機(jī)械加工零件的工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)方案

1、機(jī)械加工零件的工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)摘 要：本文對機(jī)械加工零件的結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝進(jìn)行了分析，確定了機(jī)械加工工藝 路線，夾具在機(jī)械加工中所占的地位和重要性，以及夾具設(shè)計(jì)。隨著科學(xué)的日 益發(fā)展進(jìn)步和國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的調(diào)整，工程機(jī)械行業(yè)已成為沒有政策壁壘的完全競 爭行業(yè)關(guān)鍵詞：技術(shù)背景/發(fā)展趨勢/工序/定位方案1機(jī)械加工歷史背景及其意義機(jī)械制造業(yè)是一個(gè)古老而永遠(yuǎn)充滿生命力的行業(yè)。隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的發(fā)展， 對機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的要求越來越高，機(jī)械制造工藝也在日新月異地發(fā)展。自新中國成 立以來，我國的制造技術(shù)與制造業(yè)得到了長足發(fā)展，一個(gè)具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模和一定 技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)的機(jī)械工業(yè)體系基本形成。改革開放二十多年來，我國制造業(yè)充分利 用國內(nèi)國外

2、兩方面的技術(shù)資源，有計(jì)劃地推進(jìn)企業(yè)的技術(shù)改造，引導(dǎo)企業(yè)走依 靠科技進(jìn)步的道路，使制造技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和水平及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益發(fā)生了顯著變 化，為推動(dòng)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展做出了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。盡管我國制造業(yè)的綜合技術(shù)水 平有了大幅度提高，但與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，仍存在階段性差距。進(jìn)入二十一 世紀(jì)，我國發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)仍然是制造業(yè)，特別是在我國加入世貿(mào)組織 后，世界的制造中心就從發(fā)達(dá)國家遷移到了亞洲，我國有廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力和廣大 的消費(fèi)市場，因此，我國工業(yè)要想發(fā)展，就需要有相應(yīng)的技術(shù)和設(shè)備來支持。機(jī)械工業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的裝備工業(yè)；是科學(xué)技術(shù)物化的基礎(chǔ)；是高新技術(shù)產(chǎn) 業(yè)化的載體；是國防建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)；是實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長的重要支柱；

3、也是為提 高人民生活質(zhì)量、提供消費(fèi)類機(jī)電產(chǎn)品的供應(yīng)工業(yè)。它對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的質(zhì)量 和效益、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和優(yōu)化具有極其重要的作用。2機(jī)械行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，各種機(jī)械逐漸運(yùn)用到各個(gè)行業(yè)中，不管是在農(nóng)用、軍 用、工用等方面，離開了機(jī)械的操作就談不上效率，因此，從某中角度上來 說，一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、社會(huì)地位，和機(jī)械行業(yè)的發(fā)展是密不可分的。各工 業(yè)化國家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的歷程表明，沒有強(qiáng)大的裝備制造業(yè)，就不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)國民經(jīng) 濟(jì)的工業(yè)化、現(xiàn)代化和信息化3。目前裝備制造業(yè)發(fā)展滯后是制約我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā) 展和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級的重要因素，加大結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整力度，推進(jìn)機(jī)械工業(yè)持續(xù)、健康、穩(wěn) 定發(fā)展，對于轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式，提高

4、國民經(jīng)濟(jì)整體素質(zhì)，增強(qiáng)我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的國 際競爭力，保障國防安全等都具有重要而深遠(yuǎn)的意義。3機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程制訂3.1機(jī)械加工工藝過程的定義機(jī)械加工工藝過程是指用機(jī)械加工方法改變毛坯的形狀，尺寸，相對位置 和性質(zhì)等，使其成為成品或半成品的全過程。機(jī)械加工工藝過程直接決定零件 及產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和性能，對產(chǎn)品的成本、生產(chǎn)周期都有較大的影響，是整個(gè)工藝 過程的重要組成部分。3.2機(jī)械加工工藝過程的組成組成機(jī)械加工工藝過程的基本單元是工序。工序又是由安裝、工位、工步及走刀組成的。工序是指一個(gè)或一組工人，在一個(gè)工作地對同一個(gè)或同時(shí)對幾個(gè)工件所 連續(xù)完成的那一部分工藝過程。工序是制定勞動(dòng)定額、配備工人及機(jī)床設(shè)備、

