翻譯 中美價值觀對比 3000字

1、附錄一：中文譯文（Chinese Translation）:中美價值觀對比郭陽著，XX 譯 轉(zhuǎn)引我們知道，世界上每個國家都有自己的法律規(guī)章來確保社會的正常運行，而生活在社會制度中的人們也受這些條規(guī)的制約。然而法律規(guī)章并不是社會體系形成的唯一因素，價值觀也同樣推進社會體系的完善。雖然有的價值觀是我們普遍認同的，如勤勞工作，誠實，忠誠等，但由于人們成長的環(huán)境不同，每個國家都形成了不同于其他國家的獨有價值觀，如中國和美國。他們都稱頌善良，誠實，勤勞等，然而他們也有很多不同點。首先，個人主義美國人都比較獨立。美國的父母很少強迫自己的孩子去做什么，而更偏向于讓他們自行發(fā)展。反之，這種教育態(tài)度在中國看來是

2、很不服責(zé)任的。而且美國的孩子會選擇與父母分開住，而在中國則通常與父母甚至加上祖父祖母一起住在一個大家庭。其二，個人隱私權(quán)美國人通常都很尊重他人隱私權(quán)。即使是朋友之間也很少問一些“私人問題”，如年齡，工資，婚姻狀況等。當(dāng)中國人在一起聊天時，通常會談及到對方的個人信息，這在美國人看來是很不禮貌的。其三，不注重形式美國人不僅在穿著和休閑是都很隨意，即便是在與長者或是身份高貴的人在一起交談時也不拘禮數(shù)的。反之，中國人卻很注重禮節(jié)。我們宣揚互相尊重，尊老愛幼。如果我們對父母或是老師直呼其名而不是其敬稱時，便是不禮貌沒大沒小的。其四，喜歡展望未來由于中國有光輝且令人羨慕的歷史，中國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在大會上都會滔滔

3、不絕地講述這過去幾年來取得的成就。而這在美國是極少見的，他們喜歡展望未來。在美國，人們不會滿足與他們現(xiàn)有的所得，而是繼續(xù)向前奮斗。無論未來如何，他們都會欣然面對。既然中美有這些不同的價值觀，我們需了解它們的優(yōu)缺點。取其精華，去其糟粕，以幫助我們更好地做人。美國人的基本價值觀和假想觀美國的文化與其他國家有什么不同呢？要解答這個問題我們需要了解美國人持有什么樣的價值觀和假想觀。人們在成長的過程中逐漸形成了自己的價值觀和假想觀，并將影響和貫穿人們一生。“價值觀”既是關(guān)于對與錯，好與不好，正常與不正常，合適與不合適的判定?！凹傧胗^”既是對人，對事，對人生的一種假想。多數(shù)人在一種特定的文化條件下形成一定

4、的價值觀和假想觀。這些價值觀和假想觀相輔相成，互相照應(yīng)。文化可以看做是不同價值觀和假想觀的集合，是它們塑造了一代代人并影響這他們周邊的環(huán)境。美國文化影響著美國人的思和行。美國的人種，種族，宗教可能比其他國家都要多。美國人很早就意識到了這種多樣性的存在。民族，文化，宗教的多樣性意味著接受這些多樣性才是唯一可行的選擇。如今，美國人也逐漸多樣性國家的強大并比以前任何時期都認可了文化的多樣性。獨立宣言反映了美國人的信仰，“我們堅信這些真理是不言而喻的，那就是人人生而平等，上帝賜予了每個人生存，自由，追求幸福的權(quán)利?！泵绹说暮诵膬r值觀和假想觀對他們的行為，社會關(guān)系，世界觀，自我認識及個人主義等都密不可

5、分。在此談及的價值觀和假想觀與美國的中層階級緊密相連。(1)個人自由和靠自己個人自由恐怕是美國最根深蒂固的信仰了。了解美國的關(guān)鍵在于理解他們對個人主義的熱衷。從小他們就養(yǎng)成了自己是獨立個體的意識，對自己的人生和命運負責(zé)。最早來美國北部的居民都在持續(xù)建立自己的領(lǐng)土以脫離歐洲社會的統(tǒng)治。他們希望遠離國王，政府，主教和教堂的控制。在極大程度上，他們成功了。在1776年時，英國殖民者宣布美國獨立并可建立一個新的國家，即美利堅眾合國。自此，他們拜托了最初的被統(tǒng)治并宣布政府的權(quán)力掌握在人民的手中。在1789年，當(dāng)他們編寫憲法時，他們把教堂和政府分隔使教堂失去政府這座靠山。這樣便有效地限制了教堂的權(quán)力。同時

6、，他們廢除了貴族頭銜遏制了貴族階級的發(fā)展。在新建立的國家里沒有所謂的高層社會的人。前人們的這一歷史性決定為以后美國人特點的塑造有深遠影響。通過限定教堂和政府的權(quán)力及廢除貴族階級，美國人營造了一種自由的范圍，強調(diào)個人自由?？上脒@是美國價值觀中最基本的了?！白杂伞笨梢哉f是美國最受尊敬的一個詞了?！白杂伞?，美國人指的是用個人的欲望和能力去掌控自己的命運，沒有政府，或某個規(guī)定的階級，或教堂，或其他任何組織等的干涉。不受掌控的渴望是美國最基本的價值觀，也是這種觀念吸引著外來移民。這種觀念可以從美國人教育孩子的方式窺見一斑。每個孩子都有自己選擇和表達自己觀念的機會。孩子的喜好也一般都會得到認可。從這點我們

7、可以看出美國人視他們?yōu)楠毩€體，有自己的觀念，對自己的選擇負責(zé)。然而，獲得個人自由的同時也要付出相應(yīng)的代價，及靠自己。冒著失去自由的危險，美國人需學(xué)會靠自己。這意味著盡早達到不靠父母，獲得財政方面的獨立。美國人要學(xué)會照顧自己，獨立處理問題，自力更生。他們認為命運掌握在自己手中。這種靠自己的觀念在如今依舊是美國人的基本觀念。他們認為要獲得自由就必須要靠自己。如果他們太依賴于家庭，政府或某組織的幫助，他們便失去了所想要的自由。自我提升和卡自己是美國人的核心觀念。美國人認為他們是獨立的個體，并認為世界上其他人也是如此。如果他們認為一個外國人太在意父母的觀點，太保守，或太循規(guī)蹈矩時，便覺得他已被束縛，

8、或太軟弱，優(yōu)柔寡斷，依賴性太強。美國人認為所有人應(yīng)該避免自己陷入不能隨自己心意做出決定的境地。他們覺得來到美國的人都會獲得自由并會感激美國給予他們機會最用自己的方式做自己的事。正是這種獨立選擇的觀念使得至少小部分美國人認為他們享有同一種文化。他們認為他們持有自己的價值觀和假想觀。理想中一個人應(yīng)該是有個性的，不依賴于他人靠自己的。美國人崇尚靠自己克服困境取得成功的人。如聾啞作家兼海倫凱勒。美國人的個人自由是沒有政府胡其他強制性組織指揮個人行為的。對每個人而言，個人自由有積極的內(nèi)涵。如果我們對美國的自由觀，個體精神和靠自己的意識有一定了解的話，那么便能更好地理解美國人的日常生活中的思與行。在美國很

9、少見到在超過20歲后依然和父母住在一起，花父母給的錢。同樣年邁的父母也不會和成人的子女住在一起。自己支付吃住費用也是一種獨立，靠自己對自己負責(zé)的表現(xiàn)。過于依賴他人，不僅是去了自己的自由，也會被同齡人瞧不起。即使他們不是真的都靠自己，也要假裝如此。為了適應(yīng)美國的主流生活，個體需要表現(xiàn)得凡事都是靠自己。即使從慈善機構(gòu)，父母或是政府那兒得到資助，他們也絕不會承認。很多人認為這種所謂的個人自由是一種壞榜樣，會弱化美國人的特點。(2)機會平等與競爭機會平等與競爭是美國又一基本價值觀。正如獨立宣言中所聲明的，美國人認為人人生而平等。盡管有時在日常生活中他們會違反這一條，但他們堅信本質(zhì)上人都是一樣的，沒有人

10、生來就比誰高貴。這也是外來移民源源不斷涌入美國的第二個原因。移民者認為在這種觀念下人人都有成功的機會。那些早期移民者的后代也是懷抱這種期盼來到了美國。既然個體不受宗教，政黨和社會的束縛，他們成功的幾率也就更大，尤其是也沒有世襲階級的阻撓。猶豫憲法規(guī)定禁止貴族頭銜，因此美國形成不了階級系統(tǒng)。在早期歷史上，很多移民者選擇離開舊時的歐洲社會，比起生來就決定了他們固定階級的“老國家”，他們相信在美國成功幾率更大，因為在美國他們不需要與那些生來就有無上權(quán)力和幾百年世襲的財富的家庭住在一起。很多移民者希望在美國實現(xiàn)自己的理想。即使出生于底層階級也無法阻擋他們獲得更高社會地位的渴望。很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)在美國的確比在

11、以前的國家更容易成功。正因為千千萬萬的移民者成功了，美國人開始相信機會平等，即使在某些情況可能會有特例。越是深入了解美國社會，越能體會到在美國人機會平等這一基本事實。了解美國人所說的機會平等的含義是很重要的。他們不是指所有人都完全平等。美國人視生活為一場為成功而戰(zhàn)的賽跑。每個人都應(yīng)該有資格參與比賽，有機會獲勝。比賽是公平的，美國總統(tǒng)亞伯拉罕.林肯說：即使是最卑微的人也與其他人一樣有致富的權(quán)力。如歸一個人出身貧寒，那么自由的社會便會給他提供一個更好的環(huán)境，讓他知道他并不是一輩子只能干苦力。然而，在獲得機會平等的同時也要付出相應(yīng)的代價。如果他們的人生是一場競賽，他們就必須參與其中，與他人競爭。如果

12、每個人成功的機會都是平等的，那么為成功而努力就是他們的職責(zé)。在這場為成功而戰(zhàn)的競賽中，美國人必須與他們的對手比智力比精力。競爭的壓力從孩提時代開始直到他們退休時才終止。在美國學(xué)會競爭是成長的一部分。在最近的民意調(diào)查中，超過60的人認為競爭和對成功的渴望是有益的。競爭的壓力可能會使美國人充滿活力，但同時也會使其情緒壓抑。當(dāng)他在65歲退休時，將擺脫這種壓力，但是新問題有隨之而來。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沒有用武之地，被社會拋棄，而威望也只給與那些在競爭中獲勝的人。這也是與其他競爭意識不強的社會相比，美國的老人沒有得到多少威望和尊敬的原因之一。而事實是，無論是誰不管什么原因只要競爭失敗便是與美國主流生活不符。(

13、3)物質(zhì)生活和努力工作很多移民來美國的原因都是因為在這可以有更好的生活。人們可以改善自己的生活水平。這對大多數(shù)移民而言都是使他們離開自己祖國的一大誘因。豐富的自然資源使美國成為一片“富足之地”，引來千千萬萬的移民來此尋找財富。當(dāng)然，他們中有很多并不是一夜暴富，而是經(jīng)過一段艱辛最終改善了自己的生存條件。即使他們沒有得到理想中經(jīng)濟上的成功，但他們堅信自己的后代一定會生活的更好?！鞍资制鸺摇币呀?jīng)成為美國夢的標語。很多移民者實現(xiàn)了這個夢。他們?nèi)〉昧宋镔|(zhì)上的成功，被物欲所牽引。物質(zhì)生活成為美國人又一價值觀。對物質(zhì)生活又高要求被稱為“物質(zhì)主義”。美國人的“物質(zhì)主義”很普遍，太熱衷于物質(zhì)擁有。美國人不喜歡被

14、稱為物欲者因為這好似在指責(zé)他們只追求物質(zhì)生活而沒有宗教信仰。事實上，美國人也有其他的價值觀和信仰。雖然美國人喜歡得到大量的物質(zhì)財富，但他們覺得這些都是正常的。由于美國否定了歐洲的世襲制和貴族頭銜，那么他們就得找一個替代品作為衡量社會地位，即物質(zhì)財富。物質(zhì)財富的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量成為了衡量一個人的社會地位及他取得的成就的標尺。而且，美國清教徒的工作信條也與物質(zhì)生活的成功緊密相連。然而，在獲得物質(zhì)享受的同時也要付出相應(yīng)代價，即努力工作。當(dāng)?shù)谝慌用竦诌_美國北部時發(fā)現(xiàn)其自然資源豐富，但都尚未開采。只有通過努力開采，這些資源才能轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)財富和舒適的生活條件。努力工作貫穿整個美國歷史，即成為一種必然也是一種回

15、報。正因如此，他們視物質(zhì)享受是辛勞工作應(yīng)得的回報。某種程度而言，物質(zhì)財富不光顯示出人們工作的努力，也是他們能力的體現(xiàn)。物質(zhì)財富的多少顯示出個人能力的大小。大部分美國人認為努力工作就會有好的生活條件。超過90的美國年輕人認為他們可以得到自己生活中所想要的。而十分之八以上的讓人認為他們可以通過努力工作得到自己所想要的。他們從小就被教導(dǎo)要努力工作，以獲得物質(zhì)生活的成功和更好的未來。附錄二：英文原文（English Original）：By XXX, excerpted from: Comparison between Chinese Value and American ValueAs we kno

