Unit 4 Career Planning新編大學(xué)英語第二版第三冊課文翻譯資料

1、 Unit 4 Career Planning Career Planning Career planning does not necessarily follow routine or logical steps. Each of us places weight on different factors and may consider certain phases of career planning at different times. Career planning includes gathering information about ourselves and about

2、occupations, estimating the probable outcomes of various courses of action, and finally, choosing alternatives that we find attractive and feasible. Many observers have pointed out that students are not very efficient career planners. They cite evidence that (1) most students choose from among a ver

3、y narrow group of occupations; (2) as many as 40 to 60 percent choose professional occupations, when in reality only 15 to 18 percent of the work force is engaged in professional work; (3) young men show a striking lack of interest in clerical, sales, and service occupations, although these fields o

4、ffer many job opportunities; and (4) as many as a third of the students are unable to express any choice of occupation. In their book Decision Making, Irving Janis and Leon Mann identify serious flaws in the ways many people make decisions. These flaws seem to be associated with the patterns people

5、use to cope with problems. The first flaw is complacency. People who ignore challenging information about the choices they make demonstrate complacency. People who take the attitude that It wont affect me or It will never happen use complacency as a dominant pattern of behaving. Of course, complacen

6、cy is appropriate for any decision in which nothing much is at stake, but that does not describe career decisions. A second flaw in the way people cope with decisions is defensive avoidance. When confronted with a decision and unable to believe they can find an acceptable solution, some people remai

7、n calm by resorting to wishful thinking or daydreaming. Students who fail to think about the implications of their career choices often engage in rationalization (deceiving oneself with self-satisfying but incorrect explanations for ones behavior) or procrastination (putting off or delaying). Facing

8、 the situation may produce anxiety, but examining alternatives could also bring relief. A third flaw is hyper vigilance. This occurs in career decision making when people believe there is not enough time to find a solution and they panic. They search frantically for career possibilities and seize on

9、 hastily invented solutions, overlooking the consequences of their choice as well as other alternatives. People who are in a panic sometimes do not think clearly or logically. The best coping behavior is vigilance. Vigilant decision making occurs when people believe that (1) a choice should be made,

10、 (2) they can find a solution, and (3) there is enough time. Under these conditions, students can conduct an effective search for alternative careers, carefully evaluate each alternative, and work out contingency plans in case one or another risk appears. Following are the keys to career planning. 1

11、) Study yourself. This is the key to career planning. Understanding what you are like, what you value, and what you want to become is the foundation for all career planning. In studying yourself, you examine your strengths and weaknesses, your goals, and the trends in your personal development. The

12、self-understanding that you gain enables you to imagine how certain occupations may best fit your personality, interests, abilities, and goals. All career decisions require us to learn both about ourselves and about work, and to integrate these two kinds of knowledge. 2) Write your career goals down

13、. A technique useful for organizing ideas about your career development is actually to write them down by time blocks in your life. Writing something down forces you to crystallize your thinking and to recognize unclear and half-formed ideas. It may lead to new insights into your possibilities and m

14、ay help you to see new relationships, patterns, and trends, or to identify gaps in your thinking about your career development. 3) Review your plans and progress periodically with another person. Every so often, take stock of your situation and consider what steps have to be taken next. Taking inven

15、tory of progress and planning further steps can help you cope with the changes that you undergo and the changes that take place in the labor market. Talking over your plans with a college counselor, your parents, and your friends helps you define your goals and improve your career plans or make them

16、 work. 4) If you choose a career that does not fit you, you can start over. Today, growing numbers of men and women are changing careers or getting second starts in careers that have greater appeal to them. Many of those who find that their line of work is unsatisfactory retrain themselves for a dif

17、ferent occupation. Often their new occupation is one that they overlooked when they were young or that they did not have an opportunity to pursue at that time for financial or other reasons. Sociologists say that there are few changes in careers that involve downward movement; most involve the tradi

18、tional business of getting ahead. Society no longer attaches the stigma of instability to the idea of career hopping, as it once did. Job changes and career shifts occur at all ages. It has been estimated that as many as one out of four male workers between the ages of twenty and twenty-five change

19、their lines of work. About half that number do so between the ages of twenty-five and forty-four. Career planning does not guarantee that all the problems, difficulties, or decision-making situations that face you in the future will be solved or made any easier. No formula can be given to do that. B

