虛擬語氣講義

1、虛擬語氣教學設(shè)計與反思 the subjunctive mood (虛擬語氣) 英語組 柯娟娟teaching content: 虛擬語氣（the subjunctive mood）teaching time: one periodteaching analysis:(教學內(nèi)容分析)本節(jié)課主要涉及高考主要考察的虛擬語氣的用法：（1）if條件句中三種不同時間的虛擬語氣;(2)虛擬語氣的倒裝和混合時間的虛擬；（3）名詞性從句中的倒裝；（4）虛擬語氣的特殊句式。teaching aims and demands:1.congnitive aims(認知目標) 了解高中虛擬語氣的考查熱點和命題趨勢。2

2、.ability aims(能力目標)培養(yǎng)學生的課前自學能力和掌握虛擬語氣相關(guān)試題的解決方法。3.emotional aims(情感目標)培養(yǎng)學生自主學習與探究能力，增強學生合作意識，提高學生的語言分析能力和正確表達自己觀點的能力。teaching plan analysis:為了達成本節(jié)課的教學目標可以采用演繹法和歸納法相結(jié)合的語法教學方式，以學生為主體，在老師的指引下，讓學生自己展示，判斷和分析，最后總結(jié)出虛擬語氣的主要用法。并通過一系列的考題訓練，讓學生進一步了解虛擬語氣的解題方式。teaching important points:了解和掌握虛擬語氣語法項目和基本原則teaching

3、difficult points:1.含蓄虛擬條件句的用法2.能運用虛擬語氣去完成試題練習并能運用到情景中teaching methods:the situational teaching method（情境教學法）, the feeling teaching method(情感教學法), the task-based teaching method, the inductive method(歸納法)。learning strategies: cooperative learning, learning while using,predicting problems and analysis

4、:在考查該點時，學生易錯點預(yù)測如下：1.不會分析與現(xiàn)在，過去，將來相反的虛擬語氣及其動詞的所有結(jié)構(gòu)2.虛擬語氣的特殊用法teaching tools: multi-media (a computer)teaching procedures:step 1 greetings and lead-in展示考綱：1、 if條件句中的虛擬語氣; 2、含蓄條件中的虛擬語氣；3、名詞從句中的虛擬語氣; 4、幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中虛擬語氣的用法;5、虛擬語氣時態(tài)的判定。（2011-2013）陜西省高考真題，讓學生體會考點。（2013陜西卷）my mom suggests that we _eat out for a

5、change this weekend. a should b might c could d would (2012陜西卷)17.if my car _ more reliable, i would have driven to lasa instead of flying last summer. a was b had been c should be d would be（2011陜西卷）22.i _ through that bitter period without your generous help. a couldnt have gone b didnt go c would

6、nt go d hadnt gonestep 2 summary of the subjunctive mood(1)ss activity讓學生自己總結(jié)出虛擬語氣的各種形式考點。if 型 “三個公式”類別從句謂語動詞主句謂語動詞與現(xiàn)在事實相反過去式(be用were)should/would/could/might動詞原形與過去事實相反had過去分詞should/would/could/mighthave過去分詞與將來事實相反過去式(be用were)should/would/could/might動詞原形should動詞原形were to動詞原形if省略句如果虛擬條件句中含有were/had/

7、should，有時可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主語之前形成倒裝，若為否定形式，not不可提前。混合條件句有時條件句的動作與主句動作發(fā)生的時間不一致，這時動詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它們各自表示的時間加以調(diào)整。含蓄條件句有時假設(shè)的情況不用條件從句表達，而是用but for，without等介詞(短語)或上下文來表示條件。用連詞otherwise，or等暗示后文與前面的情況相反，從而引出后文的虛擬語氣。虛擬條件通過but暗示出來，模式為“虛擬情況but真實情況”。2013江蘇卷變式 i should not have laughed if i _you were. (think)如果我(

8、當時)認為你是認真的，我就不會笑了. 答案 had thoughtif型特例1：錯綜時間條件句【2013天津】14. if he had spent more time practicing speaking english before, he able to speak it much better now.a. will be b. would be c. has been d. would have been【答案】bif型特例2：省略 if 的條件從句：10浙江）had i known about this computer program, a huge amount of tim

9、e and energy .awould have been savedbhad been saved cwill be saved dwas saved【答案】a2.should +v.型（1）一個堅持，兩個命令，三個建議，四個要求 1.insist 2. order, command 3. advise, suggest, propose + recommend (advice, suggestion, proposal ) 4. demand , require, request, desire2013浙江卷變式 eye doctors recommend that a childs f