5、安排作業(yè)計(jì)劃和進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的基本單元。 安裝是工件經(jīng)一次裝夾后所完成的那一部分工序。當(dāng)應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)位 或移位）加工的機(jī)床 或夾具）進(jìn)行加工時(shí)，在一次裝夾 中，工件或刀具）相對于機(jī)床要經(jīng)過幾個(gè)位置依次進(jìn)行加工，在每一個(gè)工作位 置上所完成的那一部分工序，稱為工位。采用多工位加工可以減少裝夾的次 數(shù)，減少裝夾誤差，提高生產(chǎn)率。工步是加工表面在切削刀具和切削用量 僅指主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和進(jìn)給量）都不 變的情況下所完成的那一部分工藝過程。在一個(gè)工步中，如果要切掉的金屬層很厚，可分幾次切削，每切削一次 就稱為一次走刀。3.3機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的定義規(guī)定產(chǎn)品或零部件制造過程和操作方法等的工藝文件，稱為工藝規(guī)程，它 是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)

6、中的指導(dǎo)性技術(shù)文件。3.4機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的作用及內(nèi)容機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程是生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備工作的主要依據(jù)。根據(jù)它來組織原材料和毛 坯的供應(yīng)，進(jìn)行機(jī)床調(diào)整，專用工藝裝備的設(shè)計(jì)與制造，編制生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計(jì)劃， 調(diào)配勞動(dòng)力，以及進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)成本核算等。機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程也是組織生產(chǎn)、進(jìn)行計(jì)劃調(diào)度的依據(jù)。有了它就可以制 定生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)度計(jì)劃和相應(yīng)的調(diào)度計(jì)劃，并能做到各工序科學(xué)地銜接，使生 產(chǎn)均衡、順利，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)和低消耗。機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片和機(jī)械加工工序卡片，是兩個(gè)主要的工藝文件。機(jī) 械加工工藝過程卡片，是說明零件加工工藝過程的工藝文件。在單件、小批量 生產(chǎn)中，以機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)，過程卡的各個(gè)工程編制較為

7、詳 細(xì)。機(jī)械加工工序卡片是為每個(gè)工序詳細(xì)制定的，用于直接指導(dǎo)工人進(jìn)行生 產(chǎn)，多用于大批量生產(chǎn)的零件和成批生產(chǎn)中的重要零件。3.5制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的原則及步驟在一定的生產(chǎn)條件下，以最少的勞動(dòng)消耗和最低的費(fèi)用，按計(jì)劃加工出符 合圖紙要求的零件，是制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的基本原則。制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的步驟如下： 根據(jù)零件的生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)決定生產(chǎn)類型； 分析零件加工的工藝性； 選擇毛坯的種類和制造方法； 擬訂工藝過程； 工序設(shè)計(jì)； 編制工藝文件。4夾具設(shè)計(jì)4.1夾具設(shè)計(jì)的意義在機(jī)械行業(yè)中，如何去保證工件的高精度、加工的成本等實(shí)質(zhì)性問題，一 直是從事于機(jī)械行業(yè)人員研究的問題，其中在設(shè)計(jì)夾具的時(shí)候就要考慮以

8、上問 題，高效的夾具是工件高精度的保證，如何讓夾具更高效、更經(jīng)濟(jì)，這是行業(yè) 人急需要解決的。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，科技的不斷提高，各種高科技技術(shù)逐漸滲透到各個(gè)行 業(yè)，如何利用這些高科技為人類服務(wù)，如何充分利用這些高科技在機(jī)械行業(yè) 中，這還需要機(jī)械行業(yè)人員不斷的努力，開拓創(chuàng)新。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，和社會(huì)市場需要，夾具的設(shè)計(jì)在逐步的超向柔性制 造系統(tǒng)方向發(fā)展。迄今為止，夾具仍是機(jī)電產(chǎn)品制造中必不可缺的四大工具之一 刀具本身已高度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，用戶只需要按品種、規(guī)格選用采購。而模具和夾具則和 產(chǎn)品息息相關(guān)，產(chǎn)品一有變化就需重新制作，通常是屬于專用性質(zhì)的工具，模具已 發(fā)展成為獨(dú)立的行業(yè)。夾具在國內(nèi)外也正在逐漸形成

