電大【實(shí)用衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)】第三次作業(yè)答案參考小抄

1、專業(yè)好文檔實(shí)用衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)行考冊作業(yè)3答案一、 名詞解釋1、 四格表資料：兩個(gè)樣本率的資料又稱為四格表資料，在四格表資料中連個(gè)樣本的實(shí)際發(fā)生頻數(shù)和實(shí)際未發(fā)生頻數(shù)為基本數(shù)據(jù)，其他數(shù)據(jù)可由這四個(gè)基本數(shù)據(jù)推算出來。2、 參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)：是一種要求樣本來自總體分布型是已知的（如正態(tài)分布），在這種假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上，對總體參數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷的假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)。3、 非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)：是一種不依賴總體分布類型，也不對總體參數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷的假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)。4、 直線相關(guān)系數(shù)：它是說明具有直線關(guān)系的兩個(gè)變量間，相關(guān)關(guān)系的密切程度與相關(guān)方向的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)。相關(guān)系數(shù)沒有單位，取值范圍是，r的絕對值越大說明兩變量關(guān)系越密切5、 完全負(fù)相關(guān)：這是一種極為特

2、殊的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系，從散點(diǎn)圖上可以看出，有x與y構(gòu)成的散點(diǎn)完全分布在一條直線上，x增加，y相應(yīng)減少，算得得相關(guān)系數(shù)r=-1。二、 填空題：1、 n，p，1-p，np，n（1-p）2、 。3、 任何，嚴(yán)重偏態(tài)分布的資料，分布不明。4、 散點(diǎn)圖，直線相關(guān)系數(shù)5、 直線相關(guān)，直線回歸分析三、 選擇題1、a 2、d 3、b 4、b 5、d 6、b 7、c 8、b 9、d 10、b四、簡答題1、答：數(shù)學(xué)上的函數(shù)關(guān)系式y(tǒng)=a+bx,是表示變量x與y是嚴(yán)格意義上的一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系。每一個(gè)x值，都會(huì)有一個(gè)確定并唯一的y值與之對應(yīng)，在坐標(biāo)系中，所有的點(diǎn)（x，y）形成一條直線。而統(tǒng)計(jì)中的回歸式，其因變量是y的估計(jì)值，它的

3、數(shù)值大小與實(shí)際的y值是存在一定差距的。從散點(diǎn)圖來看，所有的點(diǎn)(x,y)不是全部落在回歸直線上，而只能是圍繞七均勻的分布。2、答： 直線回歸系數(shù)r是說明具有直線關(guān)系的兩個(gè)變量詞，相關(guān)關(guān)系的密切程度與相關(guān)方向的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)?？傮w相關(guān)系數(shù)用表示，樣本相關(guān)系數(shù)用r表示，r是的估計(jì)值。相關(guān)關(guān)系沒有單位，取值范圍是。r值為正，表示兩變量呈正相關(guān)，x與y變化趨勢是正向的。r的值為負(fù)表示兩變量呈負(fù)相關(guān)，x與y呈反向變化，通常r的值越大，表示兩變量相關(guān)關(guān)系越密切。 直線回歸系數(shù)b即回歸直線的斜率，b0表示直線從左下方走向右上方，y隨x增大而增大；b0表示直線從左上方走向右下方，y隨x增大而減??；b=0則直線與x軸平

4、行，x與y無直線關(guān)系。b的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義是x沒增（減）一個(gè)單位，y平均改變b個(gè)單位。3、答：（1）四格表檢驗(yàn)的適用條件1）當(dāng)且所有時(shí)，用檢驗(yàn)的基本公式或四格表專用公式。2）當(dāng)?shù)袝r(shí)，需用四格表檢驗(yàn)的校正公式。3）若，或時(shí)，需用確切概率計(jì)算法。（2）配對資料卡方檢驗(yàn)適用于同一實(shí)體對象實(shí)驗(yàn)前后比較、同一樣本用兩種方法檢驗(yàn)以及配對的兩個(gè)受試對象接受兩種不同處理等。當(dāng)時(shí)需用校正公式。(3)行列表資料的卡方檢驗(yàn)適用條件：不宜有1/5以上格子數(shù)的理論頻數(shù)小于5，或有1個(gè)格子的理論數(shù)小于1.4、答：區(qū)別在于：（1）參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)要求樣本來自正態(tài)總體，而非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)則不對總體分布有任何要求；（2）參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)是對總體參數(shù)（如

