wu3、雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑開挖作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書

1、manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. manipulator applic

2、ation began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. precisely because of this

3、 robot to get peoples attention began to be a high degree of development. labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. both at home and abroad to develop the plc (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set

4、 for mechanical devices. now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of plc hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standa

5、rds. because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of ind

6、ustrial plc applications became ubiquitous. manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. today, the high level of autom

7、ation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. the design is mainly arm welding machine by plc automation control. this of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didnt opp

8、ortunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm r

9、esearch began yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, makes mechanical arm on the grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. now original robotic ar

10、m spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. as the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like wel

11、ding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense, when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. difference is that the robot begand新建鐵路武

12、漢至廣州客運(yùn)專線烏龍泉至花都段站前工程第標(biāo)段第七單元 隧道施工作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書新建鐵路武漢至廣州客運(yùn)專線烏龍泉至花都段第標(biāo)段雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法開挖作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書編 制 人： 審 核 人：技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人：?jiǎn)挝回?fù)責(zé)人：中鐵五局武廣客運(yùn)專線xxtjiv標(biāo)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部工程部二00六年十月 湖南郴州目 錄一、施工準(zhǔn)備2二、開挖32.1 施工工藝32.2 開挖方法52.3 支護(hù)102.4監(jiān)控量測(cè)102.5 超前地質(zhì)預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)10三、質(zhì)量控制11四、主要機(jī)械設(shè)備12五、勞動(dòng)力組織12六、 安全、環(huán)保水保措施136.1 安全措施136.2環(huán)保水保措施14雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法開挖作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書一、施工準(zhǔn)備（1）施工測(cè)量放樣。開挖前應(yīng)將控制開挖的中

13、線、水平引至開挖部位掌子面，確定開挖輪廓。需爆破的應(yīng)根據(jù)鉆爆設(shè)計(jì)布置好炮眼。（2）鉆爆設(shè)計(jì)。巖石隧道開挖前，應(yīng)根據(jù)工程地質(zhì)條件、開挖斷面、開挖方法、掘進(jìn)循環(huán)進(jìn)尺、鉆眼機(jī)具和爆破材料等進(jìn)行鉆爆設(shè)計(jì)。其內(nèi)容為：炮眼的布置、數(shù)目、深度和角度，裝藥量和裝藥結(jié)構(gòu)，起爆方法和爆破順序，鑿巖機(jī)的臺(tái)數(shù)安排等。設(shè)計(jì)圖應(yīng)包括：炮眼布置圖、周邊眼裝藥結(jié)構(gòu)圖、鉆爆參數(shù)表、主要技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)及必要的說明（見爆破設(shè)計(jì)）。（3）根據(jù)施工設(shè)計(jì)圖及定型圖繪制開挖施工草圖。施工草圖上的中線、水平控制樁應(yīng)與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)放樣樁點(diǎn)相對(duì)應(yīng)。隧道施工為避免侵限，一般需將凈空放大5cm，所以在繪制開挖草圖時(shí)也應(yīng)將開挖輪廓尺寸放大5cm（底部不再放大）

14、。而且還要根據(jù)實(shí)際，結(jié)合規(guī)范要求，預(yù)留初期支護(hù)變形量1015cm，即開挖輪廓線還要放大1015 cm。（4）開挖作業(yè)照明安裝，鉆眼機(jī)具到位，高壓風(fēng)水管的連接。（5）做好洞內(nèi)、外排水系統(tǒng)，保證排水暢通。（6）規(guī)劃棄碴場(chǎng)位置，布設(shè)出碴路線，出碴設(shè)備準(zhǔn)備。二、開挖采用雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法施工，將大斷面隧道分割成三半，六部到八部分別施工（見施工工藝）。先施工一側(cè)，將隧道跨度減小，同時(shí)分割后的隧道采用臺(tái)階法施工。2.1 施工工藝2.1.1施工工藝流程（見下頁(yè)）2.1.2雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法施工橫、縱斷面示意圖如下：橫斷面 縱斷面(1)施工工序如下：1、利用洞口導(dǎo)向措施或洞身上一循環(huán)架立的鋼架施作隧道洞身，側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑縱向超

