機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語第二版必考翻譯完整版

1、1.with low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. in many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.（p5）用低能機(jī)器或傳力工具，操作者通過向踏板或

2、把手的一個簡單機(jī)械連接構(gòu)件作用足夠的力量到車閘固定的部分。大多數(shù)情況，然而，用一個詳細(xì)（復(fù)雜）的車閘系統(tǒng)使這個力量成倍增加。2. the fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. the action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. the compressed air is carri

3、ed through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (braking systems)（p5） 相關(guān)的基本原理是使用壓縮氣體，通過氣缸內(nèi)的活塞將閘塊壓在車輪起作用。列車的所有車廂上的車輪同時動作。壓縮氣體通過一個堅固的管道在由聯(lián)軸器連接的車廂之間傳輸；工程師控制其在同一時間釋放到所有獨(dú)立的閘塊單元。3. whe

4、n the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. the piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluids pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum. (braking systems)（p5） 當(dāng)踩

5、下汽車剎車的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一個力?；钊?qū)動液壓流體通過金屬管道進(jìn)入每個車輪氣缸，在那里液壓移動兩個活塞將閘片壓向輪圈。 4. machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and tra

6、nsmitting motion and power. compared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing tec

7、hnology, as well as the areas of geometry. accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics. (mechatronics system) （p7）機(jī)械體包括機(jī)架、機(jī)械聯(lián)接和機(jī)械傳動，它是機(jī)電一體化的基礎(chǔ)，作用是支撐系統(tǒng)其他功能單元，傳遞運(yùn)動和動力。和純機(jī)械產(chǎn)品相比，一體化技術(shù)

8、的性能和功能在機(jī)電系統(tǒng)中大幅提高，它要求機(jī)械本體適應(yīng)在機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、材料、加工技術(shù)以及這些領(lǐng)域中的幾何學(xué)下的新環(huán)境。相應(yīng)的，新的一體化具有高效、多功能、可靠、節(jié)能、小輕和美學(xué)的令人賞心悅目的特征。 5. detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes o

9、f relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit. electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator. (mechatronics system) （p7）檢測傳感器部分包括各類傳感器、信號檢測電路，它的功能是檢測機(jī)電系統(tǒng)自身工作的工程，在外部環(huán)境下的相關(guān)參數(shù)的改變，將其信息傳

10、給電子控制單元。電子控制單元通過檢查信息，送出相應(yīng)的指令到執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。 6. electronic control unit, also known as ecu, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external commands and the signals output by sensors. it centralizes stores, computes and analyzes the information. based on the results of information processing,

11、instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system. (mechatronics system) （p7）電子控制單元，也被稱為控制單元（ecu）控制，是機(jī)電系統(tǒng)的核心，負(fù)責(zé)外部命令和傳感器的信號輸出。它集中、存儲、計算并分析信息。基于信息處理的結(jié)果，按照一定的范圍和步調(diào)發(fā)出命令來實現(xiàn)控制整個系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)。 7. it is put into a fairly standard machine tool that has had

12、 position sensing and motors on the control knobs installed. this is basically just a robot machinist. you use a rotating cutting tool to cut away all the metal that isnt your crank. 3d metal etch-a-sketch, with the computer interpolating, so the circles come out to be pretty smooth. (cnc machining)

13、 （p9）將數(shù)控系統(tǒng)裝入一個非常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機(jī)床，它在控制手柄上有位置感應(yīng)和馬達(dá)。這基本上是一個機(jī)械師。你能使用一個旋轉(zhuǎn)切削刀具切掉不是你設(shè)計的所有金屬。具有計算內(nèi)插的三維金屬蝕刻成型可以使得圓被加工得更光滑。 8. they (cnc machine) are complicated machines, full of servomechanisms, and measuring technology that can measure to 0.005mm (0.0001”) while covered in oil. a cnc machine has a minimum of 6 motors

