土工程專家要做土工試驗以確定該土是否能承受這項工程的重量。,Civil engineering and civil engineers,Environmental specialists study the projects impact on the local area：the potential for air a

8、nd groundwater pollution，the projects impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment 環(huán)境專家要研究工程對當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)域的影響：潛在的空氣污染和地下水污染，工程對當(dāng)?shù)貏又参锏挠绊?，以及工程怎樣設(shè)計才能滿足政府對保護環(huán)境的要求。,Environmental Engineering 環(huán)境工程,Using computers，struc

9、tural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist：its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials，and earthquakes 結(jié)構(gòu)工程師用計算機確定結(jié)構(gòu)必須抵抗的力：自重、風(fēng)力、引起建筑材料膨脹或收縮的溫度變化以及地震力。 They also determine the combination of appropriate materials：ste

10、el，concrete，plastic，stone，asphalt，brick，aluminum，or other construction materials 他們還確定適當(dāng)?shù)牟牧辖M合：鋼材、混凝土、塑料、石料、瀝青、磚、鋁或其他的建筑材料。,Structural engineering 結(jié)構(gòu)工程,They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfie

11、lds, ports and harbors. 他們專門研究設(shè)計和維修所有類型的運輸設(shè)施，公路和街道，公共交通系統(tǒng)，鐵路和機場，港口及海港。 Bridge is a structure that spans obstacles, such as rivers and valleys, to provide a roadway for traffic. 橋梁是跨越障礙（比如河流和峽谷）的結(jié)構(gòu)物，從而為通行提供道路。,Transportation engineering 運輸工程,The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the p

12、erformance of human activities 一座建筑物的作用是為人類活動的進行提供一個躲避處。 This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges 除了建筑物，這藝術(shù)還包括所有的土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)物，比如大壩、運河、隧道、溝渠和橋梁。 Architecture is the art of building 建筑學(xué)是建筑的藝術(shù)。 Conversely，a bad plan res

13、ults in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion 相反，壞的設(shè)計方案所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是不方便、浪費和視覺上的混亂。,Building and Architecture 建筑物和建筑學(xué),This text mainly introduced the relationship between the form of building and the environment, the aspect of architeture, and the relationship between building and architeture. It also i

14、ntroduced some building materials, such as wood, steel, stone. 這篇文章主要介紹了建筑物的形式和環(huán)境的關(guān)系，建筑學(xué)的有關(guān)概念，建筑物和建筑學(xué)的關(guān)系。這篇文章還介紹了一些建筑材料，比如木材、鋼材和石料。 要求：掌握短句的翻譯技巧。,Brief Summary,Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and

15、 partitions. 材料和結(jié)構(gòu)形式被組合在一起形成了建筑物的不同部分。包括承重的框架、外墻、樓板層、以及隔墻。 The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation, is that part of a building below ground. 上部結(jié)構(gòu)是建筑物在地面上的部分 , 而下部結(jié)構(gòu)以及基礎(chǔ)是建筑物的地下部分。 The skyscraper, owes its existence to two developments of the 19t

16、h century：steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. 摩天大樓的出現(xiàn)得益于19世紀(jì)的兩大發(fā)展 ：鋼骨架建筑和載人電梯。（鋼結(jié)構(gòu)：steel structure/ steel construction） Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) introduce steel construction in France. Gustave Eiffel將鋼結(jié)構(gòu)引入法國。,Components of A Building 建筑物的組成部分,Until the late 19th century, the ex

17、terior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. 直到19世紀(jì)晚期，建筑物外墻被用作支承樓板的承重墻。 Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. 框架建筑，由鋼梁和柱組成，最早運用于1889年。 The wall elements, which are used to cover the structure and are supported by it, are

18、 built of a variety of materials: brick, precast concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. 實墻用于結(jié)構(gòu)的維護以及承重，可以用各種各樣的材料：磚，預(yù)制混凝土，石頭,不透明物玻璃，塑料，鋼和鋁。 Wood is used mainly in house construction; it is not generally used for commercial, industrial, or public buildings because of the fire ha

19、zard. 木材主要用于住宅類建筑，商業(yè)、工業(yè)或其它公共建筑，考慮到火災(zāi)的危險性不常使用。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,All buildings are supported on the ground; and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any building. 所有的建筑物都支撐在地面上，因此，土體的性質(zhì)成為任何建筑設(shè)計中極為重要的考慮因素。 The design of a foundation depe

20、nds on many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification, thickness of soil layers and their compaction, and groundwater conditions. 基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計取決于許多土體因素，比如土體類型、土體分層、土層厚度以及它們的密實性和地下水條件。 Soils rarely have a single composition; they generally are mixtures in layers of varying thickness. 土體很少有一個單一

21、的成分。它們通常是不同厚度土層的混合物。,Soils and Foundations 土體和基礎(chǔ),Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings 總的來說，建筑施工技術(shù)已經(jīng)有了許多進步，但是在超高層建筑的設(shè)計和施工中也取得了驚人的成就。 The early devel