9、一個(gè)依附于機(jī)床業(yè)或獨(dú)立 的小行業(yè)。 組合夾具不僅具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、模塊化、組合化等當(dāng)代先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)思想，又符合節(jié)約資源的原則，更適合綠色制造的環(huán)境保護(hù)原理。所以是今后夾具技術(shù) 的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向單位。機(jī)床夾具通常是指裝夾工件用的裝置：至于裝夾各種刀具用的裝置，則一般 稱為“輔助工具”。輔助工具有時(shí)也廣義地包括在機(jī)床夾具的范圍內(nèi)。按照機(jī) 床夾具的應(yīng)用范圍，一般可分為通用夾具，專用夾具和可調(diào)整式夾具等。通用夾具是在普通機(jī)床上一般都附有通用夾具 ，如車床上的卡盤，銑床上的 回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)，分度頭,頂尖座等。它們都一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化了 ，具有一定的通用性，可以用 來安裝一定形狀尺寸范圍內(nèi)的各種工件而不需要進(jìn)行特殊的調(diào)整。但是

10、，在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,通用夾具常常不能夠滿足各種零件加工的需要。或者因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)率低而必 須把通用夾具進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母倪M(jìn)?；蛘哂捎诠ぜ男螤?，加工的要求等的不同須專 門設(shè)計(jì)制造一種專用夾具，以解決生產(chǎn)實(shí)際的需要。用夾具是為了適應(yīng)某一工件的某一工序加工的要求而專門設(shè)計(jì)制造的，其功用主要有下列幾個(gè)方面：1保證工件被加工表面主要包括加工工件所需要的機(jī)動(dòng) 時(shí)間和裝卸工件等所需要的輔助時(shí)間兩部分。2.采用專用夾具后，安裝工件和轉(zhuǎn)換工位的工作都可以大為簡化，不再需要畫線和找正，縮短了工序的輔助時(shí)間并 且節(jié)省了畫線這個(gè)工序，從而提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率在生產(chǎn)中由于采用了多工件平 行加工的夾具，使同時(shí)加工的幾個(gè)工件的機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間將與

11、加工一個(gè)工件的機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間 相同。采用回轉(zhuǎn)式多工位連續(xù)加工夾具 ，可以在進(jìn)行切削加工某個(gè)工件的同時(shí)，進(jìn)行其它工件的裝卸工作，從而使輔助時(shí)間與機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間相重合。總之 ，隨著專用 夾具的采用和進(jìn)一步改善，可以有效地縮短工序時(shí)間，滿足生產(chǎn)不斷發(fā)展的需 要。3.采用專用夾具還能擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝范圍。例如在普通車床上附加鏜模夾 具后,便可以代替鏜床工作。裝上專用夾具后可以車削成型表面等，以充分發(fā)揮通用機(jī)床的作用。4.減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，保障安全生產(chǎn)。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)需要，采用一些氣 動(dòng),液壓或其它機(jī)械化，自動(dòng)化程度較高的專用夾具，對于減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度， 保障生產(chǎn)安全和產(chǎn)品的穩(wěn)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)都有很大作用。加工大型工件時(shí)，例如加工車床

12、床身上,下兩面上的螺孔，需要把床身工件翻轉(zhuǎn)幾次進(jìn)行加工，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大而且不 安全。采用電動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)式鉆床家具后，就能夠達(dá)到提高生產(chǎn)效率，減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，保 障生產(chǎn)安全的目的。4.2夾具的發(fā)展趨勢工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是人類社會(huì)發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的產(chǎn)物，從英國莫里斯的“工藝 美術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)”，到德國的包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)革命以及美國的廣泛傳播與推廣，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 經(jīng)過了醞釀，探索，形成，發(fā)展百余年的歷史滄桑。時(shí)至今日，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已成 為一門獨(dú)立的專業(yè)學(xué)科，并且有一套完整的研究體系。1980年國際工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)協(xié)會(huì)理事會(huì)vICSID）給工業(yè)作了明確定義：“就批量 生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品而言，憑借訓(xùn)練，技術(shù)知識(shí)，經(jīng)驗(yàn)及視覺感受，而預(yù)示材料、 結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造、形

