高考總復(fù)習(xí)之短文改錯學(xué)案(無答案)

1、短文改錯一、考情分析二、命題趨勢1選題特點：高考英語短文改錯涉及詞匯、語法、句型結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的知識和邏輯情理的推斷和綜合辨析，是一種在較高層次上考查考生對英語知識的掌握和語言綜合運用能力的測試題型。2考點類型：在短文改錯題中，占相當(dāng)大比例的是動詞的形式變化，如一般現(xiàn)在時的第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞及被動語態(tài)等。其他如名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的變化、主謂一致、詞與詞之間的搭配、詞法、句法及語篇中的行文邏輯等方面的錯誤也會交替出現(xiàn)。短文改錯以記敘文為主；句子結(jié)構(gòu)由以簡單句為主逐漸過渡到以復(fù)合句為主。學(xué)生在平時的寫作中常出現(xiàn)的錯誤是短文改錯考查的重點。三、真題研究A 例 (2018 課標(biāo)全國卷

2、 )During my last winter holiday ， I went to countryside with myfather to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there， they wereliving in a small house with dogs， ducks， and another animals. Last winter when I went hereagain， they had a big separate house to raise do

3、zens of chicken. They also had a small pondwhich they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.I felthappily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip ， I told my father that I planned toreturn for every two years ， but he agreed.B(2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 )In t

4、he summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took drivinglessons. I still remember how hard first day was. Before getting into the car, I thought I hadlearned the instructor s orders, so once I started the car, my mind goes blank, I forgot what he hadsaid to me altogether. The instructor kept

5、 repeating the word,“ Speed up!”“ Slow down!left!” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left. A few minutes late,the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in themiddle on the road.C(2016 標(biāo)全國卷課 )My uncle is the owner of a

6、 restaurant close to that 1 live .Though not verybig ,but the restaurant is popular in our area .It is always crowded with customers at mealtimes .Some people even had to wait outside My uncle tells me that the key to his success ishonest. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high qualit

7、y oil are using for cooking.My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time. Instead, he hopesthat our business will grow steady.D(2016 全國 )The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to doduring the holiday. We can chose between staying at ho

8、me and take a trip. If we stay at home, it iscomfortable but there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world.If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get frombooks. Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest ne

9、arby. I thought that it is a goodidea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.E(2016 國全 )The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were alsothe best and worse years in my life.Atthe first ， I thought I knew everything and could makedecisions by yourself. H

10、owever， my parents didn t seem to thinksuch. They always tell me whatto do and how to do it. At one time ， I ever felt my parents couldn t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. Now I amleaving home to college. At last， I will b

11、e on my own， but I still want to have my parents to turnto whenever need help.F(2016四川高考)It is MotherDaystoday. Though ita swestern festival,itpopulars in Chinanow.Mom has a full time job ， so she has to do most of the houseworks. She is a great mother. BothDad or I planned to do something on Mother

12、We gets upDayearly. in the morning. Dad cleanedthe house， and then went on shopping. When he came back， I found a bunch of flowers in herhand. I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen. The dishes what I cookedwere Mom s favoritest.At dinner， we said to her， “Happy Mother s ！Da

13、y”Mom was gratefuland moving.四、詞法類錯誤技法一動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)誤用1查時態(tài)是否一致動詞時態(tài)的分析主要從兩個角度入手：動作與時間。在解題過程中，要著重分析動作是 “正在進(jìn)行、完成或經(jīng)常性”，時間是 “現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)怼?，由此確定時態(tài)。短文改錯的首句或相關(guān)句也往往起提示作用，且特別注意一些動詞的過去式形式：burn(burnt) ，learn(learnt/learned) ， build(built)， pay(paid) ， feel(felt)， catch(caught) ， hold(held) ，shoot(shot)， eat(ate)， ride(ro

14、de) ， ring(rang) ， sing(sang)， sink(sank)等。2查語態(tài)是否正確動詞的語態(tài)主要分析句子主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系，且特別注意有關(guān)語態(tài)的一些特殊現(xiàn)象，如 be worth doing( 無被動形式 )， need/want/require doing( to be done)(主動形式表被動含義 )。例如：1 (2018課標(biāo)全國卷 )I didnt realize how right my parents are untilI entered highschool._2 (2018課 標(biāo) 全 國 卷 )Itwas Mondaymorning,and the w