22、opment of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing 高層建筑的早期發(fā)展始于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)框架。 Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes 從那以后，鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒體體系就被競相經(jīng)濟地用在了許多民用和商用結(jié)構(gòu)中。,Tal

23、l Buildings 高層建筑,Environmental engineering is a branch of engineering that is concerned with pollution by the structures, machines, systems, and processes that are involved in human activities. 環(huán)境工程是和結(jié)構(gòu)、機械、系統(tǒng)，以及涉及到人類活動的過程所產(chǎn)生的污染有關(guān)的一個工程學(xué)的分支。 It is prudent to select the purest water available for drink

24、ing purposes. This can be underground water, springs, or upland lakes. It then becomes imperative to protect that source. 要謹慎選擇可利用水中最純凈的水作為飲用用途。這可能是地下水、泉水或高地的湖泊。因此，保護這些水源就變得很迫切了。 Prevention of chemical contamination of groundwaters is extremely important, as is the judicious control of the use of th

25、e banks of a surface water. 防止地下水受到化學(xué)污染非常重要，就像明智地控制河岸地表水的使用一樣。 Lakes can be used for recreation as well as for a water source; however, such mixed use requires good planning. 湖泊可以被用作娛樂，也可作為水源，但是，這種混和利用需要有好的規(guī)劃。,Environmental engineering 環(huán)境工程,16,Dam,A dam therefore is the central structure in a multip

26、urpose scheme aiming at the conservation of water resources 因此，針對水資源保護問題，一個水壩在多目標(biāo)方案中是中心結(jié)構(gòu)。 The decision as to which type of dam be build depends largely on the foundation conditions in the valley and the construction materials available 至于決定修建那種類型的水壩很大程度上取決于流域的地基條件和可獲得的建筑材料。 Basically，the choice of

27、materials now lies between concrete，soils，and rockfill 基本上，現(xiàn)在材料的選擇就在混凝土、土和填石當(dāng)中。 Most modern dams continue to be of two basic types：masonry (concrete) and embankment (earthfill) 大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代水壩一直用的兩種基本類型：砌石壩（混凝土）和堤壩（填土）。,17,Site investigation and testing 現(xiàn)場調(diào)查和測試,In this method，a complicated structure is divi

28、ded into a number of separate equilibrium conditions，and strains are rendered compatible，thus leading to a complete analysis of stress and strain distribution throughout the structure 在這種方法中，一個復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)被分成了許多相互獨立的平衡條件，并產(chǎn)生協(xié)調(diào)的應(yīng)變，這樣就得到了整個結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變分布的完整分析。 Earth fill is of course more economical，and often a s

29、uitable borrow area can be found close to the siteSoil consists of solid particles with water and air in between 當(dāng)然，填土是經(jīng)濟的，而且通常在壩址附近能找到合適的取土的地方。土由固體顆粒和水以及中間的空氣組成。 The environmental impact of constructing highways has received increased attention and importance. 修建公路對環(huán)境的影響已經(jīng)受到了越來越多的注意和重視。,18,This tex

30、t introduced the definition, the components and types of dams. We can also learn some basic problems in dam design, such as site investigation and testing, problems of materials and the earthquake problem from this text. 這篇文章介紹了水壩的定義，組成部分和類型。我們還可以從文章中了解到水壩設(shè)計過程中的一些基本問題，比如現(xiàn)場調(diào)查和試驗，材料的問題，以及地震的問題。,Brief

31、Summary,19,Soil Mechanics 土力學(xué),Soil mechanics is concerned with the use of the laws of mechanics and hydraulics in engineering problems related to soils 土力學(xué)是在與土壤有關(guān)的工程問題中涉及到力學(xué)和水力學(xué)原理運用的一門學(xué)科。 Soil is a natural aggregate of mineral grains，with or without organic constituents，formed by the chemical and me

32、chanical weathering of rock 土壤是礦物粒的一種自然集合體，有的有有機成份，有的沒有，這是通過巖石的化學(xué)和物理風(fēng)化作用形成的。 Gradually，the investigation of failures of retaining walls，foundations，embankments，pavements，and other structures resulted in a body of knowledge concerning the nature of soils and their behaviour sufficient to give rise to

33、 soil mechanics as a branch of engineering science 漸漸地，對擋土墻、基礎(chǔ)、堤壩、道路和其他結(jié)構(gòu)物破壞的調(diào)查得到了大量的關(guān)于土壤性質(zhì)和它們的性能的知識，這足夠使得土力學(xué)作為一門工程科學(xué)的分支。,20,Engineering properties of soils 土壤的工程性能,The properties of soils that determine their suitability for engineering use include internal friction，cohesion，compressibility，elastic

34、ity，permeability，and capillarity 決定土壤適合工程應(yīng)用的性能包括內(nèi)摩擦力、內(nèi)聚力、壓縮性、彈性、滲透性和毛細管作用。(friction: n.摩擦、摩擦力; compressibility: n.壓縮性、壓縮系數(shù)、壓縮率) Cohesive forces are markedly affected by the amount of moisture present 內(nèi)聚力被存在的水分含量顯著的影響著。,21,Foundations 基礎(chǔ),Structures or other constructed works are supported on the eart

