設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)可以定位概要精編版

1、2021/8/32The story of the summer project 設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)可以定位，描述以及辨認(rèn)環(huán)境中所有物體及它們彼此間距離與關(guān)係的裝置，同時(shí)，這個(gè)裝置還要能不受路上的障礙物影響，從一個(gè)定點(diǎn)移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)定點(diǎn) 加分題如果可以讓這個(gè)裝置產(chǎn)生意識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)（如一般人看到某個(gè)場(chǎng)景時(shí)的感受），就可以加分2021/8/33 警告：這是個(gè)很困難的問(wèn)題，即使世界頂尖的電腦科學(xué)家都還無(wú)法解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題 1966, Marvin Minsky將發(fā)展一個(gè)電腦視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)當(dāng)作暑假作業(yè)，assign給一個(gè)大學(xué)部同學(xué)做 HISTORY of AI 戳破了一般人認(rèn)為知覺(jué)是很簡(jiǎn)單的歷程的想法 1982, D Marr根

2、據(jù)對(duì)腦的知識(shí)，發(fā)展出一套視覺(jué)消息處理的模式 19911994, David van Essen發(fā)現(xiàn)恆河猴皮質(zhì)區(qū)域有一半以上為視覺(jué)區(qū)（32個(gè)），且彼此密切相連結(jié)2021/8/34 提示提示 人與其他生物對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題都有很好的解決方案：人與其他生物對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題都有很好的解決方案：他們運(yùn)用兩個(gè)富含感光物質(zhì)的球狀偵測(cè)器來(lái)感他們運(yùn)用兩個(gè)富含感光物質(zhì)的球狀偵測(cè)器來(lái)感光，頭的兩側(cè)還有兩個(gè)具有可擺動(dòng)纖毛的偵測(cè)光，頭的兩側(cè)還有兩個(gè)具有可擺動(dòng)纖毛的偵測(cè)器，皮膚有各種形狀的壓力偵測(cè)器，還有化學(xué)器，皮膚有各種形狀的壓力偵測(cè)器，還有化學(xué)偵測(cè)器來(lái)偵測(cè)氣體與固體的氣味偵測(cè)器來(lái)偵測(cè)氣體與固體的氣味 偵測(cè)器所察覺(jué)的刺激還需要一個(gè)複

3、雜的電腦加偵測(cè)器所察覺(jué)的刺激還需要一個(gè)複雜的電腦加以分析，人類所使用的電腦是一個(gè)具有十以分析，人類所使用的電腦是一個(gè)具有十億個(gè)神經(jīng)單元的裝置，我們雖然知道它們億個(gè)神經(jīng)單元的裝置，我們雖然知道它們 彼彼此有密切聯(lián)繫，但還有很多未知之處此有密切聯(lián)繫，但還有很多未知之處 next 2021/8/35MODERN HISTORY of AI (before 1966) /AITopics/bbhist.html1956John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence as the topic of the D

4、artmouth Conference, the first conference devoted to the subject. Demonstration of the first running AI program, the Logic Theorist (LT) written by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert Simon (Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University).1957The General Problem Solver (GPS) demons

5、trated by Newell, Shaw & Simon.1952-62Arthur Samuel (IBM) wrote the first game-playing program, for checkers, 2021/8/361962 First industrial robot company, Unimation, founded.1963 Thomas Evans program, ANALOGY, written as part of his PhD work at MIT, demonstrated that computers can solve the same an

6、alogy problems as are given on IQ tests. 1964 Danny Bobrows dissertation at MIT (tech.report #1 from MITs AI group, Project MAC), shows that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.2021/8/371965 J. Alan Robinson invented a mechanical proof proce

7、dure, the Resolution Method, which allowed programs to work efficiently with formal logic as a representation language. Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT) built ELIZA, an interactive program that carries on a dialogue in English on any topic. It was a popular toy at AI centers on the ARPA-net when a version th

8、at simulated the dialogue of a psychotherapist was programmed. http:/ back2021/8/38知覺(jué)是一個(gè)歷程知覺(jué)是一個(gè)歷程2021/8/39 刺激 遠(yuǎn)端刺激(Distal stimulus) vs. 近端刺激(Proximal stimulus) 物體本身 vs.物體在接受器上的影像 環(huán)境刺激 (environmental stimulus) vs. 注意刺激(attended stimulus) vs. 受器上的刺激 (stimulus on the receptor)2021/8/310Figure 1.2 (a) W

9、e take the woods as the starting point for our description of the perceptual process. Everything in the woods is the environmental stimulus. (b) Ellen focuses on the moth, which becomes the attended stimulus.2021/8/311 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)(transduction)：一種能量的形式轉(zhuǎn)變成另一種能量的形式 神經(jīng)處理(Neural processing) Figure 1.3 (a) Transd

10、uction occurs when the receptors create electrical energy in response to the light. (b) Tranmission occurs as one neuron activates the next one. (c) This electrical energy is processed through networks of neurons.2021/8/312Transmission vs. ProcessingFigure 1.5 (a) Ellen has conscious perception of t

11、he moth. (b) She recognizes the moth. (c) She takes action by walking toward the tree to get a better view.2021/8/314知覺(jué)歷程知覺(jué)歷程(cont.)(cont.) 知覺(jué)：看到物體具有意識(shí)的感官經(jīng)驗(yàn) 辨認(rèn)(Recognition):將物體分門別類，賦予意義 eg. 失認(rèn)癥 行動(dòng)(Action)：知覺(jué)的結(jié)果，但也會(huì)創(chuàng)造新的知覺(jué) 知覺(jué)在演化上的功能可能不在獲得知覺(jué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)本身,而是在協(xié)助動(dòng)物獵捕,避免被獵捕,控制運(yùn)動(dòng)方向etc. (Goodale, 1995) 知識(shí)(knowledge):

