初中英語閱讀理解的解題技巧

1、.學(xué)生姓名李詩敏 年級 初二 授課時間8月11 教師姓名 鐘映容 課時 2h閱讀理解的解題技巧一、閱讀理解是中考英語能力測試的重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目之一。課程改革后，閱讀理解題型變得更多、更廣、更新。不僅涉及的面廣，其中包括社會、體育、生活、傳說、人物、文化、史地、科技、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等廣泛內(nèi)容，而且題型多樣。閱讀理解文章的體裁主要有三類：敘述文、說明文和議論文。1）、敘述文敘述文一般以講述個人生活經(jīng)歷為主，對于經(jīng)歷的陳述通常由一定的時間概念貫穿其中，或順序或倒序。但是在考試中一般不出現(xiàn)單純的敘述文，因?yàn)閱渭兊臄⑹鑫谋容^簡單、易懂。所以中考中的敘述文大多是夾敘夾議的文章。2）、說明文（描述文）說明文的一般結(jié)構(gòu)模

2、式和敘述文的結(jié)構(gòu)模式有相通之處即：提出問題（或以一個事例引出問題）- 發(fā)現(xiàn)直接原因- 分析深層原因-得出結(jié)論或找到出路。 3）、議論文議論文模式是主張-反主張模式。在這一模式中，作者首先提出一種普遍認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)或某些人認(rèn)可的主張或觀點(diǎn)，然后進(jìn)行澄清，說明自己的主張或觀點(diǎn)，或者說提出反主張或真實(shí)情況。 議論文的這種結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)決定了它的主要題型是作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題，文章主旨題以及推理判斷題。閱讀理解的題型主要有主觀性題型和客觀性題型。前者主要包括主旨型、推理型、作者語氣、態(tài)度型、結(jié)論型等。后者主要包括事實(shí)型、推測詞義型、指代關(guān)系型、常識題、是非題等。二、閱讀理解的幾種題型及應(yīng)試對策1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。它是針對

3、文章中的細(xì)節(jié)而設(shè)計的，如文章中某一個特定的細(xì)節(jié)，也可能涉及若干個細(xì)節(jié)，或者針對文章的主要事實(shí)，或利用圖表、圖形來表示信息等。要求學(xué)生根據(jù)對短文的理解，直接選擇正確答案，一般在通讀短文后可直接找出答題依據(jù)，難度較小，屬淺層理解題。細(xì)節(jié)類問題的命題方式有以下幾種：(1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?（根據(jù)文章信息，下面哪個是不真的？）(2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?（下面的哪一個在文章中提到了

4、？）(3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?（文章中描述的例子是什么）(4) The author mentions all of the following except . . .（作者提到了以下的所有事項(xiàng)，除了）(5) The reason for . . .is . . .（什么的原因是）(6) The author states that . . .（作者陳述的觀點(diǎn)是）(7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .（根

5、據(jù)文章，提問關(guān)于時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、形式和誰等的問題） 2.推測詞義題。也就是要正確理解短文中個別關(guān)鍵詞，可利用同義詞、近義詞及給定義等方法推測詞義，甚至在通篇理解的基礎(chǔ)上推測并發(fā)現(xiàn)所給生詞的詞義。這需要有意識地訓(xùn)練并最終具備這種不用字典而通過上下文來認(rèn)識生詞的能力。 3.推理判斷題。要求在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，以文章提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，將已表述的和隱含的信息結(jié)合起來進(jìn)行思考、分析，透徹理解全文，以領(lǐng)會作者的真正意圖，從而做出正確的推理和判斷，切不可憑空想象，主觀臆斷。1、讀懂原文，抓住關(guān)鍵詞、短語、句子或段落，透徹理解文章內(nèi)容注意文章結(jié)構(gòu)層次和邏輯關(guān)系，并結(jié)合閱讀材料外的有關(guān)生活、社會常識，仔細(xì)

6、斟酌，作出準(zhǔn)確的推斷和引申。2、熟悉常用的設(shè)問方式：1) We can infer /conclude from the passage that _.（通過文章我們可推斷出什么結(jié)論） 2) It can be inferred /concluded (from the passage) that _. 3) The passage /story /author /paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _.（文章暗示，但沒有直接表述的觀點(diǎn)是） 4) The author strongly suggests that_ _. 5)

7、 What do you think would happen (to) at the end of the story? 4.歸納概括題。要求在理解全文后歸納短文要點(diǎn)，概括中心意思。不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的主題。尤其是新聞報道之類的，第一段通常是故事的梗概，這一段往往表達(dá)了文章的中心涵義。在文章的段落中往往由開頭的一句作為主題句(topic sentence)來概括該段的中心意思。但在不少文章或段落中，中心思想貫穿在全文中。此類題主要針對的主題、中心思想、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次（主題句或題段）、作者的寫作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在準(zhǔn)確理解全文后，歸納短文要點(diǎn)、概括中心思想，也分析和

8、歸納段落大意、重要情節(jié)、人物特征和環(huán)境特點(diǎn)等。 解題技巧：領(lǐng)會全文大意，靈活運(yùn)用概念、判斷、歸納、推理 等邏輯方法，真正理解文章的話題和中心思想。一般而言，英語文章的話題往往用很少幾個詞加以概括，通常具體反映在文章的題目或一段短文的小標(biāo)題上；不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的主題，特點(diǎn)是新聞報道，第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph)，這一段往往表達(dá)了文章的中心思想，但也要注意，不少文章的中心思想也常貫穿于全文之中；主題段通常在文章簡要概括文章中心思想，而主題句(topic sentence)常在一段的開頭，也有可能在段中或段末。這類題常見的命題方式有：（1）What is the

9、main idea (subject) of this passage ?（2）What does this passage mainly talk about ?（3）The main theme of this passage is _.（4） The main point of the passage is_.（5） Which of the following is the best title for the passage ?（6） The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _.（7） The purpose

10、 of the writer in writing this passage _.（8） Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ?（9）推斷作者的寫作意圖（Purpose）The authors purpose in writing this passage is to_.這類題要求閱讀時不但要看懂個別的句子，而且要能夠根據(jù)作者思路的展開，把握作者在整篇文章中的觀點(diǎn)，因此，必須看懂全篇文章的意思 5.圖示理解題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容提供一幅或幾幅畫(地圖、示意圖或其他圖形)，對某種圖形進(jìn)行選擇或判斷。 6.計算理解題。

11、需要進(jìn)行一定的運(yùn)算或推算，才能做出正確的解答。這不僅需要對細(xì)節(jié)了解清楚，而且需要了解各細(xì)節(jié)之間的關(guān)系，即部分與整體之間的聯(lián)系。三、答題的基本步驟1. 先看問題，再讀文章：帶著問題閱讀短文，確定主攻方向，特別要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主題和用戶服務(wù)，摘取有用的材料，舍棄無關(guān)的信息，有的放矢，高效省時。2. 細(xì)讀全文，認(rèn)真推敲：針對題目的要求，細(xì)心閱讀與試題有的詞匯、句子或段落，要特別留心一些信息詞，它們既是檢查的重點(diǎn)，也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必須準(zhǔn)確判斷，仔細(xì)斟酌，以便選出最佳答案。3. 復(fù)讀全文，驗(yàn)證答案：在選出全部答案后，應(yīng)將答案帶入問題中重讀全文，看前后意思是否貫通，有無矛盾，

12、若前后不一致或意思矛盾，則要考慮重選答案。4、抓細(xì)節(jié)、做記號。了解文章主旨后應(yīng)該細(xì)讀文章，并且邊讀邊用鉛筆做些記號，例如把人物、時間、地點(diǎn)等圈出來，看完再回頭找時便一目了然了。對于難一點(diǎn)的題目，要回頭再查閱短文，在文中劃出依據(jù)。四、做閱讀理解題時“五忌”1）.忌不帶問題做閱讀理解題時，應(yīng)先把文章后面所給的考查題瀏覽一遍，然后帶著這些問題進(jìn)行閱讀。邊閱讀邊選出考查表層情況問題的答案，從而提高閱讀效果。2）.忌草率行事在設(shè)計理解題時，設(shè)計者往往在四個選項(xiàng)中設(shè)計出一個似是而非的答案。這樣答案干擾性特別強(qiáng)，容易迷惑考生。如果在發(fā)現(xiàn)一個看似正確答案時就草率定案，往往會掉進(jìn)設(shè)計者設(shè)置的“陷阱”里。處理的方