15、ritingclass had justbegin._3 (2017課標(biāo)全國卷 改編 )Before getting into the car， I thought I had learned theinstructors orders， but once I started the car， my mind goes blank._4 (2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 改編 )When summer came， they willinvite their students to pickthe fresh vegetables！ _5 (2017標(biāo)全國卷課 )About one month after

16、 this photo was took， I entered my secondyear of high school._技法二非謂語動詞形式誤用(1) 辨別謂語與非謂語動詞。句中已有謂語動詞，若再出現(xiàn)動詞，又沒有并列連詞，就應(yīng)注意考慮非謂語動詞形式。再根據(jù)其在句中所作成分以及邏輯關(guān)系，來判斷其形式是否正確。(2) 作主語或賓語不能用動詞原形，要改為不定式或動名詞形式。牢記后接不定式或動名詞作賓語的動詞。(3) 掌握介賓標(biāo)志。介詞后面一般需要跟名詞或動名詞，高考短文改錯對介詞的判定以及動名詞的使用問題則是“?？?”。以下短語中to 為介詞：be/get/become used to(習(xí)慣于

17、)，be addicted to， devote.to.， be engaged to， pay attentionto， lookforwardto， stick to，when it comes to 等。(4)注意動詞不定式符號to 的多余或缺失。多余：在感官動詞和使役動詞(get 除外 )后面跟不帶to 的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。缺失：有些動詞，如want， decide， plan 等。(5) 分清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別。根據(jù)非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。例如：1 (2018 標(biāo)全國卷課 )But no matter how many times I as

18、ked to watching them， myparents would not to let me._2 (2018 標(biāo)全國卷課 )Everyone was silent， wait to see who would be called upon toread his or her paragraph aloud.Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity._3 (2016 課 標(biāo) 全 國 卷 )IshowedthemIwasindependentbywearstrangeclothes._4 (2

19、015 浙 江 卷 )Ienjoyedsitclosetothewindowsandlookingattheview._5 (2015 川卷四 )Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want sharewith you some of the problems I have been experiencing._技法三形容詞和副詞誤用(1)修飾動詞應(yīng)用副詞而不用形容詞；修飾名詞應(yīng)用形容詞而不用副詞。(2)系動詞后作表語應(yīng)用形容詞而不用副詞。(3)修飾人常用 -ed 形容詞，修飾物常用-ing 形容詞。(4)

20、掌握形容詞、副詞的級表示同級比較時，用as.as原級形式；表示兩者之間的比較(標(biāo)志詞 than)用比較級；表示三者或以上的比較用最高級。比較級的其它注意事項：標(biāo)志詞： than， in the world ， in my class 等。語境中暗含比較級。若形容詞和副詞后面加了-er。前面就不能再用more。有些詞本身就含有最高級含義，不能再用最高級，除favorite 外，還有wonderful ，exhausted 等。有些詞不與than 連用可用于比較，如be senior to 等。1 (2018 課 標(biāo) 全 國 卷 改 編 )I was afraid to speak in fron

21、t of a larger group of people._2 (2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 改編 )It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middleof the road._3 (2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 改編 )I enjoyed studying different kinds of cars and planes ，playingpop music ， and collecting the late music albums._4 (2016 江卷浙 )It was both excited and frighte

22、ning to be up there ！ _5 (2015 浙 江 卷 )On the left- hand side of the class ， I could easy see the footballfield._技法四名詞和冠詞誤用1 區(qū)別可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞(1)可數(shù)名詞前有表示多個的量詞修飾時，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。(2) 不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：information, knowledge, advice,work, homework, fun, furniture, equipment等。(3)有些詞既可用作可數(shù)名詞也可用作不可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)注意具體語境。根據(jù)名詞的修飾

23、詞以及謂語動詞的形式來判定名詞是否可數(shù)。同時要特別關(guān)注“抽象名詞具體化 ”這一詞法現(xiàn)象。surprise 驚訝a surprise 一件 (個 )令人驚訝的事 (消息等 )success成功a success一個 (件 ) 成功的人 (事 )danger 危險a danger 一個 (件 )危險的人物 (事)failure 失敗a failure 一個 (件 )失敗的人 (事 )honor 榮譽(yù)an honor 一個 ( 件)引以為榮的人 (事 )disappointmenta disappointment 一個 (件)令人失望的人 ( 事)失望shock 震驚a shock 一個 ( 件)令

