高中時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)

1、.高中動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一基本用法1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析表示客觀事實(shí)或普通真理（不受時(shí)態(tài)限制）Thegeographyteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.表示知覺、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belongseem等。如：Iknowwhatyoumean.Smithownsacarandahouse.AllthestudentsherebelongtoNo.1MiddleSchool.在時(shí)間、條件狀語

2、從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。但要注意由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表意愿，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。Ifyouwillacceptmyinvitationandcometoourparty,myfamilywillbepleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會，我的家人會非常高興。少數(shù)用于表示起止的動詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排，肯定會出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Theshopclo

3、sesat11:00p.m.everyday.TomorrowisWednesday.2一般過去時(shí)的考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。一般過去時(shí)的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去具體的時(shí)間狀語連用（或有上下文語境暗示）；用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過去式。如：Imetherinthestreetyesterday.Theyneverdrankwine.Ithoughtthefilmwouldbeinteresting,butitisnt.如果從句中有一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動詞連用過去式。如：Hetoldmeher

4、eadaninterestingnovellastnight.表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動作，常由以下詞語連接，用一般過去時(shí)。如：but,and,when,assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute。Themomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.Heboughtawatchbutlostit.3一般將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)常用will/shall+動詞（常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語邊用如tomorrow、nextweek等）。表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動作。Welldiewithoutairorwater.表示趨

5、向行為的動詞如come、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來時(shí)。begoingto與will/shall,betodo,beabouttodo用法及區(qū)別：begoingto表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈拢@種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；shall/willdo表示未事先考慮過，即說話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定。begoingto表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。如：Ifitisfine,wellgofishing.(正確)Ifitisfine,wearegoingtogofishing.(錯誤)betodosth.表按計(jì)劃、安排

6、即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。Ameetingistobeheldat3:00oclockthisafternoon.beabouttodosth.表示即可，就要，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語或狀語從句。Autumnharvestisabouttostart.4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí)；表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go、come等起止動作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。如：Itisrainingnow.WeareleavingonFriday.HeisteachingEnglishandlearningChinese.Thegirlis

7、alwaystalkingloudinpublic.(與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動或某種感情色彩)下面四類動詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。（A） 表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動作：like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need.（B）表存在的狀態(tài)的動詞：appear,exist,lie,remain,seembelongto,dependon。（C）表示一時(shí)性動作的動詞：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。（D）表示感官的動詞：see,hear,

8、notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。5. 過去完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。常用過去完成時(shí)的幾種情況：（A） 在by、bytheend、bythetime、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動作。如：Bytheendoflastyear,wehadproduced20,000cars.Thetrainhadleftbeforewereachedthestation.(B)表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用hadhoped/planned/meant/intended/though/wanted/expected

9、等或用上述動詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped/planned+tohavedone。（C）時(shí)間名詞+before在句子中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時(shí)；時(shí)間名詞+ago在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去式。如：Hesaidhisfirstteacherhaddiedatleast10yearsbefore.XiaoHualeftschool3yearsago.（D）表示一就的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly/Nosooner/Scarcelyhad+主語+過去分詞+when/than/before+一般過去時(shí)。如：Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.=N

10、osoonerhadwebeenseatedthanthebusstarted.在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)代替過去完成時(shí)。Afterhe(had)lefttheroom,thebosscamein.Wearrivedhomebeforeitsnowed.6.過去將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。參照一般將來時(shí)對比：用woulddo、was/weregoingtodosth.表過去將來；come、go、leave等過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過去將來時(shí)；was/weretodosth.和was/wereabouttodosth.表過去將來。7.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動作或某一

11、階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。某一動作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動作正在發(fā)生，其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中。8現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)除可以和for、since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during/in/overthelast(past)fewyears(months,weeks)、inrecentyears、uptonow、tillnow等。下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Itis(hasbeen)+一段時(shí)間+since從句This(That/It)isthefirst(second)timethat+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來時(shí)。如：D

12、ontgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.二注意幾組時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：1.一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：時(shí)間上有差異：凡有過去時(shí)間的均用過去時(shí)態(tài)，不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如含有ago、lastyear、justnow、theotherday等。結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，動作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)；一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動作發(fā)生在過去，和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系。2.過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)：過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過去的過去；如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個(gè)動作（連謂）形式則只用一般過去時(shí)即可。3.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示習(xí)慣性得行為或狀態(tài)或客觀性東西；而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示短暫時(shí)間內(nèi)的狀態(tài)

13、。Heworksintheoffice,butheisworkingintheworkshopthisweek.他在辦公室工作，但這一周他下車間了。4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成或表示曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)。Ihavebeenwritinganarticle.(仍在寫)Ihavewtittenanarticle.（已經(jīng)完成）三與動詞時(shí)態(tài)連用的句式1） This/Itisthefirst/secondtimethat2）bedoingwhenbeabouttodowhen/beonthepointofdoingwhen