15、前支護(hù)。2、開挖部，同時(shí)，每循環(huán)進(jìn)尺一次，掌子面噴8cm厚混凝土封閉。3、施作部導(dǎo)坑周邊的初期支護(hù)和臨時(shí)支護(hù)，既初噴4cm厚混凝土，架立鋼架（包括導(dǎo)坑的臨時(shí)鋼架及橫撐），并根據(jù)需要設(shè)置鎖腳錨桿。4、鉆設(shè)徑向錨桿后復(fù)噴混凝土至設(shè)計(jì)厚度。5、開挖部，同時(shí)，每循環(huán)進(jìn)尺一次，掌子面噴8cm厚混凝土封閉。6、施作部導(dǎo)坑周邊的初期支護(hù)和臨時(shí)支護(hù)，既初噴4cm厚混凝土，架立鋼架（包括導(dǎo)坑的臨時(shí)鋼架）。7、鉆設(shè)徑向錨桿后復(fù)噴混凝土至設(shè)計(jì)厚度。8、開挖部并施作導(dǎo)坑周邊的初期支護(hù)和臨時(shí)支護(hù)，步驟及工序同1。9、開挖部并施作導(dǎo)坑周邊的初期支護(hù)和臨時(shí)支護(hù)，步驟及工序同2。10、開挖部，噴8cm厚混凝土封閉掌子面（下一

16、循環(huán)拱部超前支護(hù)掌子面處）。11、拱部初噴4cm厚混凝土，架立拱部鋼架，鉆設(shè)徑向錨桿后復(fù)噴混凝土至設(shè)計(jì)厚度。12、開挖部，噴8cm厚混凝土封閉掌子面（下一循環(huán)拱部超前支護(hù)掌子面處）。13、拱部初噴4cm厚混凝土，架立拱部鋼架，鉆設(shè)徑向錨桿后復(fù)噴混凝土至設(shè)計(jì)厚度。14、兩臺(tái)階法施工第、部。15、噴8cm厚混凝土封閉掌子面。16、導(dǎo)坑底部初噴4cm厚混凝土封閉，安設(shè)鋼架封閉成環(huán)，復(fù)噴混凝土至設(shè)計(jì)厚度。17、逐步拆除臨時(shí)鋼架，灌注部臨時(shí)仰拱。18、灌注隧底填充。19、根據(jù)監(jiān)控量測(cè)結(jié)果分析，待變形收斂后或根據(jù)需要，利用襯砌模板臺(tái)車一次性灌注二次襯砌（拱墻襯砌一次施作）。2.2 開挖方法2.2.1土質(zhì)隧

17、道開挖雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法開挖主要適用于雙線隧道級(jí)圍巖洞口段和偏壓、淺埋隧道開挖。在開挖過程中要根據(jù)實(shí)際圍巖地質(zhì)情況，合理選擇開挖方法。土質(zhì)隧道一般不需要進(jìn)行爆破，可用風(fēng)鎬開挖，先大至開挖成型，后進(jìn)行修整達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)開挖輪廓。因土質(zhì)隧道圍巖較差，在開挖過程中容易出現(xiàn)掉塊，過早開挖設(shè)計(jì)輪廓會(huì)出現(xiàn)因掉塊造成超挖。2.2.2石質(zhì)隧道開挖2.2.2.1 爆破設(shè)計(jì)雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法開挖石質(zhì)圍巖隧道采用光面爆破或預(yù)裂爆破。光面爆破和預(yù)裂爆破參數(shù)應(yīng)通過爆破成縫試驗(yàn)方法確定(見指南附錄b成縫爆破試驗(yàn))。當(dāng)無試驗(yàn)條件時(shí)，有關(guān)參數(shù)采用指南表 6.3.6-1和表6.3.6-2選用。2.2.2.2 鉆孔鉆眼前先檢查開挖斷面中線、水平和