13、法是：對所給四個備選答案進(jìn)行分析比較，在理解閱讀材料內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行去偽存真，方可選出正確答案。3）.忌主觀印象少數(shù)閱讀不明確題只需根據(jù)生活常識就可選出答案，而絕大多數(shù)則不然，考生必須按照原文來選定答案。因此，考生在做后一種測試題時，一定要排除自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷和已有的知識等主觀因素的干擾，按照文章實(shí)際反映的情況來選擇答案。4）.忌囫圇定案所謂囫圇定案是指考生在未完全讀懂文章時就匆忙定案，結(jié)果往往選錯答案。因此，尚未讀懂的地方如果時間允許的話，一定要慢速多讀幾遍，直到讀懂時再定答案。5）.忌忽略時間做閱讀理解題時，一定要從整體上控制時間，時間分配根據(jù)文章的難易程度有別。文中一兩處沒弄懂的地方

14、可以暫且放置一邊，等把全部題目做完后，再回頭來處理。因?yàn)樽鐾觐}目后，你的心情相對放松了往往會產(chǎn)生新的思路、新的靈感。即使做完題后時間所剩無幾了，你再把未處理的題猜測一下也不晚，因?yàn)槟闳匀挥羞x對的可能性?？偠灾?，雖然掌握了一些閱讀技巧和方法，但要在閱讀理解這一知識板塊取得高分，還必須經(jīng)過堅(jiān)持不懈的努力。閱讀理解靠的是扎實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)。俗話說：“冰凍三尺，非一日之寒”。扎實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)來自平時嚴(yán)格的基本功訓(xùn)練和長期的知識積累。只要平時刻苦用功，打下扎實(shí)的英語知識基礎(chǔ)，加上掌握了較科學(xué)的解題方法，做閱讀理解題就不會太難了。（一）An old lady in a plane had a blanket（

15、毯子）over her head and she did not want to take it off . The air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady said, “I have never been in a plane before , and I am frightened. I am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !”Then the captain came. He said, “Madam, I am th

16、e captain of this plane. The weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well. ”But she continued to hide.So the captain turned and started to go back. Then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “I am sorry, young man, but I dont like

17、 planes and I am never going to fly again. But Ill say one thing, ”She continued kindly, “You and your wife keep your plane very clean!”1. An old lady had _ .A. glasses B. a blanket over her head C. a coat D. a basket2. A. She didnt want to _ .A. take it off B. turn it off C. get on D. talk about it

18、3. _ spoke to her .A. The air hostess B. The man next to her C. her husband D. one of her friends4. The old lady had never been _ before .A. abroad B. home C. in a plane D. in hospital5. The woman didnt like planes and she was never going _ .A. to fly again B. to travel C. to go abroad D. to go home

19、（二）Dick lived in England. One day in January he said to his wife, Im going to fly to New York next week because Ive got some work there. Where are you going to stay there? his wife asked. I dont know yet. Dick answered. Please send me your address from there in a telegram (電報), his wife said. All ri

20、ght, Dick answered.He flew to New York on January 31st and found a nice hotel in the center of the city. He put his things in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram. He put the address of his hotel in it.In the evening he didnt have any work, so he went to a cinema. He came out at nine oclock

21、 and said, Now Im going back to my hotel and have a nice dinner.He found a taxi (出租車) and the driver said, Where do you want to go? But Dick didnt remember the name and address of his hotel.Which hotel are my things in? he said, And what am I going to do tonight? But the driver of the taxi did not k

22、now. So Dick got out and went into a post office. There he sent his wife another telegram, and in it he wrote, Please send me my address at this post office.Choose the right answer1. Dick flew to New York because _.A. he went there for a holidayB. he had work thereC. he went there for sightseeing (觀

23、光)D. his home was there2. Why did his wife want a telegram from him? A. Because she didnt know his address yetB. Because she wanted to go to New York, tooC. Because she might send him another telegramD. Because she couldnt leave her husband by himself in New York3. Where did Dick stay in New York?A.