20、ut career planning should help you to approach and cope better with new problems, such as deciding whether or not to enter educational or training programs, deciding whether or not to change jobs, and analyzing the difficulties you are having with a situation or a person. Nobody can foresee what the

21、 future holds for any of us. There are social, emotional, and moral considerations in our future that cannot be foreseen. But the most important lesson of this often unhappy modern world is that progress comes from planning. Ignorance about ones career is not bliss; reason is better than chance and

22、fate. Although there is no sure way to make career plans work out, there are things that you can do now to shape your career possibilities. Career Planning 1 進行擇業(yè)規(guī)劃不一定要遵照常規(guī)的或合乎邏輯的步驟。我們每個人對不同的因素有不同側(cè)重，也許在不同的時候會考慮擇業(yè)規(guī)劃的不同方面。進行擇業(yè)規(guī)劃，要收集有關(guān)我們自身以及職業(yè)的信息資料，估計采取各種舉動可能出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果，最后作出我們認為有吸引力并且可行的選擇。 2許多觀察家指出學(xué)生在擇業(yè)規(guī)劃方面

23、不是很在行。他們列出了以下事實：1）大部分學(xué)生選擇職業(yè)的范圍很窄；2）多達40至60的學(xué)生選擇專業(yè)性的職業(yè)，而實際上只有15至18的從業(yè)人員在做專業(yè)性的工作；3）男青年對文書、銷售以及服務(wù)性行業(yè)興趣索然，盡管這些領(lǐng)域會提供許多就業(yè)機會；4）多達三分之一的學(xué)生說不出選擇什么職業(yè)好。 3 歐文?賈尼斯和利昂?曼在他們的決策一書中指出，許多人的決策方式存在嚴(yán)重缺陷，而這些問題似乎與人們處理問題的模式有關(guān)。有些人對于要費心考慮的擇業(yè)信息置之不理，這就是自滿的表現(xiàn)。有些人采取“這不會影響我”或“這永遠也不會發(fā)生”的態(tài)度，他們這樣做是將自滿作為自己占支配地位的行為模式。當(dāng)然，對于那些不決定成敗的決策，自滿

24、是可以的，但做涉及職業(yè)方面的決策時，來不得自滿。 4 人們在決策方式上存在的第二個缺陷是消極回避。每當(dāng)面臨抉擇而又自認為找不到合適的解決方法時，一些人或想入非非或做白日夢，以此來保持平靜。有些學(xué)生沒有考慮到職（對自己的行為所作的解釋雖能自我滿足但卻是錯往往采取文過飾非業(yè)抉擇會產(chǎn)生的影響， 誤的，以此來欺騙自己）或者拖延（推遲或耽擱）的態(tài)度。面對現(xiàn)狀也許會令人焦急不安，但認真考慮一下各種方案也能給人寬慰。 5 第三個缺陷是過分地提心吊膽。當(dāng)人們面對職業(yè)選擇而又感到?jīng)]有足夠時間找到解決方法時，會感到驚慌失措。他們緊張地尋找各種就業(yè)機會，然后采取匆忙產(chǎn)生的決定，忽視了這樣的選擇會帶來的后果，也忽視了

25、其他的擇業(yè)機會。驚慌失措的人往往會思路不清，缺乏邏輯。 6 最好的做法就是眼觀六路，耳聽八方。當(dāng)人們確信以下三點時，會做出機敏的決策：1）應(yīng)該做出選擇；2）自己能找到解決問題的辦法；3）有足夠的時間。這樣，學(xué)生才能夠有效地尋求各種可能的職業(yè)，仔細地掂量每一種可能性，并且制定出應(yīng)變計劃，以便應(yīng)付各種風(fēng)險。 7 以下是擇業(yè)規(guī)劃的關(guān)鍵步驟： 8 1研究自我。這是擇業(yè)規(guī)劃的關(guān)鍵所在。了解自己是怎樣一個人，看重什么以及想成為什么樣的人，這些是整個擇業(yè)規(guī)劃的依據(jù)。在研究自我的過程中，你審視自己的長處與弱點，自己的目標(biāo)以及自身發(fā)展的方向。對自己的了解使你能夠設(shè)想哪些職業(yè)最符合你的個性、興趣、能力和目標(biāo)。所有

