【高考英語一輪復習】第二講 厘清句子成分和基本句型

1、第二講厘清句子成分和基本句型1句子成分的分類及用法2.八種基本句型3.用基本句型正確造句組篇一、句子成分構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主語和謂語；次要成分：賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語。考點1主語習慣于發(fā)號施令，偶爾也會被趕下臺1.定義：主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。主語是謂語動作或狀態(tài)的執(zhí)行者。主語一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、從句或名詞化形容詞等充當。當變成被動語態(tài)時，主語就被“趕下臺”。 2位置：主語一般位于句首，但若不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)、名詞性從句作主語， 常用it作形式主語，則把真正的主語

2、放在句后?？键c2謂語堅決服從主語“領(lǐng)導”，執(zhí)行命令雷厲風行謂語置于主語之后，描述主語所發(fā)出的動作或主語具有的特征或狀態(tài)。常用作謂語的主要有動詞和動詞短語等。謂語有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化。謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要相互照應，即主謂一致。寫出加黑部分在句中所做的成分The little girl smiled happily.謂語She takes part in all kinds of afterschool activities.謂語The girl can speak Chinese and Russian.主語What he said at the meeting is reasonab

3、le.主語I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside.謂語The water is clean in our hometown.謂語I can hear birds singing in the green trees.謂語It is impossible for him to pass the test.主語考點3賓語一直受到壓迫，有時“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”1.定義：賓語是動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當于名詞的詞或短語或從句來充當，它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什么，通常放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。有時會有雙賓語。在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中

4、才會“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”。2形式賓語：不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)、名詞性從句作賓語， 常用it作形式賓語，則把真正的賓語放在句后。考點4賓語補足語始終寄人籬下，永遠成不了“主人”1.定義：賓語補足語簡稱賓補，是對賓語進行補充說明的句子成分，一般放在賓語之后。常用作賓補的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等。“賓語賓語補足語”可統(tǒng)稱為“復合賓語”。2復合賓語(賓語賓語補足語)的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)注釋例句賓語名詞常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：name，call，make，find，think，leave等。We call him Peter.They made her their moni

5、tor.賓語形容詞常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：keep，think，believe，leave，drive，make，get，want等。We cant leave him alone.She always keeps our classroom clean.賓語副詞常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的副詞有：down，up，here，there，home，in，out，anywhere等。My uncle drove us home.When getting there，she found him out.賓語介詞短語介詞短語作賓補常表示其邏輯主語(即賓語)所處的狀態(tài)，兩者有主表的關(guān)系。We found everyth

6、ing in good order.I regard him as my best friend.賓語不定式三種情況：要求帶to的不定式；要求不帶to的不定式；加to或不加to皆可The farmer asked us to have dinner.She helps her mother (to) do housework.賓語現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，此時的賓語即為現(xiàn)在分詞邏輯上的主語，與賓補有著主謂關(guān)系I saw her playing on the playground.I heard Tom singing in the classroom.賓語過去分詞賓語和賓補之間是被動關(guān)系，過去分

7、詞表示被動和完成I had my watch stolen yesterday.She spoke loudly to make herself heard.形式賓語形容詞不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)、名詞性從句作賓語，常用it作形式賓語He found it impossible to rise.I think it no use arguing with her.【名師指津】句型“主語賓語賓語補足語”改為被動語態(tài)時，賓語補足語就變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語?？键c5表語最會察言觀色，就看“主子臉色”1.表語位于連系動詞后，用來說明主語的身份、特征、狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、職業(yè)、數(shù)量、處所等。2常見的系動詞主要有：(

8、1)“狀態(tài)”類：be(am，is，are，was，were)(2)“持續(xù)”類：keep，stay，remain，lie等(3)“表象”類：seem，appear等(4)“感官”類：look，sound，smell，taste，feel(5)“漸變”類：grow，turn，get，go，become，come，fall(6)“證明”類：prove3常用作表語的有：名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、表語從句等。(1)形容詞作表語You look younger than before.(2)名詞作表語 My father is a teacher.(3)副詞作表語 Ever

9、yone is here.(4)介詞短語作表語 They are at the theatre.(5)不定式作表語 My job is to teach them English.(6)動名詞作表語 Her job is training the nurses.(7)從句作表語 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.補全句子 He doesnt like swimming (喜歡游泳) He seemed worried about it(似乎為那件事?lián)? Mother bought me a shirt yesterday(昨天給我買了

10、一件襯衫) The doctor advised me to take/do more exercise(勸我多鍛煉) I heard Mary singing in her room(在她房間里正在唱歌).考點6定語鞍前馬后搞服務，全心全意勤務兵1.定語是用于對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子。單個詞作定語時常放在被修飾詞之前(前置定語)，而短語或從句作定語時，往往放在被修飾詞之后(后置定語)。2常用作定語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動名詞、動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、定語從句等。(1)形容詞作定語The black bike is mine.(2)代詞作定語