13、態(tài)、色彩、表面加工，裝飾以新的品質(zhì)和規(guī)格，叫做工業(yè)設(shè) 計(jì)。根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的具體情況，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)在上述工業(yè)產(chǎn)品全部側(cè)面或其中幾個(gè) 方面進(jìn)行工作，而且需要工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師對包裝、宣傳、展示，市場開發(fā)等問題的 解決付出自己的技術(shù)知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及視覺評價(jià)能力時(shí)，這也屬于工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的范 疇”。材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，一方面，技術(shù)制約著設(shè) 計(jì)；另一方面，技術(shù)也推動(dòng)著設(shè)計(jì)。從設(shè)計(jì)美學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)看，技術(shù)不僅僅是物質(zhì) 基礎(chǔ)還具有其本身的“功能”作用，只要善于應(yīng)用材料的特性，予以相應(yīng)的結(jié) 構(gòu)形式和適當(dāng)?shù)募庸すに嚕湍軌騽?chuàng)造出實(shí)用，美觀，經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)品，即在產(chǎn)品 中發(fā)揮技術(shù)潛在的“功能”。任何設(shè)計(jì)都是時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，它的不

14、同的面貌，不同的特征反映著不同歷史 時(shí)期的科學(xué)技術(shù)水平。技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品形態(tài)發(fā)展的先導(dǎo)，新材料，新工藝的出現(xiàn)， 必然給產(chǎn)品帶來新的結(jié)構(gòu)，新的形態(tài)和新的造型風(fēng)格。材料，加工工藝，結(jié) 構(gòu)，產(chǎn)品形象有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起的，某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的變革，便會(huì)引起整個(gè)機(jī)體的變 化。現(xiàn)在，機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具隨著制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展也突飛猛進(jìn)。機(jī)械加工工 藝以各個(gè)工廠的具體情況不同，其加工的規(guī)程也有很大的不同。突破已往的死 模式。使其隨著情況的不同具有更加合理的工藝過程。也使產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量大大提 高。制定加工工藝雖可按情況合理制定，但也要滿足其基本要求：在保證產(chǎn)品 質(zhì)量的前提下，盡可能提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和降低加工成本。并在充分利用本工廠 現(xiàn)有生

15、產(chǎn)條件的基礎(chǔ)上，盡可能采用國內(nèi)、外先進(jìn)工藝技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。還應(yīng)保證 操作者良好的勞動(dòng)條件。但我國現(xiàn)階段還是主要依賴工藝人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來編制工 藝，多半不規(guī)定工步和切削用量，工時(shí)定額也憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)來確定，十分粗略，缺乏 科學(xué)依據(jù)，難以進(jìn)行合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)核算國際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，目前中、小批多品種生產(chǎn)的工件品種已占 工件種類總數(shù)的85%左右。現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q 代，以適應(yīng)市場的需求與競爭。然而，一般企業(yè)都仍習(xí)慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專 用夾具，一般在具有中等生產(chǎn)能力的工廠里，約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬套專用夾 具；另一方面，在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中，每隔34年就要更新5080%左右專用夾具，而夾具的實(shí)際

16、磨損量僅為1020%左右。特別是近年來，數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)、柔性制造系統(tǒng) FMS等新加工技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，對機(jī)床 夾具提出了如下新的要求：1）能迅速而方便地裝備新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn)，以縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，降低生產(chǎn)成 本;2）能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件；3）能適用于精密加工的高精度機(jī)床夾具；4）能適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術(shù)的新型機(jī)床夾具；5）采用以液壓站等為動(dòng)力源的高效夾緊裝置，以進(jìn)一步減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和提 高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率；6）提高機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度?，F(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展趨勢主要表現(xiàn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、高效化、精密化和柔性化等 四個(gè)方面。利用更好的夾具，可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，提高加工精度，減少廢品，可以 擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工

