體驗商務英語3Chapter01Globalization

1、Shandong Economic University 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityChapter 1第一章 Globalization全球化1-2 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University We are not a global business. We are a collection of local businesses with intense global coord

2、ination.Percy Barnevik, Swedish business leader What does Barnevik mean by it? He means that company X responds to local needs with local solutions, but nevertheless has a general global strategy and a global communication system which keeps everyone pulling in the same direction. 1-3 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院Sc

3、hool of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityQuestions for Discussion1-4 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityWatch and Answerv Watch a video about “globalization” and answer the following questions.v What is globalization?v What are the main contributor

4、s of globalization?v What are the three main areas of globalization?v Who wins with globalization?1-5 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityWhat Is Globalization?vThe world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated glo

5、bal economic systemv世界上的各國家正在從自給自足的經濟模式走向一個相互依存的，一體化的全球經濟體系vGlobalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economyv全球化（ Globalization ）是指全球向一個更加一體化和相互依存的世界經濟體系的轉變1-6 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDesigned in GermanyAssembl

6、ed in ChinaComponent made from Czech RepublicSteel from Japan and KoreaRubber from MalaysiaYou fill the car with the Gas from BP by a British companyThe oil is from Persian Gulf by a French oil companyTransported by ship owned by a Greek companyYou talk on a Nokia cell phone designed in FinlandChips

7、 produced in TaiwanChips designed by India engineersUsing software made by AmericanIron core from Australia And Brazil an PeruFeel Hungry? a restaurant run by a ChineseFast food and Soft drinks by American MacDonald and Coca-cola A picture of Globalization!1-7 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Tra

8、de, Shandong Economic UniversityWhat Is Globalization?v Globalization has two facets:全球化有兩個方面: 1) the globalization of markets 市場全球化2) the globalization of production生產全球化1-8 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Globalization Of MarketsvThe globalization of mark

9、ets refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplacev市場的全球化是指擁有不同歷史的和獨立的國家市場合并成一個龐大的全球市場vIn many industries, it is no longer meaningful to talk about the “German market” or the “American market”v在許多行業(yè)，討論所謂的“德國市場”或“美國市場”都不將有任何意義vInstead, th

10、ere is only the global marketv相反，只有全球市場1-9 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University1-10 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Globalization Of MarketsvThere are three causes:1. Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internati

11、onally各國貿易壁壘的削弱使得全球市場的銷售更加方便容易2. The tastes and preferences of consumers are converging on some global norm消費者的口味和偏好正在向一些全球的準則趨同3. Firms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide跨國公司通過向全球提供一些相同的產品來促進全球市場的形成1-11 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Eco

12、nomic UniversityThe Globalization Of ProductionvThe globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capitalv生產全球化是指商品和服務的采購擴展到全世界各

13、地，在全世界各國的采購充分考慮和利用各地不同的優(yōu)勢，如土地、勞動力、資本等生產要素的質量和成本vCompanies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offeringv公司通過降低整體成本結構和提高質量或加速其產品供應來實現(xiàn)更有效地競爭1-12 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic Universi

14、ty1-13 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Emergence Of Global Institutions Institutions are needed to:全球性公共機構的職能有：help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace協(xié)助管理、規(guī)范和監(jiān)督全球市場 promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global bu

15、siness system推動建立基于多國條約的全球業(yè)務管理系統(tǒng)1-14 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Emergence Of Global Institutions Institutions created over the past half century include:在過去的半個世紀里設立的機構包括:the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)vthe World Trade Organization (WT

16、O)vthe International Monetary Fund (IMF)vthe World Bankvthe United Nations (UN)1-15 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Emergence Of Global InstitutionsvThe World Trade Organization (like its predecessor GATT) is primarily responsible for policing the world tra

17、ding system and making sure that nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties signed by WTO membersvIn 2009, the 153 nations that accounted for 97% of world trade were WTO members (China, Dec 11,2001)vThe WTO promotes lower barriers to trade and investment1-16 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of

18、International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Emergence Of Global InstitutionsvThe International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created in 1944 vThe IMF was established to maintain order in the international monetary system.vThe World Bank was established to promote economic developmen

19、t1-17 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe United Nations was established in 1945 to:v聯(lián)合國成立于1945年，它的職能有：1. maintain international peace and security維持國際和平與安全2. develop friendly relations among nations發(fā)展國家間友好關系3. cooperate in solving international problems and in

20、 promoting respect for human rights合作解決國際問題和促進對人權的尊重4. be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations成為協(xié)調各國行動的中心1-18 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDrivers Of Globalization Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater globalization:促進更大范圍全球化的兩個宏觀因素是

21、：1。the Declining Trade and Investment Barriers貿易和投資壁壘的減少2。 Technological Change 科學技術的進步1-19 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDeclining Trade And Investment BarriersvInternational trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another countryv

22、 Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home countryvAfter World War II, advanced countries made a commitment to lower barriers to trade and investmentvSince 1950, average tariffs have fallen significantly and are now at about 4% vCoun

23、tries have also been opening markets to FDI 1-20 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDeclining Trade And Investment BarriersTable 1.1: Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of Value各國制造業(yè)產品的平均關稅率（百分比形式）1-21 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trad

24、e, Shandong Economic UniversityDeclining Trade And Investment BarriersLower barriers to trade and investment mean:降低貿易壁壘和投資壁壘的意義:1.that firms can view the world, rather than a single country, as their market企業(yè)可以看到全球市場的前景，而不僅僅是一個國家2. that firms can base production in the optimal location for that act

25、ivity企業(yè)可以為自己的生產活動在全球范圍內選取最佳地點以獲得區(qū)位優(yōu)勢1-22 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Role Of Technological Change vThe lowering of trade barriers made globalization of markets and production a theoretical possibility, technological change made it a tangible reality. Im

26、portant advances have occurred in:v Microprocessors and Telecommunications: Major advances in communications and information processing have lowered the cost of global communication and therefore the cost of coordinating and controlling a global organization.1-23 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International

27、Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityvThe Internet and the World Wide Web: Web-based transactions have grown from virtually zero in 1994 to nearly $7 trillion in 2009. vTransportation Technology: the most important developments are probably development of commercial jet aircraft and super freighters a

28、nd the introduction of containerization, which greatly simplifies trans-shipment from one mode of transport to another.v Improvements in transportation technology have enabled firms to better respond to international customer demands.v Managers today operate in an environment that offers more opport

29、unities, but is also more complex and competitive than that of a generation ago. 1-24 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Role Of Technological ChangeImplications of technological change for the globalization of production include:v技術進步對生產全球化的意義包括：1. lower tran

30、sportation costs that enable firms to disperse production to economical, geographically separate locations降低運輸?shù)某杀荆蛊髽I(yè)能夠充分利用區(qū)位優(yōu)勢，分散生產地點，建立全球分散的生產體統(tǒng)2. lower information processing and communication costs that enable firms to create and manage globally dispersed production systems降低信息處理和通訊費用，使企業(yè)能夠創(chuàng)建和管理

31、全球分散的生產系統(tǒng)1-25 山東經濟學院國際貿易學院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Role Of Technological ChangeImplications of technological change for the globalization of markets include: 技術進步對市場全球化的意義包括：1. low cost global communications networks help create electronic global marketplace低成本的全球通信網絡，幫助建立全球電子市場2. low-cost transportation help create global markets低成本的運輸幫助創(chuàng)造了全球市場3. global communication networks and global media are creating a worldwide cult