35、h by foundations 結(jié)構(gòu)或其他已完成的建設(shè)工程是由基礎(chǔ)支撐在地面上。 The foundation for an earth-fill dam would be the natural soil or rock on which the dam is placed 填土大壩的基礎(chǔ)是天然土壤或巖石，大壩就放于其上。 Concrete footings or piles and pile caps are often referred to as foundations without including the soil or rock on which or in which t

36、hey are placed 混凝土底座或樁和樁帽通常被稱為基礎(chǔ)，不包括它們被放于其上或其中的土壤或巖石。 Foundations that are installed may be either soil-bearing or rock-bearing 設(shè)置的基礎(chǔ)可能是土壤承重也可能是巖石承重。 The reactions of the soil or rock to the imposed loads generally determined how well the foundation system functions 土壤或巖石對外加荷載的反應(yīng)通常決定了基礎(chǔ)體系功能有多好。,22,F

37、oundations,In designing the installed portions，the designer must determine the safe pressure which can be used on the soil or rock and the amount of total settlement and differential settlement which the structure can withstand 在設(shè)計安裝部分的過程中，設(shè)計者必須確定被用于土壤或巖石上的安全壓力和總的沉降量以及結(jié)構(gòu)能抵抗的不均勻沉降。 The installed part

38、s of the foundation system may be footings，mat foundations，slab foundations，and caissons or piles，all of which are used to transfer load from a superstructure into the earthThese parts，which transmit load from the superstructure to the earth，are called the substructure (Fig1) 基礎(chǔ)體系的安裝部分可能是底座、筏基、平板基礎(chǔ)、

39、沉箱基礎(chǔ)或樁基礎(chǔ)，所有的這些都是被用來轉(zhuǎn)移上部結(jié)構(gòu)的荷載到地表上。這些傳遞上部結(jié)構(gòu)的荷載到地表上的部分被稱為下部結(jié)構(gòu)。 要求詞匯： differential settlement， mat foundation， slab foundation，caisson，superstructure，substructure,23,Footings or spread foundations are used to spread the loads from columns or walls to the underlying soil or rock 底座或擴大基礎(chǔ)被用來擴散從柱或墻傳來的荷載到下臥層

40、或巖石。 Normally，footings are constructed of reinforced concreteHowever，under some circumstances they may be constructed of plain concrete or masonry 通常，底座是用鋼筋混凝土修建的。然而，在某些條件下，它們可能是用素混凝土或磚石建造。 Mats founded several meters below the ground surface，when combined with external walls，are termed floating fou

41、ndations 被建在地表以下幾米的板，當(dāng)和外墻連在一起時，就被稱為浮筏基礎(chǔ)。 Groundwater is a major problem in connection with the design and installation of foundations where a substructure is to be placed below the groundwater level 下部結(jié)構(gòu)將被放置到地下水位下的基礎(chǔ)中，地下水是與其設(shè)計和施工有關(guān)的一個重要的問題。,Footings 底座,24,Building Materials 建筑材料,Materials for buildi

42、ng must have certain physical properties to be structurally useful 建筑材料必須具有某些對結(jié)構(gòu)有用的物理性能。 Primarily, they must be able to carry a load, or weight, without changing shape permanently 首先，它們必須能在不永久變形的情況下承受荷載或重量。 This material property is called elasticity. 這種特性就被稱為彈性。 All materials used in architectural

43、 structures, such as stone and brick, wood, steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete，and plastics, behave elastically within a certain defined range of loading. 在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)中使用的所有材料，如石頭和磚、木材、鋼材、鋁材、鋼筋混凝土和塑料等，在某個有限的荷載范圍內(nèi)均表現(xiàn)出彈性。 If the loading is increased above the range, two types of behavior can occur: brittle

44、 and plastic. In the former, the material will break suddenly 如果荷載增加到超過了這個范圍，那么可能表現(xiàn)出兩種特性：脆性和塑性。在前者中，材料將突然破裂。,25,Building Materials,The ultimate strength of a material is measured by the stress at which failure (fracture) occurs 材料的極限強度通過發(fā)生破壞（斷裂）時的應(yīng)力來測量。 A second important property of a building mate

45、rial is its stiffness 建筑材料的第二個重要特性是它的剛度。 This property is defined by the elastic modulus, which is the ratio of the stress(force per unit area), to the strain(deformation per unit length). 這種特性由彈性模量來定義，彈性模量是應(yīng)力（單位面積的力）與應(yīng)變（單位長度的變形）的比值。 The ultimate compressive strength of bonded masonry depends on the strength of the masonry unit and the mortar 砌合的圬工材料的極限抗壓強度取決于圬工單元和砂漿的強度。 Timber is one of the earliest construction materials and one of the few natural materials with good tensile properties. 木材是最早的建筑材料之一，是為數(shù)不多的具有好的抗拉特性的天然材料之一。 Steel is an outstanding structural material 鋼筋是一