5、總體均數(shù)）進(jìn)行的檢驗(yàn)，而非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)考察的是總體的分布情況。 參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能充分利用所提供的信息，檢驗(yàn)效率較高。缺點(diǎn)是對樣本所對應(yīng)的總體分布有比較嚴(yán)格的要求，因此適用資料有限。非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不受總體分布類型的限制，適用于任何分布的資料。其缺點(diǎn)是不直接對原始數(shù)據(jù)作檢驗(yàn)，從而有可能會(huì)損失信息并降低其檢驗(yàn)效率。5、答：（1）計(jì)數(shù)資料可進(jìn)行總體率的參數(shù)估計(jì)及樣本率（或構(gòu)成比）比較的假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)（2）計(jì)量資料可進(jìn)行總體均數(shù)的參數(shù)估計(jì)，樣本均數(shù)比較的假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)，秩和檢驗(yàn)，直線相關(guān)分析和直線回歸分析等（3）等級資料可進(jìn)行等級資料秩和檢驗(yàn)，等級相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)等。6、答：（1）建立檢驗(yàn)假設(shè)差值總體中位數(shù)為0差值總體中

6、位數(shù)不為0（2）計(jì)算統(tǒng)計(jì)量t依差值的絕對值從小到大編秩，并按差值的正負(fù)分列兩欄。編秩時(shí)遇差值為0，則舍去不予編秩，同時(shí)在總秩序中要相應(yīng)減去零的個(gè)數(shù)。如果遇到絕對值相等的差值時(shí)，對符號相同且絕對值相等的差值順序編秩，符號相反且絕對值相等的差值取平均秩次，再在秩次之前帶上原差值的正負(fù)號。編完秩次后分別求正負(fù)秩次總和，取絕對值最小者為檢驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)量t。（3）確定p值和做出統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)論（查附表5）五、計(jì)算題1、(1)計(jì)數(shù)資料；是四個(gè)表資料；四個(gè)基本數(shù)據(jù)是（2）宜用四格表檢驗(yàn)方法。適用條件見教材100頁。（3）由于患者未患病新21618舊112132133750由于，所以15,宜用校正公式7.6，v=（2-1）

7、（2-1）=12.140.05尚不能認(rèn)為兩組工人皮炎患病率有差別。2、（1）完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)；計(jì)量型（2）t檢驗(yàn)，方差分析要求樣本來自于正態(tài)分布，且兩總體方差相等。 完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)秩和檢驗(yàn)對分布無要求。（3）鉛作業(yè)工人（1） 秩次 非鉛作業(yè)（2） 秩次 1.05 12 0.34 3 0.97 11 0.22 1 1.35 16 0.54 5 0.89 9 0.54 6 1.87 20 0.29 2 1.56 19 0.56 7 1.34 15 0.45 4 1.22 14 0.76 8 1.38 17 0.94 10 1.45 18 1.10 13 t1=151 t2=59 ，所以t=59，查表，可

8、得范圍是78132所以p0.05,即兩組工人的血鉛含量不同。3、（1）計(jì)量資料；配對設(shè)計(jì)（2）配對t檢驗(yàn)差值服從正態(tài)分布配對設(shè)計(jì)的符號秩和檢驗(yàn)對分布無要求（3），n=10，查表，得t的范圍是847，t=0不在范圍847內(nèi)，所以消毒前后沒升水中的細(xì)菌總數(shù)有差別。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at fu

9、ll-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competit

10、ions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chanc

11、e of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head

12、of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i w

13、ould like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the refe

14、rees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an importa

15、nt role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather

16、lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbule

17、nce.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manches

18、ter.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnot