選修六module2grammar

1、The ing-form used as adverbial現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語有四種形式現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語有四種形式 1.一般形式，由動(dòng)詞原形一般形式，由動(dòng)詞原形ing構(gòu)成構(gòu)成 2.完成形式，由完成形式，由having+過去分詞過去分詞 3.進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式：由進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式：由being過去分詞過去分詞 4.完成被動(dòng)式：由完成被動(dòng)式：由having been過去分詞過去分詞構(gòu)成構(gòu)成 5.現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式是在一般式和完成式的現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式是在一般式和完成式的 前面前面加加not (never) -ing短語作狀語稱為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語稱為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語短語作狀語 現(xiàn)在分詞短語

2、作狀語時(shí)，通?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，通常都表示主句主語正在進(jìn)行的另都表示主句主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作，來對主句謂語表示的一動(dòng)作，來對主句謂語表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阒饕獎(jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阋r襯 Relying on our own efforts, we overcame all the difficulties.They stood there for an hour ,watching the game.Dont just stand there doing nothing.1.現(xiàn)在分詞何時(shí)用一般形式現(xiàn)在分詞何時(shí)用一般形式? 當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句主語發(fā)出，當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句主語發(fā)出，

3、而且和主句謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，則用而且和主句謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，則用分詞的一般形式分詞的一般形式 He was ill and didnt attend the meeting. =Being ill, he didnt attend the meeting.When he saw those picture ,he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days in the war. =Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days in the war.

4、 如果分詞表示的是一個(gè)極短暫的動(dòng)如果分詞表示的是一個(gè)極短暫的動(dòng)作作,這動(dòng)作一發(fā)生這動(dòng)作一發(fā)生,主句謂語表示的動(dòng)主句謂語表示的動(dòng)作立即發(fā)生作立即發(fā)生,（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生）（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生）也用分詞的一般形式也用分詞的一般形式. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Reaching home, he began writing a melody for it. Walking out of the room, he found the boy still there. Arriving at the hotel, she found the

5、m busy laying tables. 2.現(xiàn)在分詞何時(shí)用完成形式？現(xiàn)在分詞何時(shí)用完成形式？ 當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句主語發(fā)出，當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句主語發(fā)出，而且發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)作之前，而且發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)作之前，則用分詞的完成形式則用分詞的完成形式 Having finished the class, she went home. =After she finished the classHaving worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.=As he had worked3.現(xiàn)在分詞何時(shí)用進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式

6、？現(xiàn)在分詞何時(shí)用進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式？ 當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作由主句主語承受，當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作由主句主語承受，而且分詞的動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞而且分詞的動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí) Being criticized by the employer, the new employee hung his head.4.現(xiàn)在分詞何時(shí)用完成的被動(dòng)式？現(xiàn)在分詞何時(shí)用完成的被動(dòng)式？ 當(dāng)分詞表示的動(dòng)作在主句謂語所當(dāng)分詞表示的動(dòng)作在主句謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，且分詞表表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，且分詞表示的動(dòng)作由主句主語承受示的動(dòng)作由主句主語承受 Having been beaten by the farmer, the horse

7、 went away. Having been praised for his job, Tom worked harder. Having been cut off from their source of supply, the guerrillas camped in the open and live on wild plants. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語相當(dāng)于狀語從現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語相當(dāng)于狀語從句可表時(shí)間，原因，方式，伴句可表時(shí)間，原因，方式，伴隨情況，結(jié)果或條件等隨情況，結(jié)果或條件等(1)相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句 a. Being ill, she didnt g to schoo

8、l today. =As she is ill, b. Having seen the film ,he didnt go to the cinema with them. =Because he had seen the film , c. Feeling tired ，I went to bed early. =Because I felt tired, d. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Because we didnt know her address, a. Walking in the stre

9、et(=When I was walking in the street), I caught sight of a tailor shop. b. Turning around (When she turned around), she saw an ambulance driving up.（2）相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語從句）相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語從句 c. When leaving the airport (When they left the airport), they waved again and again. D. Dont mention this while talking to him (

10、while you are talking to him).(3)表示行為方式，伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明等表示行為方式，伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明等 a. Holding the note in his hand, he stood there dumbfounded. b. The students went away, running and laughing. c. Staving, he wandered about. (4)表示結(jié)果表示結(jié)果 a. The old man died, leaving nothing but debts. b. we hurried to school ,findin

11、g there were no students in the school. c. They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen.(5)表示條件表示條件 a. Staying here for some time, youll find the people here are friendly. b. If playing all day ,you will waste your valuable time. 注意注意1： 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須與作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須與主句中主語一致。它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。主句中主語一致。它

12、們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。被動(dòng)則用被動(dòng)則用V-ed. 但是短語但是短語 generally speaking; judging from/by; compared with; supposing; to tell you the truth等是固定搭配。不等是固定搭配。不受主語影響。受主語影響。 Judging from his face, he was very angry. Before I came into the lab, the student had been seated. Come into 的動(dòng)作既不是的動(dòng)作既不是students發(fā)發(fā)出的也不是出的也不是students承受，所以不

13、承受，所以不能這樣說能這樣說 Coming into the lab, the students had been seated.Being sunny ,we decided to go to for a picnic. () 作狀語的作狀語的V-ing形式和句子之間通常有一形式和句子之間通常有一個(gè)逗號隔開，不能用并列連詞。個(gè)逗號隔開，不能用并列連詞。 Studying hard, and you will pass the entrance examination to college. Studying hard, you will pass the entrance examinati

14、on to college. Study hard, and you will pass the entrance examination to college.FTT注意注意2： 注意注意3：如果分詞和句子沒有如果分詞和句子沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，則不能用邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，則不能用單個(gè)的分詞作狀語，可以用分單個(gè)的分詞作狀語，可以用分詞的詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或狀語從獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或狀語從句句 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)為名詞或代現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)為名詞或代詞分詞，名詞或代詞是分詞的詞分詞，名詞或代詞是分詞的邏輯主語邏輯主語 Time permitting, Ill call on you this Sunda

15、y. There being no money, he could buy nothing. He entering the office, a letter was found on the ground. Professor Zhang having finished the lecture, his driver drove him home.注意注意4:為了使為了使V-ing形式作狀語所表達(dá)的意思更為明確。形式作狀語所表達(dá)的意思更為明確?？稍诳稍赩-ing 前加適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞（前加適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞（when ;while; before; after; if ; though; unless ;

16、on; thus等等） While waiting for the bus, he met Mary.On arriving in Beijing, he went to see his uncle.(一一就就=as soon as.） The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay.(因此因此=as a result) 1. The stranger said something in a _ voice and the little girl was very much _. A. frightening, frig

17、htened B. frightened, frightening C. frightening, frightening D. frightened, frightenedChoose the best answer. 2. _the piano, someone suddenly knocked at the door. A. Playing B. When I was playing C. Repairing D. Examining 3. Mother caught the boy _ in the corner. A. smoke B. to smoke C. being smoke

18、d D. smoking 4. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another 2 weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed5. “We cant go out in this weather”, said Bob, _ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 6. Though _ money, his

19、parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 7. The bell _ the end of the period rang, _ our heated discussion. A. indicating; interrupting B. indicated; interrupting C. indicating; interrupted D. indicated; interrupted 8. _ such heavy pollution already,

20、 it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 9. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting 10. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took

21、her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing 11. _in the queue for half an hour. Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 12. The picture _ on

22、 the wall is painted by my nephew. A. Having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung 13. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken1. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _ Chinese in

23、 the school, most _were from Germany. A. study; of whom B. study; of themC. studying; of them D. studying; of whom2. Dont sit there _ nothing. Come and help me with this table. A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing3. Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down. A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled4. Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow _ here. A. people smoking B. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking5.The secre