17、藝范圍，改善操作的勞動(dòng)條件。因此，夾具是機(jī)械制造中的一項(xiàng) 重要的工藝裝備。一個(gè)好的夾具是加工出合格產(chǎn)品的首要條件，為了讓夾具有 更好的發(fā)展，夾具行業(yè)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研協(xié)作的力度，加快用高新技術(shù)改造和 提升夾具技術(shù)水平的步伐，創(chuàng)建夾具專業(yè)技術(shù)網(wǎng)站，充分利用現(xiàn)代信息和網(wǎng)絡(luò) 技術(shù)，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)地創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展夾具技術(shù)。主動(dòng)與國外夾具廠商聯(lián)系，爭取合資 與合作，引進(jìn)技術(shù)，這是改造和發(fā)展我國夾具行業(yè)較為行之有效的途徑。參考文獻(xiàn)1:裘愉，組合機(jī)床，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995.2:金振華.組合機(jī)床及其調(diào)整與使用.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1990.3:沈延山.生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)與組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì).大連：大連理工大學(xué)出版社，1989

18、.4:上海市大專院校機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)協(xié)作組編著.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué).福建科學(xué) 技術(shù)出版社，1996.5:王華坤，范元?jiǎng)?機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ).北京：兵器工業(yè)出版社，2000.6:馮辛安.機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1998.7:陳日曜.機(jī)械原理.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1992.&方子良.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).上海：上海交通大學(xué)出版社，2004.9:劉秋生，李忠文.液壓傳動(dòng)與控制.北京：宇航出版社，1994.10:陳于萍，周兆元.互換性與測量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2005.11:東北重型機(jī)械學(xué)院等.機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊.上海：上?？萍技夹g(shù)出版 社，1979.12:機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊聯(lián)合編寫組.機(jī)械設(shè)

19、計(jì)手冊.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1987.13:王先逵.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué) 2018.Mechanical Parts Processing Technology and Fixture DesignPickPick toto : : the machining parts of the structure and process analysis, identified the machine-finishing craft route, fixture in the mechanical processing of the status and importa nee, as well as t

20、he fixture desig n. With the in creas in gly developme nt of scie ntific progress and the adjustme nt of n ati onal in dustry policy, project machi nery in dustry already became no policy barriers of perfectly competitive in dustry KeyKey words:words: tech ni cal backgro und / developme nt / process

21、 / positi oning scheme1 1 MechanicalMechanical ProcessingProcessing HistoricalHistorical BackgroundBackground andand ItsItsSignificanceSignificanceMachi nery manu facturi ng in dustry is an old and eter nal in dustry full of vitality.With the developme nt of moder n in dustry, the mecha ni cal produ

22、ct of the in creas in gly high dema nd, machi nery manu facturi ng tech no logy are develop ing rapidly. Si nce the founding of new China, our coun trys manu facturi ng tech no logy and manu facturi ng in dustry to obta in the con siderable developme nt, a con siderable size and tech ni cal basis of

23、 mechanical industry system is formed basically. Years of reform and opening up, Chinas manufacturing industry to make full use of domestic and foreign two aspects of tech no logical resources, there are pla ns to promote the tech ni cal tran sformatio n of en terprises, guide en terprises to take t

24、he road to rely on progress of scie nce and tech no logy, manu facturi ng tech no logy, product quality and level and the econo mic ben efit produced marked cha nge, in order to promote the developme nt of the n ati onal economy has made great con tributi on. Although our country manu facturi ng in

25、dustry comprehe nsive tech ni cal level has bee n greatly improved, but compared with developed coun try, still have level sex differe nce. En ter the twen ty- first Century, the economic development of our countrys leading industry still is the manu facturi ng in dustry, especially after our countr

26、y joi ns WTO, the worlds manufacturing center is developed from migration to Asia, China has cheap labor and the gen eral con sumer market, accord in gly, in dustry of our country wants to develop, n eed to have appropriate tech no logy and equipme nt support.Machinery industry is the equipment indu

27、stry of national economy it is content of scie nee and tech no logy of foun dation is new and high tech no logy industrialization。 is the basis of national defense building is to achieve rapid economic growth of the important pillar。 is to improve peoples living quality, provide consumer electrical

28、products supply industry. It runs to national economy, the quality and efficie ncy of in dustrial structure adjustme nt and optimizati on is a very importa nt role.2 2 TheThe StatusStatus ofof MachineryMachinery IndustryIndustry andand DevelopmentDevelopment TrendTrendWith the developme nt of societ