24、人震驚的人 (事 )2.冠詞的運用(1) 以輔音音素開頭的單詞前面用不定冠詞a；以元音音素開頭的單詞前面用不定冠詞an。(2)常用固定搭配必須牢記。例如： all of a sudden ， in a hurry ， pay a visit to ， by the way ， in a word ，to tell the truth ，by accident ，as a result， in a way ， on the whole ， at present， in peace，in advance， by accident， on purpose， by chance， ahead of t

25、ime 等。3 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時不用冠詞例如：1 (2018 課標(biāo)全國卷 改編 )The classroom is a place for learning and that includeslearning from textbooks， and mistake as well._2 (2017課 標(biāo) 全 國 卷 )Besides ， they often get some useful informationsfromtheInternet._3 (2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 )They live far from the school ，and it takes them a

26、bout a hour and a half to go to work every day. _4 (2016 課 標(biāo) 全 國 卷 )My honest._uncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccess is5 (2016 標(biāo)全國卷課 改編 )If we go on a trip abroad ， we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._技法五介詞的誤用“三看 ”選介詞1 看介詞的意義是否通順多注意介詞用法的積累，如表示“具體某一天、某一天的上下午或晚上”用介詞on；表示

27、“幾點鐘 ”用介詞 at；表示 “月份或者年 ”用介詞 in。2 看介詞的搭配是否符合習(xí)慣常考介詞搭配，如at night ， be good at ，do well in ，devote.to.， set out for ， leave for ，insist on， search for ，be famous for ， at the age of， shoot at， with the help of ，focus onesattention on ， be buried in ， get married to 等。3 看相似介詞的區(qū)別是否清晰例如： between 表示 “在兩者之間

28、”， among 表示 “在三者或三者以上之間 ”； besides表示“除了 之外還有 ”，except 表示 “除 之外 ”。詞法錯誤“三要”1要對重要詞類的功能用法做到熟練掌握高考短文改錯在詞法類角度主要涉及名詞(單復(fù)數(shù)、可數(shù)與不可數(shù))，動詞 ( 時態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、情態(tài)動詞)，形容詞和副詞(詞類誤用、原級、比較級和最高級)，介詞和冠詞搭配等內(nèi)容。考生對以上詞類的用法、相關(guān)語法內(nèi)容要做到心中有數(shù)。2要特別關(guān)注改正詞的拼寫在改正過程中尤其注意改正詞的拼寫和選擇，如形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級形式是否需要雙寫最后一個字母，是用不定冠詞a 還是an，某個名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是加-s還是-es，某

29、個形容詞改為副詞時，是去掉最后一個字母再加-ly還是直接加-ly等。3.要對出題點做到心中有數(shù)解決詞法類錯誤的關(guān)鍵在于熟練掌握相關(guān)詞類的易考點?？忌熘涛母腻e的出題點，對實虛詞的考查角度了如指掌。如動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、形容詞與副詞的誤用、介詞搭配等問題幾乎是每年高考的“必備餐 ”，考生只有熟悉這些出題點，在解答短文改錯的過程中牢牢抓住這條“思維線 ”，問題才會迎刃而解。例如：1 (2018 標(biāo)全國卷改編課)They would say to me that playing card games would help mybrain. Still I was unwilling t

30、o play the games for them sometimes._2 (2017課標(biāo)全國卷 )When I look at this picture of myself， I realize of how fast timeflies._3 (2017川宜賓二診四)Obviously ， it greatly helps us at our studies._4 (2016標(biāo)全國卷改編課)I showed them I was independent by wearing strange clothes.Now I am leaving home to college._5 (2016

31、四川卷 )Dad cleaned the house， and then went on shopping._五、語法類錯誤技法一主謂一致誤用1判定主語和謂語是解題的關(guān)鍵要解決主謂一致問題，判定主語是先決條件。either.or， neither.nor ， not.but ， notonly.but also， or 等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞與靠近的那個名詞或代詞保持一致；倒裝句和there be 句型中，謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語保持一致；定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語，謂語動詞與它所指代的先行詞保持一致；強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，連接代詞在句中作主語，這時它應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語保持一致。2掌握主謂一致的常考點