10、irst eye exam_ at the age of six months old.(be)眼科醫(yī)生建議孩子的第一次眼睛檢查應(yīng)該在六個月的時候(進行)。答案 (should) be注意:insist / suggest 各有兩意思，要用不同的語氣 表“堅決要求”,虛擬, should + do; (未發(fā)生) 表“堅稱,堅持說”,陳述語氣,表事實。(發(fā)生過) 表“建議”，虛擬, should + do; 表“表明、暗示” ，用陳述語氣總結(jié)主語從句中的虛擬語氣 基本句型：a.it is suggested, ordered + (should) do b.it is important, ne

11、cessary, natural c.it is a pity, a shame, no wonder 考題點擊：1. is it important that we _ english? a. learns b. have learned c. must learn d. learn虛擬語氣之特殊句型1wish后面賓語從句的虛擬語氣與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句用一般過去時與過去事實相反從句用過去完成時與將來事實相反從句用would動詞原形【2011北京卷,28】where are the children? the dinners going to be completely ruined.i wis

12、h they （ ）always late.a. werent b. hadnt been c. wouldnt be d. wouldnt have been【答案】a2.would rather+從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句用一般過去時與過去事實相反從句用過去完成時與將來事實相反從句用一般過去時10江蘇george is going to talk about the geography of his country, but id rather he_ more on its culture.a. focus b. focused c. would focus d. had focused答案

13、b3.as if 與現(xiàn)在事實相反待添加的隱藏文字內(nèi)容3從句用一般過去時與過去事實相反從句用過去完成時與將來事實相反從句用would動詞原形針對訓練：the pencil is in the water as if it_ broken. a. were b. was c.had been d.would do4. if only與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句用一般過去時與過去事實相反從句用過去完成時與將來事實相反從句用would動詞原形5. its (high) time +that 過去時(were) /should(不省) +v.its high time that we should obey th

14、e rules of the school.its high time that we obeyed the rules of the school.。我們應(yīng)該遵守學校規(guī)則。l 難點突破：1.一些短語相當于虛擬條件從句（if）, 其后的句子與虛擬條件主句用法一致。but for +n(要不是), 現(xiàn)在/將來 would/could/should/might +v. (原)without +n, 過去 would/could/should/might +have doneotherwise(否則)， +句子in that case，09福建but for the help of my engli

15、sh teacher, i the first prize in the english writing competition. a. would not win b. would not have won c. would win d. would have won答案b考點虛擬語氣。解析此處虛擬語氣表示與過去事實相反, 句子謂語動詞用would/should/could/might + have done結(jié)構(gòu), 故選b。難點點擊2:虛擬語氣時態(tài)的判定 “混虛”（1）i would have attended the party yesterday, but i _ ill.a had f

16、allen b fell c would fall d have fallen(2) i fell ill ,or /otherwise i_ the party yesterday.a would attend b would have attendedc had attended d attended10安徽bob would have helped us yesterday, but he-_a. was busy b. is busy c. had been busy. d. will be busy答案astep3 虛擬語氣應(yīng)對策略：1. 判斷是否虛擬 2.判斷虛擬類型 3.判斷虛擬

17、時間學好虛擬語氣，除了掌握基本的結(jié)構(gòu)外，還要注意句子所表達的意義與現(xiàn)在、過去還是將來的事實相反，看清時間狀語。另外還要注意在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中虛擬語氣的運用。step 4 summaryste5 consolidation exercises（略）step6：homework教學反思：本節(jié)課為高三二輪復習課中語法專題系列之一。雖然，一輪復習中學生詳細地復習過虛擬語氣的各種形式的具體形式，但是眾所周知，虛擬語氣一直被視為高中英語教學的一大難點。對這一重要知識點的復習我在課前做了大量的準備工作，布置學生做好復習，完成對應(yīng)的學案，并認真鉆研教材和相關(guān)考題?，F(xiàn)將我的一些教學心得總結(jié)如下；一、預(yù)估虛擬語氣的教學