29、y, all kinds of machi nery and gradually applied to the various in dustry, whether in the agricultural, military, in dustrial, mecha ni cal operation, leaving no efficiency, therefore, in some sense, the strength of a countrys economy, social status, and the developme nt of mach inery in dustry is c

30、lose separable. The in dustrialized coun tries econo mic developme nt course in dicated that, without a strong equipme nt manu facturi ng in dustry, is impossible to achieve n ati onal economy in dustrializati on, moder ni zati on and in formatio n 3 . At prese nt, the equipme nt manu facturi ng in

31、dustry developme nt lag is restrict ing Chin as econo mic developme nt and in dustrial upgrad ing of the importa nt factors, i ncrease structural adjustme nt stre ngth, promote mecha ni cal in dustry lasts, healthy, steady developme nt, to cha nge the mode of econo mic growth, improve quality of n a

32、ti onal economy whole, enhance the intern ati onal competitive ness of the economy, security and n atio nal defe nse security has importa nt and far-reach ing meaning of.3 3 OfOf MachiningMachining ProcessProcess PlanningPlanning3.13.1 MachiningMachining ProcessProcess DefinitionDefinitionThe machi

33、ning process is the use of mecha ni cal process ing method of cha nge in rough shape, size, the relative position and the nature, make its become finished or semi-fi ni shed products of the whole process. Mach ining process directly determ ines the parts and the quality and performa nee of products,

34、 product cost, product ion period has great in flue nee, is an importa nt part of the whole process.3.23.2 MechanicalMechanical ProcessesProcessesThe compositi on of mecha ni cal mach ining process of the basic unit is a process. Process and is formed by mounting, station, working steps and take the

35、 knife.The process is a group of workers, in a work of the same or simulta neously on several workpieces are completed for that part of the process. Process is the formulatio n of labor quota, with workers and mach ine tool equipme nt, arranging operati on pla n and quality test ing of the basic un

36、it.The installation is a workpiece by a fixture after the completion of the procedures.The applicatio n of switch ( or displaceme nt whe n process ing mach ine tool ( or fixture process in g, in a fixture, the workpiece ( or cutter relative to the mach ine tool passes through several locati ons in o

37、rder process ing, in each positi on is done on that part of the process, called stati on. The multi-stati on process ing can reduce the times of clamping, reduce the mounting error, improve productivity.The step is process ing the surface in the cutt ing tool and the cutt ing parameters (only refers

38、 to the spindle speed and feed rate are the same circumstances completed part of the process.3.33.3 MachiningMachining ProcessProcess DefinitionDefinitionProducts or comp onents manu facturi ng process and operatio n methods of the process, called process, it is the en terprise in the producti on of

39、 tech ni cal guida nee docume nt.3.43.4 MachiningMachining ProcessProcess PlanningPlanning FunctionFunction andand ContentContentMachi ning process is ready for product ion work mai nly on the basis of. Accordi ng to its raw material and semifinished product supply, machine tool adjustment, special

40、process equipme nt desig n and manu facturi ng, product ion scheduli ng, allocati on of labor force, and the product ion cost acco un ti ng.The machi ning process pla nning and orga ni zati on of producti on, pla nning and scheduli ng based on .It can make product ion schedule and the corresp onding

41、 scheduli ng, and can be conn ected to the scie ntific process, product ion is bala need, smooth, to realize high quality, high yield and low con sumptio n.Machi ning process card and mach ining process card, are the two main process docume nts. Mach ining process card, is illustrated parts mach ini

42、ng process tech no logy files. In a sin gle, small batch producti on, to mach ining process card guidi ng product ion, process card various projects in the preparati on of more detailed. Machining process card for each process detailed formulation, used to direct workers, used for mass product ion p

43、arts and mass producti on of the importa nt parts in the.3.53.5 MakingMaking TheThe MachiningMachining ProcessProcess PlanningPlanning PrinciplesPrinciples andandStepsStepsUnder certain production conditions, with minimal consumption of labor and the lowest cost, accordi ng to pla ns process ing par

44、ts that meet requireme nts of the draw in gs, is to develop the basic prin ciple of machi ning process.Formulati on of machi ning process steps are as follows:The un der parts of the product ion program decisi on product ion typeThe an alysis of parts process ing tech no log。The choice of bla nk typ