14、hadjustdonewhen3) Hardlyhaddonewhen/Nosoonerhaddonethan4)Itis(hasbeen)+一段時(shí)間+since從句5）Itbe+一段時(shí)間+before從句這種句式分為兩種情況如果主句用將來時(shí)，則從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來時(shí)，意為多長時(shí)間以后即將發(fā)生某事；如果主句用過去時(shí)，從句也用過去時(shí)，意為多長時(shí)間后發(fā)生了某事。Itwontbelongbeforehesucceeds.=Hewillsucceedsoon.Itwastenyearsbeforetheymetagain.=Theymetagaintenyearslater.被動語態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡述被動

15、語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be+過去分詞，口語也有用get/become+過去分詞表示。被動語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時(shí)用被動語態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(tài)（by短語有時(shí)可以省略）。1使用被動語態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題。主動變被動時(shí)雙賓語的變化?？聪铝欣洹yfriendgavemeaninterestingbookonmybirthday.Aninterestingbookwasgiventome(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.Iwasgivenaninterestingbook(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.主動變被動時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)

16、（位置不變）；（作補(bǔ)語的）不定式前需加to。Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong(bytheboss)短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉尾巴。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof(byher).Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattentionto.情態(tài)動詞和begoingto、beto、besureto、usedto、haveto、hadbetter等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動語態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動詞原形變?yōu)閎e+過去分詞。當(dāng)句子的謂語為say、believe、expe

17、ct、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí)，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式：（A） 謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。（B）用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示。如：Peoplesayheisasmartboy.Itissaidthatheisasmartboy.Heissaidtobeasmartboy.PeopleknowpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.ItisknownthatpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.PaperwasknowntobemadeinChinafirst.類似句型有：Itissaid

18、/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thoughtthat（2）不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況。所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)之中。表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、looklike、consistto等。表示歸屬的動詞，如have、own、belongto等。表示希望、意圖的動詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。賓語是同源賓語，不定式、動名詞等謂語動詞不用被動語態(tài)。有

19、些動詞以其主動形式表示被動意義，特別是當(dāng)主語是物時(shí)，常見的動詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主動形式表被動意義。當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write,open,clean,cook,keep,cut,fill,blow,measure,lock,run,record,begin,shut等詞帶狀語修飾語時(shí)；當(dāng)動詞表示開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動等意義時(shí)。Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.這種布易洗。Thesenovelswontsellwell.這些小說

20、不暢銷。Mypenwritessmoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。Thedoorwontlock.門鎖不上。Thefishsmellsgood.魚聞起來香。當(dāng)breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等動詞表示發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定等意思時(shí)。Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.Thelampsonthewallturnoff.want,require,need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義。beworthdoing用主動形式表示被動含義。在be+形容詞（easy,difficult,light,heavy,fit,good,safe

21、,comfortable,dangerous,pleasant）+todo中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動。Thiskindofwaterisntfittodrink.Thegirlisnteasytogetalongwith.另外：betoblame(受譴責(zé))，betorent（出租）也用主動形式表被動。（4）被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況。beseated坐著Heisseatedonabench.（Heseatshimselfonabench.）坐在凳子上。behidden躲藏Hewashiddenbehindthedoor.(Hehidhimselfbehindthedoo

22、r.)他藏在門后。belost迷路bedrunk喝醉bedressed穿著Thegirlwasdressedinaredshortskirt.（5）被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別被動語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如：Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被動語態(tài))Thebookiswellsold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))(6)get+過去分詞也可構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。get常同marry,beat,break,damage,tear,strike,hurt,paint,invite,repair,dress等動詞的過去分詞連用，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。鞏固練習(xí)：1. Onthenex

23、tbirthday,Annmarriedfortwentyyears.A.isB.hasbeenC.willbeD.willhavebeen2. Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilmsallovertheword.A.haveproducedB.havebeenproducedC.areproducingD.arebeingproduced3.We_Johnsnameontheracelistyesterdaybutforhisrecentinjury.A.willputB.willhaveputC.wouldputD.wouldhaveput4.Thatmusth

24、avebeenalongtrip.Yeah,itusawholeweektogetthere.A.takesB.hastakenC.tookD.wastaking5. （2011北京卷）.ExperimentsofthiskindinboththeU.S.andEuropewellbeforetheSecondWorldWar.A.haveconductedB.havebeenconductedC.hadconductedD.hadbeenconducted6.（2011天津卷）I_soonerbutIdidntknowthattheywerewaitingforme.A.hadcomeB.w