11、Whats your name?(3)名詞作定語They made some paper flowers.(4)介詞短語作定語The boys in the room are in Class Three，Grade One.(5)不定式作定語I have no time to travel in spring.(6)從句作定語The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.(7)過去分詞作定語There are fallen leaves on the ground.考點7狀語行蹤飄忽不定，卻對動詞“情有獨鐘”1.狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短

12、語或整個句子，用來表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、比較、伴隨等。狀語一般放在句末，但有時也可以放在句首、句中。2狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞短語、不定式、狀語從句或相當于副詞的詞或短語來充當。He did it carefully.(副詞用作程度狀語)Without his help, we couldnt have worked it out.(介詞短語用作條件狀語)To catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(不定式作目的狀語)The girls entered the room, talking

13、 and laughing.(現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語)When I was young, I could swim well.(時間狀語從句)He helped me although he didnt know me. (讓步狀語從句)考點8同位語總是玩失蹤，特殊場合還是顯露原形同位語用于對名詞或代詞的進一步解釋說明，且與其前面的名詞或代詞在語法上處于同等的地位，常位于名詞或代詞之后。常用作同位語的有名詞、名詞短語、數(shù)詞、代詞、同位語從句等。單句語法填空A boy entered the room, crying_(cry)She listened to me carefully_(carefu

14、l) while we were talking.The girl who/that is wearing a red dress is my cousin.He told me the news that our team won the game.The fact that Columbus discovered America is known to all.二、基本句型常見的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有八種：主語謂語；主語連系動詞表語；主語謂語賓語；主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語；主語謂語賓語賓語補足語；主語謂語狀語；主語謂語賓語狀語；存現(xiàn)句。The door opened.(SV)門開了。She teach

15、es English.(SVO)她教英語。The flower smells sweet.(SP)這朵花聞起來很香。Mr Smith lent me his car.(S V IO DO)Mr Smith lent his car to me.史密斯先生把他的車借給了我。The news made us very surprised.(SVOC)這消息使我們很吃驚。They lived in Beijing.(SVA)他們住在北京。She put all the books on the desk.(SVOA)她把所有的書都放在桌上了。There is a small pool at the

16、foot of the mountain.山腳下有一個小池塘。(存現(xiàn)句)【名師指津】1S V IO DO句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以是：“主謂間賓直賓”或“主謂直賓to/for間賓”。2There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，There在該結(jié)構(gòu)中是個引導詞，本身無詞義。動詞be是謂語，有時態(tài)變化，也可與情態(tài)動詞連用。動詞be要和后面的就近的主語取得單復數(shù)方面的一致。3分辨S V IO DO和S V O C訣竅：如果賓語與其后的成分之間存在著邏輯上的主謂或主表關(guān)系，則該動詞接的是復合賓語，否則就是雙賓語。根據(jù)句型知識，選擇正確答案“The news makes me feel very happy.” The structu

17、re of this sentence is“_”ASVO BSV CSVPDSVOCThe sentence structure of “The high temperature makes people sleepy.” is _ASVP BSVOC CSVODSV IO DOWhats the sentence structure of “She found her seat easily.”？ASV BSVP CSVOADSVOCThe sentence “Mum bought me some nice presents” is _ .ASVP BSVOC CSV IO DODSVO答

18、案DBCC.分析下列句子的成分(主語“_”；謂語“”；賓語“”； 表語“”；賓補“” ; 狀語“”)1Shesmiled2The_expert could speak several languages as she was young3Mary showed me her birthday present4Finally, setting_goals makes you more confident5Goals are important in many ways6You should listen more carefully 7Aunt_Wang helped me in many wa

19、ys8._Beijing,_the_capital_of_China,_is a beautiful city.單句寫作1賽跑在上午9點開始。The_race_began_at_9：00_am.2他賺了很多錢。He_earned_a_lot_of_money.3我的朋友約翰英語很好。My_friend_John_is_good_at_English.4她建議我多做體育鍛煉。She_advised_me_to_take_more_physical_exercise.5老師給了我們一些關(guān)于如何保護自己不受傷害的建議。The_teacher_gave_us_some_instructions/adv

20、ice/suggestions_on_how_to_protect_ourselves_from_injury.語法填空(2021濟南市高三5月模擬試題)Battling coronavirus is an experience that will forever stay in my mind.I had what was considered a mild case, but even in its weakest form, this virus was 1._ (violence) and cruel.My husband, Louis, and I have been trying

21、to figure out where we first came into contact 2._ the virus, and we think it was the Friday night when we went out 3._ (celebrate) his sisters birthday in early March.We went to a Mexican restaurant, 4._ we shared lots of laughs and food.We didnt think anything of it at the time.5._ (look) back now

22、, we think that must have been the start of it all.Sharing food and drinks 6._ (be) one of the everyday habits that should change forever after coronavirus.Louis began showing symptoms on Monday, but we assumed it was 7._ typical cold.It didnt seem a cause for concern.Then it took 8._(I) down.The doctor was certain I would test positive for coronavirus, but gave me the option to test 9._ I wanted to know for sure.I opted to be tested.Now that I 10._ (recover), Im sharing my story because I want people to take this situation seriously.We have to fight this battle together and we have to win.【語