16、w, every country in the world has its disciplines and laws to guarantee that its social system will function well, and we human beings also have to live under the restraint of these rules. While disciplines and laws cannot be the only element of a social system, its the value which promotes the esta

17、blishment of the system. Even though we share some general values such as hardworking, honest and loyalty, due to the different environment we live in, each country will have its featured values that are different from any other country. Take Chinese value and American value for example. Both of the

18、 two countries appreciate kindness, honest, diligence and some other nice value, however, they have many different values.First, individualism Americans are very independent, for instance, parents in American family seldom interpose what their children are doing, they prefer to let their children de

19、velop themselves freely; on the contrary, this kind of attitude would be regarded as irresponsible in Chinese society. Besides, American children choose to live alone without their parents, while we Chinese usually enjoy living with parents or even grandparents in a big family.Second, privacyAmerica

20、ns usually respect other peoples privacy, even between friends they seldom ask “personal questions”, such as age, salary and marital status. Yet when we Chinese have a chat, we usually want to have the idea about others personal information, which is considered impolite in America.Third, informality

21、Americans are more go-as-you-easy not only in dress or entertainment, but also in interpersonal communication, despite there maybe a sharp gab between the two persons on their age or status. Nevertheless, we Chinese have been thought much about etiquette, we appreciate those who show courtesy in int

22、eraction, we are taught to respect the aged and cherish the young since we were children. If we call our parents or teachers name instead of their real salutations like western people, we will be considered discourteous and disrespectful.Fourth, future orientationWe may be familiar with the situatio

23、n where a leader or somebody like that in a meeting keeps saying that how many achievements they have achieved during the past years. This often happens in China since Chinese seem to be bound up with our “brilliant, admirable” past. But it will seldom take place in America, where people are usually

24、 future oriented. In America, people will not be satisfied with what they have got, instead, they tend to look forward and keep moving. No matter what may happen in the future, they just face it.In conclusion, since there are differences between Chinese and American value, wed better realize their a

25、dvantages and disadvantages. And we can adopt its good points and avoid its weak points, so that it may help us to be better men. Basic American Values and Assumptions How does American culture differ from others? The way to address this question is to consider the values and assumptions that Americ

26、ans live by. As people grow up, they learn certain values and assumptions, which will influence and mode their way of life. Values are ideas about what is right and wrong, desirable and undesirable, normal and abnormal, proper and improper. Assumptions here are the postulates, about people, life, an

27、d the way things are. Most people who grow up in a particular culture share certain values and assumptions. These values and assumptions overlap and support each other. They fit together. A culture can be viewed as a collection of values and assumptions that go together to shape the way a group of p

28、eople perceive and relate to the world around them. American culture refers to the dominant patterns of thinking and behaving of mainstream Americans. The United States probably has a greater diversity of racial, ethnic, cultural, and religious groups than any other nation. Most early Americans reco

29、gnized this diversity as a fact of life. The large variety of ethnic, cultural, and religious groups meant that accepting diversity was the only practical choice. However, many Americans came to see strength in their countrys diversity and there is more recognition of the value of cultural diversiti

30、es than at any other time in the history. The Declaration of Independence reflect American beliefs, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happin

31、ess. The core American assumptions and values organized into form of activity, form of social relations, perception of the world, perception of self and the individual, etc. Assumptions and values discussed in this part are the dominant values commonly associated with the American middle class. 1) I

32、ndividual Freedom and Self-Reliance The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs. The most important thing to understand about Americans is probably their devotion to individualism. They have been trained since very early in th

33、eir lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destinies. The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies that were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to

34、escape the controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches. To a great extent, they succeeded. In 1776 the British colonial settlers declared their independence from England and established a new nation, the United States of America. In doing so, they overthrew the orig

35、inal control and declared that the power to govern would lie in the hands of the people. In 1789, when they wrote the Constitution for their new nation, they separated Church and the state so that there would never be a government-supported church. This greatly limited the power of the church. Also,

36、 in writing the Constitution they expressly forbade titles of nobility to ensure that an aristocratic society would not develop. There would be no ruling class of noblemen in the new nation. The historic decisions made by those first settlers have had a profound effect on the shaping of the American

37、 character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual. The United States came to be associated in their minds with the concept of individual freedom. This is probably the m

38、ost basic of all the American values. Perhaps the word freedom is one of the most respected popular words in the United States. By freedom, Americans mean the desire and the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without outside interference from the government, a ruling noble class