24、 In the center of the city.B. In a hotel.C. In a restaurant.D. At his friends house.4. Who would send him the name and address of his hotel?A. The manager (經(jīng)理) of his hotel.B. The police office.C. The taxi driver.D. His wife.5. Which of the following is not true?A. Dick stayed at a nice hotel in the

25、 center of the city.B. Dick didnt work on the first night of his arrival.C. Dick forgot to send his wife a telegram.D. Dick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi. （三）One of the things to be learnt in a foreign language is guessing all the time what kind of thing to come when listening to someone

26、talking. People do this all the time in their own language, so it is necessary (必要的) to do this in a foreign language, too. Here are some examples.1. Whats the matter？ I went to a party last night, so I2. I feel so tired these days. I think youd better3.Of course, she never stops talking. She is one

27、 of the mostYou can see from the above three examples that the context (上下文) helps a lot in understanding what is being talked about. So guessing is very important in understanding English, especially (尤其)spoken English.1.This passage tells us mainly about _.A. the importance of guessing in learning

28、 a foreign languageB. how to guess what one is going to talk about C. some examples of right guessingD. how important it is to guess all the time2.from the context, we can see maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE I is _.A. so I didnt have a good time. B. so I went to bed very late.C. . So I felt unh

29、appy. D. so I got up very early.3. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 2 is _.A. I think youd better have a good rest and take good care of yourself.B. I think youd better have something to drink.C. I think youd better get some help from your friends.D. I think youd better be more careful.4. Maybe

30、the finished answer in EXAMPLE 3 is _.A. she is one of the most famous film stars.B. she is one of the most beautiful women.C. she is one of the most famous speakers.D. . she is one of the most talkative women.5. From the passage we can infer (推斷) that guessing is _in learning a foreign language.A.

31、the only wayB. more important in spoken English than in written English C. more important than any other wayD. more important in written English than in spoken EnglishIn England (英格蘭人) nobody under eighteen years old is allowed (允許) to drink in a bar (酒吧) Mr Thompson often went to a bar near his hou

32、seBut he never took his son, Tom, because he was too youngThen when Tom had his eighteenth birthday, Mr Thompson took him to his usual bar for the first timeThey drank for an hourTom drank a bitThen Mr Thompson said to his son,“Now, Tom, I want to teach you a useful（有用的） lessonHow do you know when y

33、ouve had enough（足夠的）? Well, Ill tell youDo you see those two lights（燈） at the end of the bar? When they seem（好象） to become four, youve had enough and should（應(yīng)該） go home” “But, Dad,”said Tom,“I can only see one light at the end of the bar” 1Young people _B_ allowed to drink in a bar until eighteen Ai

34、s not Bare not Cmany Dmust 2When Tom was a child, his father often went to a nearby bar_D_ taking him Aby Bfor Cwith Dwithout 3On Toms eighteenth birthday, he drank together with his father in that bar for _A_ Athe first time Bonce Cmany times Deighteen times 4Father wanted to tell his son _C_ Athe

35、time to drink Bsomething about the light Cwhen to stop drinking Dsomething about the bar 5In fact (事實(shí)上), there _A_ at the end of the bar Awas one light Bwere two lights Cwere three lights Dwere four lights (002) In 1620, about half the USA was covered（覆蓋） by forests Today the forests have almost gon

36、e A lot of good land has gone with them, leaving only sand（沙地） China doesnt want to copy（抄） the USAs example Were planting more and more trees Weve built the Great Green Wall of trees across northern（北部的） part of our countryThe Great Green Wall is 7,000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1,700 kil

37、ometres wide It will stop the wind from blowing the earth away It will stop the sand from moving towards the rich farmland（農(nóng)田） in the south More Great Green Walls are needed Trees must be grown all over the world Great Green Walls will make the world better根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇正確答案。1In 1620, about _ the USA was

38、 covered by forestsAa third Bhalf Ctwo thirds Da fourth2A lot of good land has gone with _Asand Bwater Cwind Dforests3The Great Green Wall in China is _ longA7,000 kilometers B1,700 kilometers C7,000 meters D400 kilometers4Trees must be grown in _.AChina Bthe USA Csome countries Devery part of the w

39、orld5_ will make the world betterAThe Great Wall BTall buildings CGreat Green Walls DFlowers and grass (003) “Cool”is a word with many meaningsIts old meaning is used to express （表達(dá)）a temperature that is a little bit coldAs the world has changed，the word has had many different meaning “Cool”can be u

40、sed to express feelings of interest in almost anything When you see a famous car in the street，maybe you will say，“Its cool”You may think，“Hes so cool，”when you see your favourite footballer We all maximize（擴(kuò)大） the meaning of“cool”You can use it instead of many words such as “new” or “surprising”Her