32、(1)主語與謂語動詞之間插入along with ， with ， as well as， together with ， except， but，including 時，謂語動詞不受這些插入語的干擾，依然和主語保持一致。(2) 從句、不定式、動名詞等作主語時謂語動詞一律視作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；兩個以上的名詞組成一個整體概念作主語時，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)。(3) 表示時間、距離、金額、度量等詞語作主語時，通常被視作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：1 My dream school look like a big garden._2 The early morning barking have

33、 been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. _3 Not only my parents but also I are good at dancing and singing. _4 Whether the temple should be pulled down have caused a heated discussion._5 Among all my friends are a special one Im most thankful to. _技法二定語從句和名詞性從句誤用1確定從句類型、搞清句子結(jié)構(gòu)

34、是關(guān)鍵定語從句中關(guān)系代詞( 副詞 )的選擇和名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)詞的選擇取決于句子缺少何種成分和意義是否完整。此時需要從分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)入手，同時掌握關(guān)系代詞(副詞 )和引導(dǎo)詞在句中的句法功能。which 可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代表主句的內(nèi)容；where 在定語從句中充當(dāng) (抽象 )地點狀語； what 在名詞性從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語等。2重點關(guān)注定語從句與名詞性從句中的易考點(1)that 不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。(2)that 在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，沒有含義，只能在賓語從句中省略。(3) 名詞性從句中，if 只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句，但whether 可引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。(4

35、)that 在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)成分，沒有含義，一般不能省略，但在定語從句中可充當(dāng)主語和賓語，且充當(dāng)賓語時可省略。(5)what 是連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句并在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。例如：1 (2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 改編 )In their spare time ， they are interested in planting vegetablesin their garden ，that is on the rooftop of their house._2 (2017 課標(biāo)全國卷 改編 )Around me in the picture are the things they wer

36、e veryimportant in my life at that time._3 (2016 川卷改編四 )The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorites. _4 (2016 標(biāo)全國卷課 )The summer holiday is coming.Myclassmates and I are talkingabout how to do during the holiday._5.If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt ， tell your teacher immediately._技

37、法三強(qiáng)調(diào)句型、虛擬語氣和特殊句式誤用1掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“Its.that/who ，判”定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在于去掉基本結(jié)構(gòu)后，剩余部分仍然邏輯完整，使用that 可強(qiáng)調(diào)人或物，who 只能用于強(qiáng)調(diào)人。2分辨虛擬語氣的情境“句意 ”是判斷是否為虛擬語氣的重要一環(huán)，解答這類問題要重點考慮時間、主從句結(jié)構(gòu)兩個方面。3關(guān)注特殊句式的易錯點There be 結(jié)構(gòu)的含義及be 動詞的選擇、倒裝句中助動詞的選擇和時態(tài)的運用、省略句中動詞形式的運用以及祈使句中句首為動詞原形，后半句往往用將來時等需考生重點關(guān)注。句法錯誤“兩不要”1以“語法分析”為依據(jù)，不要“茫無頭緒”高考短文改錯句法類錯

38、誤主要涉及復(fù)合句、主謂一致、特殊句式等內(nèi)容，具體有：關(guān)系代詞 /副詞和引導(dǎo)詞的使用；主謂搭配是否一致；特殊句式中助動詞和時態(tài)的使用； there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中系動詞be 的選擇以及there be 結(jié)構(gòu)與 have/has 的重復(fù)使用；強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的使用。2以句子為單位，不要“一葉障目”在解答句法類錯誤的時候，切勿過多關(guān)注某一個或幾個單詞，而是應(yīng)該首先從整體上判斷句子所表達(dá)的含義，然后摸清所使用的句式結(jié)構(gòu)、語法現(xiàn)象等問題，做到“從整體理解到局部分析 ”，如同 “一覽眾山小 ”。例如：1 If you are me ， would you talk to him (them) ？ _2 Theref

39、ore ， we strongly suggest that similar events are held every year！ _3 Dearfellowstudents ，itshightimethatwepayattentiontothisphenomenon._4 It was on Monday night who all this happened._5 So little do I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words._六、邏輯類錯誤技法一連接詞誤用1重點關(guān)注句意的連貫性和邏輯性解決短文改錯中連接詞類錯