39、, the church, or any other organized authority. The desire to be free of controls was a basic value of the new nation, and it has continued to attract immigrants to this country. We can see this in the way Americans treat their children. Even very young children are given opportunities to make their

40、 own choices and express their opinions: The childs preference will normally be accommodated. Through this process, Americans come to see themselves as separate human beings who have their own opinions and who are responsible for their own decisions. However, there is a price to be paid for this ind

41、ividual freedom: self-reliance. Americans believe that individual must learn to rely on themselves of risk losing freedom. This means achieving both financial and emotional independence from their parents as early as possible. It means that Americans believe they should take care of themselves, solv

42、e their own problems, and stand on their own feet. They are apt to imagine that their whole destiny is in their own hands. This strong belief in self-reliance continues to today as a basic American value. Americans believe that they must be serf-reliant in order to keep their freedom. If they rely t

43、oo much on the support of their families, of the government or any organization, they may not be free to do what they want. Self-improvement and self-help seem at the core of American ideology. Americans are trained to conceive of themselves as separate individuals, and they assume everyone else in

44、the world is too. When they encounter a person from abroad who seems to them excessively concerned with the opinions of parents, with following traditions, or with fulfilling obligation to others, they assume that the person feels trapped or is weak, indecisive, or overly dependent. They assume all

45、people must resent being in situations where, they are not free to make up their own minds. They resume that after living for a time in the United States people will come to feel liberated from constraints arising outside themselves and will be grateful for the opportunity to do their own thing and

46、have their own way. It is this concept of themselves as individual decision makers that blinds at least some Americans to the fact that they share a culture with each other. They have the idea that they have independently made up their own minds about the values and assumption they hold. Americans c

47、onsider the ideal person to be an individualistic, self-reliant, independent person. Americans admire people who have overcome adverse circumstances and succeeded in life. The blind and deaf author and lecturer Helen Keller is an example. The individual that Americans idealize prefers an atmosphere

48、of freedom, where neither the government nor any other external force of agency dictates what the individual does. For Americans, the idea of individual freedom has strong, positive connotations. Foreigners who understand the degree to which Americans are imbued with the notion that the free, serf-r

49、eliant individual is the ideal kind of human being will be able to understand many aspects of American behavior and thinking. It is not unusual for Americans who are beyond the age of about twenty and who are still living with their parents to pay their parents for room and board. Elderly parents li

50、ving with their grown children may do likewise. Paying for room and board is a way of showing independence, self-reliance, and responsibility for oneself. By being dependent, not only do they risk losing freedom, but they also risk losing the respect of their peers. Even if they are not truly serf-r

51、eliant, most Americans believe they must at least appear to be so. In order to be in the mainstream of American life, individuals must be seen as serf-reliant. Although receiving financial support from charity, family, or the government is allowed, it is never admired. Many people believe that such

52、individuals are setting a bad example that may weaken the American character as a whole. 2) Equality of Opportunity and Competition Equality of opportunity and competition is another basic American value. Americans believe in the ideal, as stated in their Declaration of Independence, that all men ar

53、e created equal. Although they sometimes violate the ideal in their daily lives, Americans have a deep faith that in some fundamental way all people are of equal value, that no one is born superior to anyone else. This is the second important reason why immigrants have traditionally been drawn to th

54、e United States, which is the belief that everyone has a chance to succeed in the United States. Generations of immigrants from the earliest settlers to the present day have come with this expectation. They have felt that because individuals are free from excessive political, religious, and social c

55、ontrols, they have a better chance for success. Particularly important is the lack of a hereditary aristocracy, Because titles of nobility were forbidden in the Constitution, no formal class system developed in the United States. In the early years of American history many immigrants chose to leave

56、the older European societies, believing that they had a better chance to succeed in America than in the old country, where their place in life was determined largely by the social class into which they were born. They knew that in America they would not have to live among noble families who possesse

57、d great power and wealth inherited and accumulated over hundreds of years. The hopes of many of these immigrants were fulfilled in their new country. The lower social class into which many were born did not prevent them from wishing to a higher social position. Many found that they did indeed have a

58、 better chance to succeed in the United States than in the old country. Because millions of these immigrants succeeded, Americans came to believe in equality of opportunity although there might be exceptions in some situations. The more you advanced in the study of American society, the more you wou

59、ld perceive that equality of condition is the fundamental fact from which all others seem to be derived. It is important to understand what Americans mean when they say they believe in equality of opportunity. They do not mean that everyone should be totally equal. However, they do mean that each individual should have an equa