14、 (including some to change tools, and one or more to pump oil and coolant various places). this translates to running costs that may be well over $1/minute. (the computer is not a significant part of the cost any more.) (cnc machining) （p10）數(shù)控機(jī)床是復(fù)雜的機(jī)器，具有伺服機(jī)構(gòu)和檢測技術(shù)，它能在覆蓋油膜狀態(tài)下檢測到0.005mm。數(shù)控機(jī)床至少有 6個馬達(dá)（包括

15、一些用來換刀具，一個或多個用來泵油和冷卻液的各地方）。這些化成運(yùn)行成本可能大大超過1美元/分鐘。（電腦不再是成本的一個重要部分.） 9. systems that can assess if the car is behaving safely can be used to warn drivers that their behavior is unsafe.in more extreme cases,the systems could override the driver and cause the car to stop or slow down.while this would on

16、doubt save lives,it may provide a problem for the makers of films that include car chase-some of the impact may be lost when we live in a word where our cars simply refuse to do anything unsafe.10. another feature of the work of dr.ljubo vlacics team is to have the machines communicate with each oth

17、er.since messages can goat the speed of light,it is possible for there to be an exchange of information on the intentions of several machines approaching an intersection.with this knowledge it should be possible to ensure that traffic flows far more smoothly.11. factoryassemblylinemachineryisactivat

18、edandmonitoredbyasingleplc,whereinthepasthundredsoftimersandrelayswouldhavebeenrequiredtodothetask.themachineorsystemuserrarely,ifever,interactsdirectlywiththeplcsprogram.whenitisnecessarytoeithereditorcreatetheplcprogram,apersonalcomputerisusually(butnotalways)connectedtoit.(whatisaplc?)用一個plc就能操縱和

19、監(jiān)控工廠的裝配線機(jī)械，過去完成同樣的工作需要成千的定時器和繼電器。機(jī)器或系統(tǒng)用戶很少，如果有的話，直接與plc的程序交互。當(dāng)有必要編輯或創(chuàng)建plc程序時僅需將個人計算機(jī)連到plc上。12.the processes of sequencing control and interlock logic needed for automobile manufacturing was a time consuming and arduous task, which required manual updating of relays, timers and dedicated closed-loop

20、controllers. when a new years model was coming off the drawing board, skilled electricians were called on to reset the production line.(what is a plc?) （p61）汽車制造所需的時序控制、互鎖邏輯的處理是一項耗時、費(fèi)勁的工作，它需要手工更新繼電器、計時器和特定的閉環(huán)控制器。 當(dāng)一個新年度模型脫離制圖板，熟練的電工被要求從裝生產(chǎn)線。13. plcs, in essence, monitor external sensory activity fro

21、m additional devices.they take in the data which reports on a wide variety of activity, such as machine performance, energy output, and process impediment. they also control attached motor starters, pilot lights, values and many other devices. both functions respond to a custom, user-created program

22、.(what is a plc?) （p62）plc，本質(zhì)上是監(jiān)控附加裝置的外部傳感活動，他們接受數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)提供廣泛的活動，如機(jī)器性能、能量輸出和加工障礙。它們也控制相連的馬達(dá)啟動器、導(dǎo)航燈、閥門和許多其他裝置。所有的功能都對應(yīng)一個慣例，實用程序。 14. they (plcs) are designed for real-time use, and often must withstand harsh environments on the shop floor. the programmable logic controller circuitry monitors the statu

23、s of multiple sensor input, which control output actuators, which may be things like motor starters, solenoid, lights and displays, or valves. (what is a plc?) （p62）plc 被設(shè)計為實時應(yīng)用，常常必須經(jīng)受車間惡劣環(huán)境。plc的電路檢測很多傳感器輸入的狀態(tài)，控制輸出執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，如馬達(dá)啟動器、螺線管、燈、顯示屏和閥門。 15. most plcs are programmed in a special language called la

24、dder logic.ladder logic is essentially a boolean logic-solving program with a graphical user interface designed to look like an elementary wiring diagram, familiar to all industrial electricians. (what is a plc?) （p62）大多數(shù)的plc都是用梯形邏輯這種特殊語言進(jìn)行編程的。梯形邏輯本質(zhì)是一個具有圖形用戶界面的布爾邏輯處理程序，設(shè)計成一個所有的工業(yè)電氣師都熟悉的基本電氣線圖。 16.