18、斷面輪廓以及炮眼布置與設(shè)計(jì)相符后再進(jìn)行鉆眼。鉆眼采用人工作業(yè)臺(tái)架上用氣腿式風(fēng)鉆鉆眼或者采用作業(yè)臺(tái)車上鉆眼。鉆眼應(yīng)從上往下進(jìn)行，避免在鉆眼過程中掉下的石碴堵塞已鉆好的孔眼。炮眼鉆好后用高壓風(fēng)進(jìn)行清孔以及按炮眼布置圖進(jìn)行檢查并作好記錄。不符合要求的炮眼應(yīng)重鉆，經(jīng)檢查合格后方可裝藥爆破。2.2.2.3裝藥爆破藥卷在洞外專用加工房進(jìn)行加工好后再進(jìn)洞使用，按照爆破設(shè)計(jì)圖正確裝藥及連接，裝藥及連接完后檢查一遍確認(rèn)與設(shè)計(jì)相符后進(jìn)行爆破。特別是采用導(dǎo)爆素連線的，連線方向一定要與設(shè)計(jì)相符，為了保證連線的質(zhì)量，可采用雙向連線。爆破前將鉆眼機(jī)具設(shè)備、風(fēng)水軟管、作業(yè)照明電燈及電線撤離工作面（電力起爆的電燈、電線在裝藥

19、前撤離改用礦燈作業(yè)）。進(jìn)行爆破時(shí)所有人員應(yīng)撤至安全地點(diǎn)。級(jí)圍巖雙側(cè)壁開挖光面爆破參數(shù)表序號(hào)炮眼分類炮眼數(shù)雷管段數(shù)炮眼深度炮眼裝藥量藥卷量裝藥量合計(jì)藥量個(gè)段cm卷/孔kg/孔kg1側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑掏槽眼111203.50.70.72131203.50.70.73441203.50.72.845512030.63.054612030.62.46擴(kuò)槽眼267、8、9、10、1112040.820.87內(nèi)圈眼151112020.46.08周邊眼531312010.210.6小 計(jì)1132120472=941中部上臺(tái)階掏槽眼111203.50.70.72131203.50.70.73441203.50.72.8

20、45512030.63.054612030.62.46擴(kuò)槽眼377、8、9、1012040.813.67內(nèi)圈眼181112020.411.28周邊眼341312010.26.89底板眼51012020.42.0小 計(jì)10343.21中部下臺(tái)階掘進(jìn)眼271、2、3、4、5、61202.50.513.52周邊眼6712010.21.2小 計(jì)3314.7合 計(jì)362151.9循環(huán)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)尺：1.2m 總鉆孔量:434.4m 開挖量:185.16m3 炸藥單耗:0.82kg/m32.2.3裝碴運(yùn)輸雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法開挖斷面各分部斷面較小，無法采用大型機(jī)械出碴，且該段隧道較短，均采用無軌運(yùn)輸。、部開挖斷面小，采

21、用挖掘機(jī)翻碴。部采用裝載機(jī)裝碴，自卸汽車出碴，運(yùn)輸至指定棄碴場(chǎng)傾倒。2.3 支護(hù)支護(hù)參數(shù)要根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)圍巖支護(hù)類型確定。雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法開挖支護(hù)類型，根據(jù)性質(zhì)、用途可分為兩種：一、初期支護(hù)；二、臨時(shí)支護(hù)。不管是臨時(shí)支護(hù)還是永久性初期支護(hù)，在隧道開挖成型后都要及時(shí)施作，防止由于隧道圍巖有很大變形而影響隧道結(jié)構(gòu)安全 。臨時(shí)支護(hù)在中部下臺(tái)階開挖，仰拱施工前拆除。2.4監(jiān)控量測(cè)隧道開挖成型后要及時(shí)埋設(shè)監(jiān)控量測(cè)點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行監(jiān)控量測(cè)工作。監(jiān)控量測(cè)點(diǎn)的初始讀書要在12小時(shí)內(nèi)獲取，最遲不超過24小時(shí)。監(jiān)控量測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)要及時(shí)分析整理 ，根據(jù)監(jiān)控量測(cè)反饋信息，合理指導(dǎo)施工。為預(yù)留變形量、支護(hù)參數(shù)的調(diào)整，施工方法的改變提供技術(shù)依據(jù)