40、誤，要重點關(guān)注上下句( 并列句 ) 之間的邏輯關(guān)系，弄清楚句子與句子之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。(1) 句間無連詞，增加連詞。若兩個句子之間沒有句號、分號，又沒有連詞時，需要增加連詞。(2) 句間 多 連 詞 ，刪 除 連 詞 。 一 些 受 漢 語 影 響的 錯 誤 ， 如although/though.but ，because/since/as.so等，一般刪除后面的連詞but 和 so。(3)遇到連詞需考慮是否用錯。常見的如or，but，and 等。2掌握常用連接詞的含義和用法(1)and 和“、而且 ”，表遞進(jìn)、并列或順承關(guān)系；but “但是 ”，表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系；or “或者、否則”，表選擇或結(jié)果。(

41、2)notonly.butalso.不“ 僅而 且 ”； both.and.“ 和 兩 者 都 ”；not.but. 不是 “ 而是 ”。(3)either.or. 或者 “或者 ”； neither.nor. 既不 “ 也不 ”。(4)while而“、然而 ”，表對比； when“就在那時 ”，并列連詞。(5) 狀語從句中從屬連詞：the moment/minute/as soon as/immediately/directly一 “就 ”； where“ 地 方 ”； because/as/since 由“于 ”； so/such.that 如“此 以 至于 ” ； in case(of)

42、 “以 防 ， 以 免 ” ； though/although “即 使 ”； as a result/consequence(of) 結(jié)果 /由“于 ”； what if 若“是 又怎樣 ”。(6)therefore 因此“ ”； besides 況“且、而且 ”； but/except 除“了 ”； anyway “無論如何 ”； however “然而 ”； whats more 況“且，而且 ”。例如：1 (2018 標(biāo)全國卷課 改編 )At the end of our trip ， I told my father that I planned toreturn every two

43、 years ， but he agreed._2 (2018 標(biāo)全國卷課 改編 )Everyone was silent ， waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud._3 (2017課標(biāo)全國卷 改編 )Before getting into the car， I thought I had learned theinstructors orders， so once I started the car， my mind went blank._4 (2017課標(biāo)全國卷 改編 )Be

44、side ， they often get some useful informationfrom theInternet._5 (2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 改編 )I have grown not only physically ， and also mentally in thepast few years._技法二代詞誤用1人稱代詞的前后一致性人稱代詞的前后一致性包括指代的一致性和單復(fù)數(shù)的一致性。2人稱代詞的主格與賓格變化主格人稱代詞在句中作主語，賓格人稱代詞多在句中作賓語。3物主代詞的數(shù)與格物主代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與所代替的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。形容詞性物主代詞多在句中作定語，修飾名詞；而名詞性物主

45、代詞多在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。4反身代詞的?？键c反身代詞多用作介詞或動詞的賓語；此外，反身代詞指代的一致性也是重要考點。5一些常見不定代詞、指示代詞的用法如 one.the other.表示兩者的 “一個另一個 ”； neither 表示 “兩者都不 ”； either表示 “兩者中的一個”；none 表示 “三者或三者以上都不”；others other可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。例如：1 (2018 課 標(biāo)全國卷 )Ihaddonemyselfhomework，butIwasshy._2 (2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 )Mr.and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school._

46、3 (2017 標(biāo)全國卷課 )This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of yourhigh school days._4 (2016 川卷四 )When he came back， I found a bunch of flowers in her hand._5 (2016 課 標(biāo) 全 國 卷 )Itdoesnotcostmany ， yetwecan stilllearnalot._A(2016 東日照市高三第一次模擬山)Dear Sir/Madam ，I am writing to express a compl

47、aint about the Metropolitan Museum. I am visiting the museumfrom 2 ： 00 to 5 ： 00 on yesterday afternoon. I would have enjoyed a perfect afternoon unless ithad not been for an unfortunate incident.I was in the Chinese Painting Section with its beautiful display of world famous works whilesuddenly I was astonished to smell cigarette smoke. I turned back and saw a young man smoke. Ilooked after an attendant but none.You will agree that there should an attendant in every room and that the no smoking rule shouldbe firm carried out. I look forward to receive yo