25、pid can be described as a set of rules with which precise regulation of a closed-loop control system is obtained. closed loop control means a method in which a real-time measurement of the process being controlled is constantly fed back to the controlling device to ensure that the value which is des

26、ired is, in fact, being realized. (what is pid control) （p63）pid可以用一組規(guī)則描述，通過這組規(guī)則可獲得閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)的精密調(diào)控。閉環(huán)控制是一種方法，用這種方法可將被控過程的實時檢測持續(xù)地反饋給控制設(shè)備以確保期望值被實現(xiàn)。 17. the most important of these (pids), proportional control, determines the magnitude of the difference between the setpoint and the process variable (known

27、as error), and then applies appropriate proportional changes to the control variable to eliminate error. (what is pid control) （p63）pid中最重要的是比例控制，它決定了設(shè)定值和過程變量間的差值，然后對控制變量使用合適的比例變量以消除誤差。 18. shafting is the machine element that supports a roller and wheel so that they can perform their basic function

28、s of rotation. shafting, made from round metal bars of various lengths and machined to dimension the surface, is used in a great variety of shapes and applications. because shafts carry loads and transmit power, they are subject to the stresses and strains of operating machine parts. standardized pr

29、ocedures have been evolved for determining the material characteristics and size requirements for safe and economical construction and operation. (shafting) （p67）軸是能支撐滾子和輪子以完成最基本的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動的機(jī)械元件。軸，由各類長度的圓形金屬棒料制成，被加工成各類的表面尺寸，以各種形狀用于各種用途。軸因為承載和傳動必經(jīng)受在工作的機(jī)器零件的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變。已演化出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程確定安全經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)操作所需的材料特性和尺寸要求。 19. the nor

30、mal form of shafting is a solid bar. solid shafting is obtainable commercially in round bar stock up to 15 cm in diameter;it is produced by hot-rolling and cold-drawing or by machine-finishing with diameters in increments of 6 mm or less.for larger sizes,special rolling procedures are required,and f

31、or extremely large shafts,billets are forged to the proper shape. particularly in solid shafting, the shaft is stepped to allow greater strength in the middle portion with minimum diameter on the ends at the bearings. the steps allow shoulders for positioning the various parts pressed onto the shaft

32、 during the rotor assembly. (shafting) （p67）特別是實心軸，階梯軸允許中部有更大的強(qiáng)度，端部軸承處直徑最小。階梯允許軸肩在轉(zhuǎn)子裝置期間，通過靠在軸上來定位各類零件。20. differing widely in viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other properties, lubricants also offer a wide range of selection for the increasingly varied needs of modern

33、 industry. but whatever their derivation or properties, the purpose of lubricants is to replace dry friction with either thin-film or fluid-film friction, depending on the load, speed, or intermittent action of the moving parts. thin-film lubrication, in which there is some contact between the movin

34、g parts, usually is specified where heavy loads are a factor. (lubrication) （p76）潤滑劑在粘度、比重、蒸汽壓、沸點(diǎn)和其他特性廣泛不同，潤滑劑為現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的漸長的各種需求提供廣泛的選擇。但無論它們的來源和特性是什么，潤滑劑的目的是按移動部件的載荷、速度或間歇運(yùn)動，用薄膜或流體膜摩擦取代干摩擦。薄膜潤滑是指移動部件之間有部分接觸，通常特指的重載荷是一個影響因素。 21. to keep the parts separated, it is necessary that the pressure within the lu