26、的職業(yè)抉擇都要求我們既要了解自己又要了解有關(guān)工作，并把這兩方面的情況結(jié)合起來（加以考慮）。 9 2把自己的事業(yè)目標(biāo)寫下來。要把自己對事業(yè)發(fā)展的設(shè)想歸納起來。一個切實可行的做法是把這些設(shè)想按照你一生的各個時間段一一寫下來。寫作過程迫使你理清思路，并認識到那些是模糊、不成熟的想法。這會使你對自己的發(fā)展前途有新的了解，并有助于你看清新的關(guān)系、模式及方向，或者明確你在考慮自己事業(yè)發(fā)展方面還有哪些不到之處。 10 3定期與他人一起檢查你的規(guī)劃與所取得的進展。有時候要估量一下自己的情形，考慮下一步該采取什么步驟。評估一下自己的進步并計劃下面的步驟，這有助于你應(yīng)對自己要經(jīng)歷的變化以及勞動力市場的變化。與你的

27、大學(xué)輔導(dǎo)員、父母與朋友探討你的計劃，這有助于你明確目標(biāo)，改進擇業(yè)規(guī)劃，或使計劃得以實施。 11 4如果你選擇的職業(yè)不適合你，你可以重新開始。如今，越來越多的男男女女在變換職業(yè)，或者重新開始一份對他們更有吸引力的職業(yè)。其中許多人一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)自己所從事的行業(yè)不盡如人意，就重新參加培訓(xùn)以謀求其他職業(yè)。這些新的職業(yè)常常是他們年輕時所忽視的，或者是由于當(dāng)時的經(jīng)濟或別的原因而沒有機會從事的。 12 社會學(xué)家們說幾乎沒有什么職業(yè)的變換是“走下坡路”的，大部分都是按傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)注“往高處走”的。社會已不再像過去那樣把跳槽看成是一種“不安分”、可恥的事了。 13 換工作和改職業(yè)在任何年齡都會發(fā)生。據(jù)估計, 20歲到25

28、歲這個年齡段的男性中多達四分之一的人更換職業(yè)。而在25歲到44歲的年齡段，該比例大約是八分之一。 14 擇業(yè)規(guī)劃并不能保證你將來所面臨的所有問題、困難或決策形勢都能得到解決或變得容易。沒有任何妙方能做到這一點。但是，擇業(yè)規(guī)劃能夠幫助你面對或更好地處理新的問題，還能幫助你分析所面臨的困境是否要更換工作，諸如決定是否要接受某方面的教育或培訓(xùn)， 或與某人交往中所存在的困難。 15 沒有人能預(yù)見我們?nèi)魏我粋€人的未來。未來的一些社會、情感、道德等方面要考慮的因素是無法預(yù)見的。但是這個往往不盡如人意的現(xiàn)代世界給予了我們一個最重要的教訓(xùn)，那就是進步來自于規(guī)劃。對自己職業(yè)的無知并不是一種福氣，理智比機遇和命運

29、更重要。 Summer Job Planning Assuming that you know what you want to do after collegeand you may be considered shortsighted these days if you have not picked a career by the time you enter collegeyou should start thinking about a job even before you graduate. What companies or organizations have the job

30、 you want? Lets say you majored in English or history and you want to write a great novel. You need a job to support and educate you. You have to select from a list of several possibilities, not unlike choosing an option from the menu on the screen of a personal computer. Your options might include:

31、 A. Working for a publishing company B. Writing for a scientific company C. Working for a public relations firm D. Going to graduate school to postpone decision E. None of these If you select option A, for example, it would be a good idea to write letters while you are in college to a dozen or more

32、publishing houses and ask for an interview with the personnel director. If you happen to have a contact such as an editor who might be willing to meet with you, so much the better Make every effort to have an interview. You should be familiar with the company before your interview and your aim shoul

33、d be to express to the personnel manager your interest in working for the company. You might ask if a summer job (with pay, if possible) or an internship is available. In many cases interns do receive a small stipend; in others no pay is offered. It is important at this stage of your life to find a

34、summer job that will enhance your future career. If you cannot find one in your field, then the alternative is to take another type of summer joblifeguard, housepainter, landscaper, waitress, or worker in a retail store or supermarket. These jobs tend to pay quite well, and you can save enough for m