22、。監(jiān)控量測(cè)方案見“監(jiān)控量測(cè)施工作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書”。2.5 超前地質(zhì)預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法開挖使用與圍巖較差的大跨度隧道，因此在施工過程中要做好超前地質(zhì)預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)工作，根據(jù)隧道的實(shí)際地質(zhì)情況編制超前地質(zhì)預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)方案，根據(jù)方案隧道開挖面前方進(jìn)行必要的超前地質(zhì)預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)。有效預(yù)防重大地質(zhì)災(zāi)害事故的發(fā)生。詳見“超前地質(zhì)預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書”。三、質(zhì)量控制采用雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法開挖，由于開挖步驟比較多，因此工序比較復(fù)雜，必須合理安排工序，才能保證施工規(guī)范、有序進(jìn)行，從而保證施工進(jìn)度。雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法施工時(shí)，應(yīng)沿一側(cè)分一步或兩步進(jìn)行，每開挖一步均應(yīng)及時(shí)施作噴錨支護(hù)、安設(shè)鋼架、施作中隔墻，底部應(yīng)設(shè)臨時(shí)仰拱，中隔墻分部聯(lián)結(jié)而成，之后

23、施工另一側(cè)，開挖、支護(hù)與先開挖的一側(cè)相同。各部分開挖時(shí)，鋼架設(shè)計(jì)加工應(yīng)與開挖輪廓吻合，支護(hù)盡量圓順，從而減小應(yīng)力集中，地質(zhì)很差時(shí)左右側(cè)上部開挖施應(yīng)考慮預(yù)留核心土切環(huán)開挖。雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑的開挖高度及寬度要根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際情況確定，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可根據(jù)設(shè)備、地質(zhì)等情況適當(dāng)調(diào)整。但最大寬不得大于隧道斷面寬度的1/3。后一側(cè)開挖后，初期支護(hù)應(yīng)及時(shí)封閉、閉合，可以考慮在底部施作臨時(shí)仰拱。左、右兩側(cè)導(dǎo)坑縱向間距，應(yīng)拉開一定距離，一般為2030米。且和仰拱不能拉得太遠(yuǎn)，應(yīng)保持在60米以下。中隔壁臨時(shí)支護(hù)應(yīng)設(shè)置成弧型，厚度為50cm左右。中隔壁臨時(shí)支護(hù)在施工仰拱時(shí)拆除。由于客運(yùn)專線隧道新的設(shè)計(jì)要求仰拱必須超前施工，本工序安排上

24、也是按此要求實(shí)施的，即導(dǎo)坑下部開挖時(shí)，應(yīng)一次將仰拱部分也開挖到位，仰拱開挖后不能露置，按設(shè)計(jì)要求及時(shí)施工仰拱初期支護(hù)，確保支護(hù)體系閉合，這對(duì)大跨度軟巖隧道施工時(shí)非常重要的，只有這樣才能保證初期支護(hù)的整體效果，形成有效的承載圈，從而保證隧道的施工安全。施工中特別注意施工用水和隧道滲水的排放。由于工序多，施工用水和隧道滲水容易在邊墻處匯集，浸泡拱腳基礎(chǔ)， 使其變軟，從而造成初期支護(hù)和圍巖的整體下沉。中隔壁臨時(shí)支護(hù)的作用在于分隔隧道、形成支柱，從而“減小”開挖斷面，減小隧道斷面效應(yīng)，同時(shí)傳遞荷載，因此在施工中爆破必須注意藥量控制，不能對(duì)中隔壁臨時(shí)支護(hù)造成很大破壞，同時(shí)注意加強(qiáng)中隔壁的支護(hù)質(zhì)量，確保其

25、支撐強(qiáng)度，從而保證使用本工藝施工成功。四、主要機(jī)械設(shè)備氣腿式風(fēng)鉆、空壓機(jī)、電焊機(jī)、切割機(jī)、混凝土攪拌機(jī)、錨桿注漿機(jī)、砂漿攪拌機(jī)、雙液壓漿機(jī)、氧割設(shè)備、裝載機(jī)、挖掘機(jī)、自卸汽車、混凝土罐車、濕噴機(jī)。五、勞動(dòng)力組織現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理1人、技術(shù)2人、施工員3人；安全1人，質(zhì)量1人；開挖作業(yè)人員：32人 ，支護(hù)25人，鋼筋網(wǎng)及鋼拱架加工5人，司機(jī)5人，其他人員23人。六、 安全、環(huán)保水保措施6.1 安全措施（1）洞內(nèi)需設(shè)置通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，如果洞內(nèi)有害氣體超標(biāo)，施工人員禁止入洞。（2）爆破作業(yè)時(shí)，要有專人指揮。所有人員應(yīng)撤至不受有害氣體、振動(dòng)及飛石傷害的安全地點(diǎn)。（3）對(duì)軟弱破碎，不穩(wěn)定圍巖實(shí)施多鉆眼，少裝藥，短進(jìn)尺，