25、ascomingC.wouldcomeD.wouldhavecome7.（2011北京卷）BobhasgonetoCalifornia.Oh,canyoutellmewhenhe?A.hasleftB.leftC.isleavingD.wouldleave8.（2011四川卷）Allvisitorstothisvillage_withkindness.A.treatB.aretreatedC.aretreatingD.hadbeentreated9. （2011北京卷）Tominthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.A. worksB.worke

26、dC.hasbeenworkingD.hadbeenworking10.（2011四川卷）.Whatamistake!Yes.Ihisdoingitanotherway,butwithoutsuccess.A. wassuggestingB.willsuggestC.wouldsuggestD.hadsuggested11. （2011全國II）Ifyoudontlikethedrinkyou_justleaveitandtryadifferentone.A.orderedB.areorderingC.willorderD.hadordered12.（2011陜西卷）Hisfirstnovel

27、goodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.A.receivesB.isreceivingC.willreceiveD.hasreceived13.（2011北京卷）MaybeifI science,andnotliteraturethen,Iwouldbeabletogiveyoumorehelp.A.studiedB.wouldstudyC.hadstudiedD.wasstudying14.（2011遼寧卷）IllgotothelibraryassoonasIfinishwhatI.A.wasdoingB.amdoingC.havedoneD.hadbeendo

28、ing15.（2011遼寧卷）BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hisson fromcollege.A.graduatedB.hasgraduatedC.hadbeenD.hadgraduated16.（2011湖南卷）-Joan,what_inyourhand?-Look!Itsabirthdaygiftformygrandma.A.hadyouheldB.areyouholdingC.doyouholdD.willyouhold17.（2011江蘇卷）-Ihearyou_inapub.whatsitlike?-Well,itsveryhandwor

29、kandImalwaystired,butIdontmind.A.areworkingB.willworkC.wereworkingD.willbeworking18. （2011江蘇卷）-Tommyisplanningtobuyacar.-Iknow.Bynextmonth,he_enoughforausedone.A.savesB.savedC.willsaveD.willhavesaved19.（2011全國新課標(biāo)卷）Planningsofarahead nosense-.somanythingswillhave changedbynextyear.A.madeB.ismakingC.m

30、akesD.hasmade20.（2011全國新課標(biāo)卷）Iwasntsureifhewasreallyinterestedorifhe polite.A.wasjustbeingB.willjustbeC.hadjustbeenD.wouldjustbe21.（2011全國新課標(biāo)卷）WhenAlicecameto,shedidnotknowhowlongshe there.A.hadbeenlyingB.hasbeenlyingC.waslyingD.haslain22.（2011浙江卷）Themanagerwasworriedaboutthepressconferencehisassista

31、nt_inhisplacebut,luckily,everythingwasgoingonsmoothly.A.gaveB.givesC.wasgivingD.hadgiven23.In1942Columbus_ontheoftheBahamaislands,buthemistookitforanislandoffIndia.A.landsB.landedC.haslandedD.hadlanded24.（2011湖南卷）ItisthemostinstructivelecturethatI_sinceIcametothisschool.A.attendedB.hadattendedC.amat

32、tendingD.haveattended25.Inthenearfuture,moreadvancesintherobottechnology_byscientists.A.aremakingB.aremadeC.willmakeD.willbemake26.(2011安徽卷)Whatdoyouthinkofstoreshoppinginthefuture?Personally,Ithinkitwillexistalongwithhomeshoppingbut_.A. willneverreplaceB.wouldneverreplaceC.willneverbereplacedD.woul

33、dneverbereplaced27. (2011山東卷).WhenIgotonthebus,I_Ihadleftmywalletathome.A.wasrealizingB.realizedC.haverealizedD.wouldrealize28. Shewassurprisedtofindthefridgeempty;thechild_everything!A.hadbeeneatingB.hadeatenC.haveeatenD.havebeeneating29.(10上海）Everyfewyears,thecoalworkerstheirlungsX-rayedtoensureth

34、eirhealth.A.arehavingB.haveC.havehadD.hadhad30.(10福建）Guesswhat,wevegotourvisasforashort-termvisittotheUKthissummer.-Hownice!You adifferentculturethen.A.willbeexperiencingB.haveexperiencedC.havebeenexperiencingD.willhaveexperienced31.(10安徽)-Wevespenttoomuchmoneyrecently.-well,itisntsurprising.Ourfrie

35、ndandrelatives_aroundallthetimeA.arecomingB.hadcomeC.werecomingD.havebeencoming32.(10江西)Motherwantedtobeagoodprovider,aroleshe_sincehermarriagetofather.A.shouldersBshoulderedCisshoulderingDhasbeenshouldering33.Uptonow,theprogram_thousandsofchildrenwhowouldotherwisehavedied.A.wouldsaveB.savesC.hadsav

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