35、any college expenses. That aspect has to be weighed against the fact that they might not help your career plans. Any summer job that requires hard work and a certain amount of responsibility is good for your r sum . Naturally if the job is career-oriented, it makes better reading. One day on the com

36、muter train, I was sitting in front of two high school girls, and one said to the other, My college education wont cost my father one cent. At least I dont think so. She explained that she had been working weekends, summers, and Christmas and spring vacations as a waitress in a restaurant. Her tips

37、were so good she had saved up $ 10,000. She planned to go to Rutgers University, commuting from home. If she continued working through college she figured she could graduate without debt and go to graduate school. When I started looking for a summer job in college I found that the only organization

38、that would hire me (except for restaurants) was Filenes, the big Boston department store that operated a summer branch on Cape Cod, where my family vacationed. During my freshman year at college I paid a visit to the Northampton, Mass. branch, a year-round operation. I asked for a job selling on Sat

39、urdays and a job the following summer. I was hired on the spot. The following summer the manager of the Northampton shop assumed management of the Cape Cod branch for the summer, and she asked me to come along as a salesgirl. All through college I earned my expenses by working for Filenes on the Cap

40、e during the summer months and on Saturdays and sale days during the college years. I also conceived and wrote copy for the advertisements that Filenes ran in our college newspaper during the winter, and an art major did the drawings based on my ideas. By the time I was a senior I knew that I did no

41、t want to go into retailing, but it was my hedge against the future. I knew from conversations with the store manager that if I could not find a newspaper reporting job I could find a spot on the Filenes training squad, and use that step toward a writing job. 1假設(shè)你知道自己大學(xué)畢業(yè)后想干什么（現(xiàn)今，如果進了大學(xué)你還沒選中一種職業(yè)，也許會

42、被看成目光短淺），你早在畢業(yè)前就應(yīng)該考慮找一份工作了。 2 哪些公司或機構(gòu)會有你想要的工作呢? 假定你的專業(yè)是英文或歷史，你想要寫一部了不起的小說，那么你需要一份工作來支付生活和教育費用。你必須從一系列的可能性中進行選擇，就像你從個人電腦屏幕的“菜單”中挑一個選項一樣。你可能有下列選項： A.到一家出版公司工作 給一家科技公司當(dāng)筆桿子B. C.到一家公關(guān)公司工作 D.讀研究生，先不做決定 E.其他 3 假如你選中A，有一個好主意，就是在大學(xué)期間就向十幾家出版社寫信，請求與人事主管面談。假如你碰巧有個熟人是編輯，而他愿意見你，那樣的話敢情更好。 4 要想方設(shè)法爭取面試機會。在面試前你應(yīng)該熟悉這家

43、公司，而面試的目的是向人事經(jīng)理表達自己在這家公司工作的興趣。你可以打聽是否能做暑期工(可能的話，要有酬勞)或?qū)嵙?xí)生。在很多情況下實習(xí)生有少量薪水，但也有無報酬的情況。 5 在人生的這一階段，找一個能促進未來事業(yè)的暑期工作很重要。如果在自己的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域找不到工作，那么你可以選另一類暑期工作救生員、房屋油漆工、園林工、女招待、或者零售店或超市的工作人員。這些工作通常薪酬優(yōu)厚，你可以存下足夠的錢應(yīng)付大學(xué)里的很多開銷。但這些工作可能無助于你的擇業(yè)規(guī)劃，你必須在這兩個方面權(quán)衡一下。 任何一個需要你付出艱苦努力以及要求有一定責(zé)任心的暑期工作，寫在你的簡歷上都是好的。要是這份工作與將來的事業(yè)相關(guān)，你的簡歷看起

44、來自然就更吸引人。 6 有一天，在上下班乘坐的火車上，我坐在兩位女中學(xué)生的前面。其中一個女孩對另一個說：“我上大學(xué)不會花我父親一分錢。至少我覺得不會?！彼忉屨f，周末、暑假、圣誕節(jié)和春假她都在一家餐館當(dāng)服務(wù)員。她的小費很可觀，她已存下了一萬美元。她計劃上拉特格斯大學(xué)，住在家里走讀。如果她在大學(xué)期間繼續(xù)打工，她估計不用借債就能畢業(yè)并上研究生院。 7 我在大學(xué)期間開始尋找暑期工作的時候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)除餐館外唯一愿意雇我的單位是法林百貨公司波士頓的一家大百貨公司，它在科德角開了家夏季分店，我的家人就在那兒度假。我在大學(xué)一年級時，去過馬薩諸塞州北安普敦的分店，是全年營業(yè)的。我申請在周六以及接下來的暑假當(dāng)售貨