45、e and manu facturi ng methodThe tech no logical processThe process designThe process docume ntati on.4 4 FixtureFixture DesignDesign4.14.1 FixtureFixture DesignDesign SenseSenseIn the machinery industry, how to guarantee the high precision of workpiece, the costs of process ing and other substa ntiv

46、e issues, has bee n en gaged in the mecha nical industry research questions, which in the design of fixture when we should consider the problems above, efficie nt fixture is the workpiece precisi on guara ntee, how to make the fixture more efficie nt, more econo mical, the in dustry is the urge nt n

47、 eed to resolve.With the developme nt of society, the continu ous improveme nt of tech no logy, various high-tech tech no logy gradually in filtrated into all sectors, how to use these high-tech to serve mankind, how to make full use of the tech no logy in mecha ni cal in dustry, it also requires ma

48、ch inery in dustry staff con ti nued efforts, inno vati on.With the developme nt of scie nee and tech no logy, and social n eeds of the market, the fixture desig n in progressive super to the flexible manu facturi ng system development. To date, the fixture is mechanical and electrical products manu

49、facturing in the four indispensable tools, tool itself is already highly standardized, the user only n eeds to press varieties, specificati ons selecti on and procureme nt. While the mold and fixture and related products products, there is a n eed to make cha nges, usually bel ong to the special pro

50、perties of the tool, mould has become an in depe ndent in dustry fixture at home and abroad is also gradually form a depe ndent or in depe ndent small in dustry of mach ine tool in dustry. Comb ined clamp not only has the sta ndardizati on, modularizati on, modular and other con temporary adva need

51、desig n ideas, and in line with resource con servatio n prin ciple, more suitable for gree n manu facturi ng en vir onment protecti on prin ciple. So the n ext fixture tech no logy is an importa nt directi on of developme nt un it.Machine tool fixture is usually refers to the use of clamping workpie

52、ce clamping device: for the device with various tools, also known as tool. The auxiliary tool is sometimes generalized to include in the range of machine tool fixture. According to the applicati on range of machi ne tool fixture, gen erally can be divided into gen eral jig, fixture and adjustable fi

53、xture.Un iversal jig is on gen eral mach ine tools are gen erally accompa nied by a com mon fixture, such as a lathe chuck, milli ng machi ne rotary table, divid ing head, top seat. They have a sta ndardized, with certa in uni versality, can be used to in stall certa in shape and size withi n the ra

54、nge of the workpiece without the n eed for special adjustment. However, in actual production, a universal fixture often can not meet the n eeds of various parts process in。or because of low productivity and must have the universal fixture for proper improvement。or because the shape of the workpiece,

55、 the process ing requireme nts to be differe nt specialized desig n and manu facture of a special jig, in order to solve the actual producti on n eeds.Jig is adapted to a workpiece in a process ing requireme nts and the desig n and manufacturing expertise, its function mainly has the following sever

56、al aspects: 1 en sure that the surface of the workpiece being processed mainly in cludes process ing workpieces n eed man euveri ng time of loadi ng and uni oadi ng workpieces n eed the auxiliary time of two part. 2 using a dedicated fixture, workpiece installation and conv ersi on work work can be

57、greatly simplified, no Ion ger n eed to draw the line and to find it, to shorten the working procedure non-cutting time and save line drawing this process, thereby impro ving the labor productivity .In product ion due to the adoption of multiple parallel processing workpiece fixture, enabling the si

58、multaneous processing several parts of the motor will time and processing time of the same motor. The rotary multi-stati on continu ous process ing fixture, can be used for machi ning a workpiece at the same time, other workpiece loading and unioading, thereby enabling the auxiliary time and motor t

59、ime coincides. In short, with the special fixture using and further improveme nt, can effectively shorte n the process time, producti on to meet the evo Iving n eeds of. 3 using a dedicated fixture can expa nd the scope of mach ine tool tech no logy. For example in lathe bori ng jig attached, can re

60、place bori ng work special fixture can be in stalled after turni ng the moldi ng surface, so as to give full play to the role of gen eral machi ne tools. 4, reduce the labor in ten sity, and en suri ng safety product ion. Accord ing to the dema nd of product ion, using pn eumatic, hydraulic or other