電大西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第一次業(yè)小抄參考

1、一、 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件下的廠商均衡1、完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)含義：完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是指競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不受任何阻礙和干擾的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。2、形成條件這種市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)形成的條件主要有：（1）市場(chǎng)上有無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)購(gòu)買(mǎi)者和生產(chǎn)者。每個(gè)人和每個(gè)廠商所面對(duì)的都是一個(gè)既定的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，都是市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的接受者；（2）市場(chǎng)上的產(chǎn)品都是無(wú)差異的。任何一個(gè)廠商都不能通過(guò)生產(chǎn)有差別性的產(chǎn)品來(lái)控制市場(chǎng)價(jià)格；（3）廠商和生產(chǎn)要素可以自由流動(dòng)。使資源能得到充分利用；（4）購(gòu)買(mǎi)者和生產(chǎn)者對(duì)市場(chǎng)信息完全了解，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都掌握有相關(guān)產(chǎn)品和價(jià)格的完全信息，可以據(jù)此確定最佳購(gòu)買(mǎi)量和銷售量，也可以據(jù)此以一個(gè)確定的價(jià)格來(lái)出售產(chǎn)品，不致于因信息不通暢造成多個(gè)價(jià)格并存現(xiàn)象。3、完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)需求曲線和

2、收益曲線 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)中，單個(gè)廠商面對(duì)的是一條具有完全彈性的、水平的需求曲線d ，由于在完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)上，廠商總是按一個(gè)既定的價(jià)格出售產(chǎn)品，因此，廠商平均每出售一個(gè)單位產(chǎn)品所得到的收益即平均收益和增加一個(gè)單位產(chǎn)品增加的總收益即邊際收益與價(jià)格相等，即廠商的需求曲線d、邊際收益曲線mr、平均收益曲線ar重合，即parmrd， 如下圖：4、 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商短期均衡 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)上，廠商短期均衡條件是邊際收益等于短期邊際成本，即mrsmc；廠商達(dá)到短期均衡時(shí)的盈虧狀況取決于均衡時(shí)價(jià)格p與短期平均成本曲線sac之間的關(guān)系：若psac則可獲超額利潤(rùn)(圖1)，若psac則虧損(圖3)，若psac則有正常利潤(rùn)(圖

3、2)；虧損狀態(tài)下，廠商繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)的條件是：價(jià)格大于或等于短期平均可變成本，即psavc ，這時(shí)廠商能收回全部可變成本(圖4) (圖5)。5、 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)供給曲線 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件下，廠商短期供給曲線s就是其邊際成本曲線，是一條向右上方傾斜的曲線，即短期邊際成本曲線smc上大于或等于平均可變成本曲線savc最低點(diǎn)以上的部分。如圖所示，假定p4與savc相切，則根據(jù)mr=mc(即p=smc)原則，可確定與e1、e2、e3、e4相對(duì)應(yīng)的最佳產(chǎn)量為q1、q2、q3、q4。smc曲線上的e1、e2、e3、e4表明不同價(jià)格條件下相對(duì)應(yīng)的最佳產(chǎn)量之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，即在不同價(jià)格水平條件下，廠商可供應(yīng)的最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量。所以sm

4、c曲線就是廠商短期供給曲線s，即s=smc完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商短期均衡條件，psavc虧損狀態(tài)下，廠商繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)，廠商能收回全部可變成本，即psavc時(shí)廠商停產(chǎn)，所以，完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商的短期供給曲線s是mac上大于或等于平均savc最底點(diǎn)以上的部分， macsavc, s=smc,故ssavc,即smc位于savc的之上的部分。完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商的短期供給曲線表明，廠商在每一個(gè)價(jià)格水平的供給量是能夠帶來(lái)最大利潤(rùn)或最小虧損的最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量；同時(shí)，向右上方傾斜的供給曲線表明產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和供給量之間成同方向變化。6、完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)長(zhǎng)期均衡 在長(zhǎng)期中，所有生產(chǎn)要素的數(shù)量都是中變的，廠商就可以通過(guò)調(diào)整自身的規(guī)模或改變行業(yè)中廠商的數(shù)量來(lái)消除

5、虧損，或瓜分超額利潤(rùn)，最后超額利潤(rùn)為0，實(shí)現(xiàn)新的均衡，即長(zhǎng)期均衡。 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)長(zhǎng)期均衡的條件:由于資源可以自由流動(dòng)，廠商可以自由的進(jìn)入或者退出行業(yè)，因此長(zhǎng)期的調(diào)整過(guò)程使得廠商既不虧損也不盈利，同時(shí)廠商又不存在超額利潤(rùn)時(shí)為止。這時(shí)廠商失去了進(jìn)入或退出該行業(yè)的動(dòng)力，行業(yè)內(nèi)每個(gè)廠商都實(shí)現(xiàn)了長(zhǎng)期均衡。完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商的長(zhǎng)期供給曲線是大于長(zhǎng)期平均成本曲線lac最低點(diǎn)的那一段長(zhǎng)期邊際成本曲線lmc，是一條向右上方傾斜的曲線。完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商長(zhǎng)期均衡的條件為：p=mr=lmc=smc=lac=sac。完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期供給曲線不是將行業(yè)內(nèi)各廠商的長(zhǎng)期供給曲線簡(jiǎn)單相加，而是根據(jù)廠商進(jìn)入或退出某一行業(yè)時(shí)，行業(yè)產(chǎn)量變化