12、將儲(chǔ)存在記憶中的知識(shí)用在知覺(jué)與辨認(rèn) 由上而下(top-down)或以知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)（knowledge-based） vs. 由下而上(bottom-up)或以資料為基礎(chǔ)（data-based）的歷程2021/8/315Figure 1.6 Perception is determined by an interaction between bottom-up processing, which starts with the image of the receptors, and top-down processing, which brings the observers knowledge

13、into play. In this example, (a) the image of the moth on Ellens retina initiates bottom-up processing, and (b) her prior knowledge of moths contributes to top-down processing.2021/8/316Figure 1.5, page 8Rat-manCopyright 2002 Wadsworth Group. Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division

14、 of Thomson LearningAdapted from “The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets,” by B. R. Bugelski and D. A. Alampay, 1961, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 15, 205-211. Copyright 1961 by the Canadian Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission.2021/8/317Figure 1.7, page 10Rat-manCopy

15、right 2002 Wadsworth Group. Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson LearningAdapted from “The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets,” by B. R. Bugelski and D. A. Alampay, 1961, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 15, 205-211. Copyright 1961 by the Canadian Psychol

16、ogical Association. Reprinted with permission.2021/8/318Figure 1.9, page 12Rat-manCopyright 2002 Wadsworth Group. Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson LearningAdapted from “The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets,” by B. R. Bugelski and D. A. Alampay, 196

17、1, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 15, 205-211. Copyright 1961 by the Canadian Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission.2021/8/319Figure 1.7, page 10Rat-manCopyright 2002 Wadsworth Group. Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson LearningAdapted from “The Role

18、 of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets,” by B. R. Bugelski and D. A. Alampay, 1961, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 15, 205-211. Copyright 1961 by the Canadian Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission.2021/8/320歷史及科學(xué)的根源歷史及科學(xué)的根源 哲學(xué) 亞里斯多德(384-322BC) ：所有外在環(huán)境的知識(shí)是透過(guò)感官經(jīng)驗(yàn)而獲得 五種感官:視、聽(tīng)、味、嗅、觸

19、 經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義（十七世紀(jì)早期 洛克(1632-1704)：心智的內(nèi)涵是感覺(jué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總和。 Berkeley (1685-1753)If a tree falls in the forest but no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?2021/8/321 物理/生理學(xué) 在十八世紀(jì)，感覺(jué)/知覺(jué)的問(wèn)題與生理學(xué)及物理學(xué)的問(wèn)題不容易被區(qū)隔。 直到十九世紀(jì)早期，光學(xué)的研究仍與視知覺(jué)研究混為一談 何以產(chǎn)生知覺(jué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)是物理學(xué)的初始問(wèn)題, 而光線 就是用以解釋視覺(jué)的一個(gè)概念 Thomas Young (1773-1829):物理學(xué)家，色彩知覺(jué)2021/8

20、/322 Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)物理學(xué)家，色彩知覺(jué) Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) 生理學(xué)家，色彩知覺(jué) Ernst Mach (1838-1916)物理學(xué)家，視覺(jué)對(duì)比 Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920) 醫(yī)學(xué)與生理學(xué) Sensation and perception as interdisciplinary science2021/8/323知覺(jué)研究知覺(jué)研究 分析層次(level of analysis) 心理物理(psychophysics)層次 知覺(jué)與環(huán)境物理刺激的關(guān)係 生理學(xué)(physiology)層次

21、刺激與生理歷程關(guān)係 知覺(jué)與生理歷程關(guān)係認(rèn)知因認(rèn)知因子子 (知識(shí)，期待知識(shí)，期待)2021/8/324PP - 心理物理學(xué)（心理物理學(xué)（psychophysics）PH1, PH2 生理學(xué)（生理學(xué)（physiology）2021/8/3252021/8/326知覺(jué)要如何測(cè)量？知覺(jué)要如何測(cè)量？ 對(duì)於刺激的知覺(jué)反應(yīng)有幾種方式 描述 今天中午，學(xué)校餐廳有很多人 用現(xiàn)象學(xué)方法（phenomenological method） 知覺(jué)研究的開(kāi)始 辨認(rèn) -那個(gè)拿著涼麵的人是小玉 刺激辨認(rèn)分類作業(yè)2021/8/327 偵測(cè) 感受到幾乎無(wú)法察覺(jué)的刺激層面，嗅出教室中一絲新油漆的味道 絕對(duì)閾(absolute th

22、reshold) 偵測(cè)刺激所需的最小刺激能量 Gustav Fechner在19世紀(jì)發(fā)展出多種古典心理物理學(xué)方法, 有三種測(cè)量絕對(duì)閾的方式 極限法(method of limits) 上升/下降系列 取交叉點(diǎn)的平均值 CDROM demo 調(diào)整法(method of adjustment) 固定刺激法(method of constant stimuli)2021/8/328Figure 1.10 The results of an experiment to determine the threshold using the method of limits. The dashed lines indicate the crossover point for each sequence of stimuli. The threshold - the average of the crossover values - is 98.5 in this experiment.2021/8/329Figure 1.11 Results