26、多循環(huán)，強(qiáng)支護(hù)，早封閉的原則，以減少對(duì)圍巖的擾動(dòng)。（4）開挖成型后要及時(shí)進(jìn)行初噴混凝土封閉開挖面，防止圍巖風(fēng)化。初期支護(hù)和臨時(shí)支護(hù)要及時(shí)施作，控制圍巖的初期變形量，提高隧道圍巖的自穩(wěn)能力。（5）嚴(yán)格按照機(jī)械設(shè)備的操作規(guī)程合理使用施工機(jī)械。對(duì)各種機(jī)械設(shè)備要定期進(jìn)行檢查，保證機(jī)械設(shè)備在正常狀況下工作。（6）規(guī)范施工用電管理。要做到“一機(jī)、一閘、一保護(hù)”，進(jìn)洞電纜都要采用絕緣電纜線架空進(jìn)洞。（7）要保證工作區(qū)的照明亮度滿足施工規(guī)范要求。6.2環(huán)保水保措施（1）臨時(shí)設(shè)施建設(shè)盡量少占或繞避良田、林地，保護(hù)好原有樹木及地表植被。臨時(shí)用地范圍的耕地采取措施復(fù)耕。（）洞口邊仰坡開挖時(shí)，盡量減少由于開挖對(duì)原有植

27、被的破壞。工程施工過程中，要及時(shí)對(duì)開挖邊仰坡進(jìn)行防護(hù)，防止邊仰坡產(chǎn)生塌方、滑坡以及被雨水沖刷。（）洞口開挖應(yīng)避開雨季施工，減少洞口邊坡受雨水沖刷影響的可能性。（）棄碴場(chǎng)的位置選擇要盡量避開大的沖溝以及下游有良田或村莊。防止在雨水季節(jié)形成泥石流，對(duì)下游的良田、村莊造成災(zāi)害。（）棄土場(chǎng)要先擋護(hù)后棄碴，防止泥沙沖刷污染農(nóng)田、河流。（）洞內(nèi)外施工場(chǎng)地修筑臨時(shí)排水設(shè)施保證排水暢通。工地廢水排放前先經(jīng)沉淀池沉淀，并采取必要的凈化措施處理達(dá)標(biāo)后方可排放。有害物質(zhì)定點(diǎn)存放并按照有關(guān)規(guī)定處理。（）洞內(nèi)爆破后要進(jìn)行灑水除塵或采取必要的設(shè)備除塵，嚴(yán)格控制洞內(nèi)空氣中微小顆粒的含量符合有關(guān)規(guī)定要求。（）運(yùn)輸可能產(chǎn)生粉塵

28、的車輛配備擋板及棚布，防止粉塵飛揚(yáng)，減少對(duì)生產(chǎn)人員和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裨斐晌：?，必要時(shí)對(duì)運(yùn)輸?shù)缆愤M(jìn)行灑水。（）施工完畢后要對(duì)棄碴場(chǎng)進(jìn)行平整，并在其上覆蓋厚度為50cm的耕植土復(fù)耕?？刹扇姴ブ膊莼蛉斯ぴ炝值姆绞竭M(jìn)行。（）工程全部完工后及時(shí)清理施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)垃圾，做到文明退場(chǎng)。manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete elec

29、tronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. so he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal f

30、laws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. spring for the development of chinas modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industr

31、ial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. in terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. now in

32、 several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) programmable logical controller (referred to as ipc); (2) distributed control system (dcs for short), and (3) the programmable logical controller (plc for short). 2.1.2 plc and the ipc and dcs contrast contras

33、t 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. the men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. so the comp