45、員，當(dāng)場就被錄用了。那年夏天，北安普敦分店的經(jīng)理負責(zé)管理科德角分店的夏季營業(yè)，她要我過去做營業(yè)員。 8 大學(xué)期間，我都為法林公司在科德角的分店工作，包括暑期、學(xué)期當(dāng)中的周六和大減價時，賺取了我整個大學(xué)期間的生活支出。冬季法林公司在我校校報上刊登廣告，我為其構(gòu)思編寫廣告詞，一位繪畫專業(yè)的學(xué)生按我的設(shè)想配圖。當(dāng)我讀到大四的時候，我知道自己不想從事零售業(yè)，但它是我未來謀生的應(yīng)急手段。我在與商店經(jīng)理的談話中了解到，如果我找不到報刊記者的工作，我可以在法林公司培訓(xùn)小組得到一個職位，并以此為跳板從事寫作。 Which Career Is the Right One for You? When you ar

46、e trying to plan your career, try out a variety of jobs, work in many different settings, volunteer for different tasks. There are six basic categories of occupations. The six types of jobs, as developed by Professor John L. Holland, a psychology professor from Johns Hopkins University, are describe

47、d here in some detail. Recognize that when I talk about the characteristics of people in the jobs, no one person has all of these characteristics. I am talking about trends, but they are strong trends. Type ARealistic Jobs These are mainly skilled trades or technical jobs, usually involving work wit

48、h tools or machines, frequently called lue-collar positions. People who are attracted to realistic jobs are usually robust, practical, physically strong and frequently competitive in outlook. They usually have good physical coordination, but sometimes they have trouble expressing themselves in words

49、 or in talking with others. They prefer to deal with things rather than with ideas or with people. They enjoy creating things with their hands. They have good motor coordination, but they are frequently uncomfortable in social settings, and lack verbal and interpersonal skills. They usually see them

50、selves as mechanically and athletically inclined and are stable, natural and persistent. They prefer concrete to abstract problems. Realistic people tend to see the world in simple, tangible and traditional terms. Possessions are important to them, and they usually put their recreational money into

51、cars, boats, motorcycles, or other machinery. Realistic people describe themselves in interviews as conforming, frank, genuine, normal, persistent, practical, stable, thrifty, materialistic, and shy. In general, in realistic jobs, life is not complicated by intricate problems between people or organ

52、izations, nor by troublesome choices between conflicting philosophies. Type BConventional Jobs These are usually office jobs where people work with organizations, files and regular schedules. Conventional occupations include bookkeeper, statistician, bank teller, secretary, financial analyst, office

53、 manager, computer operator, bank cashier and accountant. Conventional jobs usually require a fair amount of writing, but it is usually the writing of business letters and regular reports. People who enjoy conventional jobs describe themselves as conforming, conscientious, efficient, obedient, order

54、ly, persistent, practical and calm. They like life to be orderly and to go according to plan. They like to know what is expected of them, and they enjoy carrying out their assignments. Investigative Jobs Type C These are scientific and laboratory jobs, jobs where people investigate how the world is

55、put together. The tasks involved in investigative jobs are scientific or laboratory in nature, and usually involve trying to solve some puzzles, whether the puzzle is a large, mysterious problem such as how the universe came into being, or a more normal, daily problem such as figuring out the compos

56、ition of a sample of blood taken from a patient in a clinic. Investigative workers are usually found in research laboratories or clinical settings, but they also work in a wide range of other placeshighway departments where they study issues such as traffic control and composition of highway materia

57、ls; in advertising agencies where they work on market surveys; in food-producing companies where they work on nutritional aspects of food; in military settings where they work on new weapons or new military strategies; in financial departments where they work on questions of economic strategy and money flowin general, in any place where problems are being attacked in a systematic, scientific way. They describe themselves as analytical, curious, independent and reserved. They especially dislike repetitive activities and sales activities. They are very curious. Type DArtistic Jobs These