41、es an interesting story we can use to show the way the word is usedA teacher asked her students to write about the waterfall（瀑布）they had visitedOn one students paper was just the one sentence（句子），“Its so coolMaybe he thought it was the best way to show what he saw and felt But the story also shows a

42、 scarcity（缺乏）of wordsWithout “cool”，some people have no words to show the same meaningSo it is quite important to keep some credibility（可信性）Can you think of many other words that make your life as colourful as the word “cool”？ I canAnd I think they are also very cool 1We know that the word“cool has

43、had _. Aonly one meaning Bno meanings Cmany different meanings Dthe same meaning 2In the passage，the word“express”means“_”. Asee Bshow Cknow Dfeel 3If you are _A_ something，you may say，“Its cool” Ainterested in Bangry about Cafraid of Dunhappy with 4The writer takes an example to show he is _ the wa

44、y the word is used Apleased with Bstrange to Cworried about Dcareful with 5In the passage，the writer suggests（暗示）that the word “cool”_ Acan be used instead of many words Busually means something interesting Ccan make your life colourful Dmay not（可能不） be as cool as it seems 004 A friend of mine named

45、 Paul received（收到） an expensive car from his brother as a Christmas presentOn Christmas Eve when Paul came out of his office，a street urchin(頑童) was walking around the shining car“Is this your car，Paul？”he asked Paul answered，“Yes，my brother gave it to me for Christmas”The boy was surprised（驚奇）“You

46、mean your brother gave it to you and it didnt cost you anything？Boy，I wish”He hesitated(猶豫) Of course， Paul knew what he was going to wish for（希望）He was going to wish he had a brother like that. But what the boy said surprised Paul greatly. “I wish,”the boy went on，“that I could be a brother like th

47、at”Paul looked at the boy in surprise, then he said again, “Would you like to take a ride in my car？” “Oh yes，Id love that” After a short ride，the boy turned and with his eyes shining，said，“Paul，would you mind （介意）driving in front of my house？” Paul smiled a littleHe thought he knew what the boy wan

48、tedHe wanted to show his neighbours that he could ride home in a big car. But Paul was wrong again. “Will you stop where those two steps are？ the boy asked He ran up to the steps. Then in a short while Paul heard him coming back, but he was not coming fast. He was carrying his little crippled（殘疾的） b

49、rother. He sat him down on the step and pointed to the car. “There she is, Buddy, just like I told you upstairs. His brother gave it to him for Christmas and it didnt cost him a cent（美分）. And some day Im going to give you one just like itthen you can see for yourself all the nice things in the Chris

50、tmas windows that Ive been trying to tell you about.” Paul got out and lifted the boy to the front seat of his car. The shining-eyed older brother climbed in beside him and the three of them began an unforgettable（難忘的） holiday ride. 1The street urchin was very surprised when _ APaul received an expe

51、nsive car BPaul told him about the car Che saw the shining car Dhe was walking around the car 2From the story we can see the urchin _ Awished to give his brother a car Bwanted Pauls brother to give him a car Cwished he could have a brother like Pauls Dwished Paul could be a brother like that 3The ur

52、chin asked Paul to stop his car in front of his house _ Ato show his neighbours the big car Bto show he had a rich friend Cto let his brother ride in the car Dto tell his brother about his wish 4We can infer（推斷）from the story that _ APaul couldnt understand the urchin Bthe urchin had a deep love for

53、 his brother Cthe urchin wished to have a rich brother Dthe urchins wish came true in the end 5The best name of the name story is _C_ AA Christmas Present BA Street Urchin CA Brother Like That DAn Unforgettable Holiday Ride 005 DreamsDreams (夢 ) may be more important than sleep. We all need to dream

54、, some scientists say. Dreams take up（占據(jù)） about one quarter of our sleeping time. People have several dreams each night. Dreams are like short films. They are usually in colour. Some dreams are like old films. They come to us over and over again. That may be because the dreamer is worrying about som

55、ething. Dreaming may be a way of trying to find an answer. Some people get new ideas about their work from dreams. They may（可能） have been thinking about their work all day. These thoughts can carry over（攜入） into dreams. Sometimes we wake up with a good feeling from a dream. But often we cant remember the dream. Dreams can disappear (消失) quickly from memory (記憶). Too much dreaming can be harmful (有害的). The more we sleep, the longer we dream.