35、bricating film balances the load on the sliding surfaces. if the lubricating films pressure is supplied by an external source, the system is said to be lubricated hydrostatically.if the pressure between the surface is generated as a result of the shape and motion of the surfaces themselves, however,

36、 the system is hydrodynamically lubricated. this second type of lubrication depends upon the viscous properties of the lubricants. (lubrication) （p77）要保證零件相互分離，必須是潤滑油膜內(nèi)的壓力與滑動表面的載荷平衡。如果潤滑油膜的壓力是由外部源提供，則系統(tǒng)被稱為流體靜壓潤滑。 如果表面之間的壓力是由表面形狀和表面運(yùn)動而形成的結(jié)果，然而這系統(tǒng)被稱為流體動壓潤滑。第二種潤滑方法取決于潤滑劑的粘性。22. a condition that lies be

37、tween unlubricated sliding and fluid-film lubrication is referred to as boundary lubrication, also defined as that condition of lubrication in which the friction between surfaces is determined by the properties of the surfaces and properties of the lubricant other than viscosity. boundary lubricatio

38、n encompasses a significant portion of lubrication phenomena and commonly occurs during the starting and stopping of machines. (lubrication) （p77）潤滑狀態(tài)介于干摩擦與油膜潤滑之間的被稱為邊界潤滑，其潤滑狀態(tài)也被定義為表面之間的的摩擦是由表面的特性、潤滑油粘度之外的其它特性所決定的。邊界潤滑在潤滑現(xiàn)象中占據(jù)相當(dāng)大的比重，并且通常發(fā)生在機(jī)器啟動和制動階段。 23. shops often overlook vibration issues when in

39、stalling machine tools or equipment. however, planning for vibration control, optimally before constructing a new facility or during redesign of an existing one, can save shops a lot of money in the long run. thats because isolating machines and processes from unwanted vibration reduces future probl

40、ems such as bad part-surface finished, parts out of tolerance, and even physiological damage to shop personnel. (isolating unwanted vibration)（p93） 車間常在安裝機(jī)床或設(shè)備時忽視震動問題。然而，最好在構(gòu)造一個新設(shè)施或從新在設(shè)計一個現(xiàn)有的設(shè)施之前理想規(guī)劃震動控制，這可從長遠(yuǎn)利益上為車間節(jié)省許多費(fèi)用。這因為將機(jī)器和加工從有害震動中隔離可減少未來的問題，如避免低的零件表面精度，零件超公差，甚至工作人員的生理損害。 24. some equipment ma

41、nufacturers provide allowable-vibration specifications for their machines, but most dont, which makes choosing an isolator system difficult. the key is knowing the amplitudes of vibration frequencies that harm machinery. fabreeka reports this is where savvy companies call in a consultant or company

42、specializing in vibration protection. (isolating unwanted vibration) （p95）部分設(shè)備制造商給機(jī)器提供震動許用指標(biāo)，但多數(shù)不提供，這使得選擇隔離系統(tǒng)困難，關(guān)鍵是了解損害機(jī)械的震動頻率的幅值。 fabreeka報告說聰明點(diǎn)的公司聘請了專業(yè)做震動防護(hù)的顧問或公司。 25. such specialists measure vibration with highly accurate instrumentation such as real-time signal analyzers. these devices capture

43、raw data, without bias, for post-processing and quantify amplitude and frequency of vibration. with this data, the specialist recommends the best isolation solution. engineers then conduct acceptance test measurements after installation to verify amplitudes and the resultant transmitted vibration. (isolating unwanted vibration) （p95）這類專家用高精準(zhǔn)設(shè)備檢測震動，如實時信號分析儀。這些設(shè)備不是真地捕獲原始數(shù)據(jù)， 為了后處理和量化震動的頻率和幅值。用這些數(shù)據(jù)，專家推薦最佳的隔離方案。工程師再在安裝后進(jìn)行驗收測試測量，驗證幅值和由此產(chǎn)生的傳送震