6、對(duì)生產(chǎn)要素價(jià)格所可能產(chǎn)生的影響，分三種情況：成本不變行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期供給曲線是一條水平曲線，表明行業(yè)可根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求變化而調(diào)整其產(chǎn)量供給，但市場(chǎng)價(jià)格保持在原來(lái)lac曲線最低點(diǎn)水平；成本遞增行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期供給曲線是斜率為正的曲線，表明行業(yè)根據(jù)市場(chǎng)供求調(diào)整其產(chǎn)量水平時(shí)，市場(chǎng)價(jià)格會(huì)隨之同方向變動(dòng)；成本遞減行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期供給曲線是一條斜率為負(fù)的曲線，表明行業(yè)根據(jù)市場(chǎng)供求調(diào)整其產(chǎn)量時(shí)，市場(chǎng)價(jià)格會(huì)隨之成反方向變動(dòng)。虧損部分廠商退出行業(yè)行業(yè)供給下降產(chǎn)品價(jià)格上升廠商盈利情況改善； 盈利廠商進(jìn)入供給增加產(chǎn)品價(jià)格下降盈利情況惡化。 二、完全壟斷條件下的廠商均衡及與完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件下的比較1、完全壟斷含義和形成條件完全壟斷是指整個(gè)行業(yè)

7、中只有一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。2、完全壟斷結(jié)構(gòu)形成的主要條件：（1）、廠商即行業(yè)，整個(gè)行業(yè)中只有一個(gè)廠商提供全行業(yè)所需要的全部產(chǎn)品；（2）、廠商所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品沒(méi)有任何替代品，不受任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的威脅；（3）、其他廠商幾乎不可能進(jìn)入該行業(yè)。在這些假設(shè)條件下，市場(chǎng)中完全沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的對(duì)手，廠商可以控制和操縱價(jià)格。這與完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的含義和形成條件是不同的。3、 成因?qū)Y源的獨(dú)占、專利權(quán)、政府的特許、自然壟斷4、 完全壟斷需求曲線和收益曲線完全壟斷廠商所面臨的需求曲線就是整個(gè)市場(chǎng)的需求曲線，是一條向右下方傾斜的曲線。廠商的平均收益ar隨產(chǎn)品銷量的增加而不斷減少，ar與廠商面臨的需求曲線d重疊。與此同時(shí)，廠商從每增加一

8、個(gè)單位產(chǎn)量銷售中所得到的邊際收益mr也是背叛的，且在每一個(gè)銷量下，都小于平均收益ar,即mr位于ar的下方。這是因?yàn)樵趍pmr,所以，隨著向右下方傾斜的需求曲線位移，價(jià)格和產(chǎn)量之間不存在那種一一對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，因此不存在有規(guī)律性的供給曲線。7、完全壟斷長(zhǎng)期均衡完全壟斷行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期均衡是以擁有超額利潤(rùn)為特征的，這與完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行業(yè)以超額利潤(rùn)或虧損為零是不同的。完全壟斷廠商長(zhǎng)期均衡的條件是：mrlmcsmc，這與完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商長(zhǎng)期均衡條件相比，沒(méi)有mrlacsac。8、完全壟斷與完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的異同 市場(chǎng)類型比較內(nèi)容完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)完全壟斷不同點(diǎn)定義競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不受任何阻礙和干擾整個(gè)行業(yè)中只有一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者形成條件產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量相同，買(mǎi)者、賣(mài)

9、者極多獨(dú)家經(jīng)營(yíng)，別無(wú)其它需求曲線平行于橫軸向右下方傾斜供給曲線向右上方傾斜存在有規(guī)律性的供給曲線均衡條件短期mrsmcmrsmc長(zhǎng)期ar=acmrlmclac=smc=sacmrlmcsmc通常是盈利ar和lac關(guān)系ar和lac最低點(diǎn)相切ar和lac相割mr和 ar關(guān)系mr和 ar重疊mr在ar左下方相同點(diǎn)都必須遵循利潤(rùn)最大化即mr=mc原則安排產(chǎn)量短期時(shí)都面臨著盈利虧損和盈虧平衡的可能短期時(shí)都面臨著盈利虧損和盈虧平衡的可能winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over engl

10、and, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool

11、 match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in

12、 the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend,

13、said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i h

14、ave asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european

15、 footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborte

16、d.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move throu

17、gh the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as

18、 he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught co

19、ld in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be c

20、lassed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the u