18、困難1學生不會分析與現(xiàn)在，過去，將來相反的虛擬語氣及其動詞的所有結(jié)構(gòu)以及虛擬語氣的特殊用法2傳統(tǒng)的語法復課比較枯燥，而虛擬語氣有著多種形式，且轉(zhuǎn)化形式眾多，如果條分縷析，勢必會形成教師“一言堂”，讓學生感到厭煩無味，影響學習效率和興趣。但如果只練不講，學生似乎又難以把握本質(zhì)，勢必會屢做屢錯。為了回避以上的兩大困難，我決定采取“邊講邊練，邊練邊評，邊評邊總結(jié)”的方法，力求把所有問題在40分鐘的課堂內(nèi)解決，而將課后時間留給學生消化。二、導入首先，我單個提問學生對虛擬語氣概念的理解，以引出話題，并強調(diào)關(guān)鍵詞：用來表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生或可能性比較小的情況，而是一種愿望，建議，假設(shè)的語氣

19、叫虛擬語氣。接著展示考綱，讓學生清楚高考動向，這樣在復習備考中才能做到有的放矢。接著，我?guī)ьI(lǐng)學生親身體會了近三年（2011-2013）陜西省虛擬語氣的高考真題，隨后和學生一起總結(jié)歸納三年考點。三接著，針對考點和學生一起歸納虛擬語氣的考點和難點。我先讓學生回憶了一輪復習中虛擬語氣的各種形式，為了避免和一輪復習的重復， 本節(jié)課我將從另外一種角度闡釋虛擬語氣，即把它分為三大類：(1)if 型(2)should+v型(3)特殊句型。我不失時機地讓學生回憶默寫if 條件句中的“三個公式”。并做針對性高考真題訓練。之后“趁熱打鐵”地復習“錯綜”和“倒裝”形式。第二步，引出should+v.型，我用一 二

20、三 四起頭讓學回顧說出對應(yīng)的詞一堅持（insist），二命令(order, command)，三建議(advise, suggest, propose)，四要求(demand , require, request, desire),外加兩個詞“recommend”“urge”，并指出兩個特殊詞insist，suggest的特殊用法。并給出配套練習題。第三步，和學生一起總結(jié)特殊句式。四及時總結(jié)在復習完所有形式以后，我又采用“我問你答”的形式領(lǐng)著全班同學將我們剛才講的虛擬語氣的形式全面梳理了一遍，大家都高興地點著頭。最后，我們再做幾道虛擬語氣的高考真題打在屏幕上，他們能輕松地將自己心中那么“神圣”

21、的高考題“踩在腳下”，這種感覺一定很好吧。我在評講例題時，并沒有說很多，只是問一句“這是和什么事實相反”，學生們把我該講的就都講了。最后，我讓學生總結(jié)出一張考點清單，因為時間關(guān)系，讓學生課后完成，以待檢查。五、教后反思反思這節(jié)語法課，我感到成功之處在于這么幾點：1 遵循了循序漸進的原則。由淺入深，由易到難，從虛擬語氣的三種基本形式入手，逐步加深拓展，使學生樂于接受的同時也易于接受。2 遵循了講練結(jié)合的原則。沒有一味的講授語法理論，而是讓學生邊學邊練，主動探索，讓他們享受自主學習的過程和成果。3 遵循了學生為主的原則。本節(jié)課我將大量的時間留給了學生思考、探索，完全將課堂的主體還給了學生，吻合了新

22、教材的精神和追求。4 遵循了由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)的原則。傳統(tǒng)的語法復習課往往采用演繹語法規(guī)律的方法，這樣做既容易使學生索然無味，而且使他們感到語法神秘高深。相反，采用歸納語法規(guī)律的方法，既能引起他們對語法學習的興趣，又能發(fā)揮他們的主觀能動性，起到事半功倍的效果。不足之處：通過這節(jié)語法教學課，學生在老師的教導下積極參與到語法知識的學習中，了解并掌握了虛擬語氣的語法項目和規(guī)則，并能完成相關(guān)的語法練習，靈活運用各種虛擬句式和情景進行造句，表達自己的觀點，基本完成教學任務(wù)，達到教學目的。但在具體教學實踐中鑒于學生實際情況和課堂意外問題的發(fā)生，某些教學環(huán)節(jié)進行的不流暢，教學時間不夠，教學質(zhì)量也不能保證。如，學生

23、由于詞匯量限制，口語表達不到位。由于課堂時間有限，無法把虛擬語氣講的更細致，更系統(tǒng)化。由于課堂容量大，信息傳遞速度快，一些后進生無法在短時間內(nèi)消化吸收語法項目，有待進一步輔導。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a kne

24、e injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely fol

25、lowed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the

26、world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in lond

27、on for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find ou

28、t what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised

29、 and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the g

30、round, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip o

31、f mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the e

32、dge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was score