托福真題2014-05-24Reading(蘇美爾貢獻+撞擊和物種滅絕+Milankovitch周期和冰川時代(14.12.28加場整套重

1、Impacts and Mass Exti ncti onsWords & Phrases1. Meteorites and impact craters bear witness to the fact that large impacts occasi on ally occur on Earth.Meteorite : n.隕石impact craters :撞擊形成的隕石坑crater： n.隕石坑bear wit ness to：作證，見證2. impactor roughly 50 meters across 直徑大約 50 米的撞擊物 across： 某物的寬，直徑 =d

2、iameterradius: n.半徑3. a major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs： 一個大的撞擊和恐龍 的滅絕恰巧同時發(fā)生coi ncide with:與恰巧同時發(fā)生4. instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin :立即熔化基底巖石并且 推出基底巖石遠離它的最初位置bedrock： n. 基底巖石propel: v.向前推出far from its origin :遠離它的最初位置5. wiped out :被一掃而空，滅絕6. ignited w

3、ildfires :點燃野火7. effects propagated throughout the food cha in： 影響蔓延下去貫穿整個食物鏈 propagate: v.原義是“繁殖”，弓丨申為“擴展蔓延” =spread表示繁殖的詞總結(jié)如下：Propagate=proliferate=reproduce=multiply8. the most ast onishing fact:最令人吃驚的事實9. rodent-like mammals：像嚙齒類的哺乳動物10. they lived in un dergro und burrows and man aged to store

4、eno ugh food to outlast the long spell of cold, dark daysun dergro und burrows :地下的洞穴 outlast: v.比時間持續(xù)的久spell: n. 一段時間Syn tax1. Although the crater is only slightly more than one kilometer across, an area covering hundreds of square kilometers was probably battered by the blast and ejectathe debris

5、ejected or displaced duri ng the formatio n of an impact crater. 名詞后面+doing, doing是對名詞的修飾所以，“an area covering hundreds of square kilometers 的意思是：覆蓋著成 百上千平方千米的一個區(qū)域Batter： v.連續(xù)猛擊Blast: n.爆炸 ejecta： n.噴出物 debris： n.碎屑殘骸2. After a decade-l ong search, scie ntists ide ntified what appears to be the impac

6、t crater from the eve nt.What引出的整句話做identify的賓語，what任何情況下翻譯成"什么”即可impact crater:撞擊坑3.Located off the coast of Mexico's Yucatan peninsulaeters across,5which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 milli on years ago.1)主語出現(xiàn)前的所有東西都是對主語的鋪墊修飾，所以"Locate

7、d off ”是對后文it的鋪墊修飾；2) What引出的整句話做 close to的賓語，what任何情況下翻譯成“什么”即可；3) one做主語指“任何一個人”，以“任何一個人”代替整體；4)and dates并列對象的尋找，應(yīng)該是和前面的第三人稱單數(shù)的謂語動詞并列，所以和前文的“ is 200”并列，指的仍是主語 it “dates to 65 million years ago”4.5.Further evidenee that the Yucatan crater is the right one comes_from the distributio n of small glass

8、y spheres that formed whe n the molte n impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth.主謂分離，comes from動作的發(fā)出者(主語)在很遠的句子開頭glassy spheres 玻璃球molte n impact ejecta :融化的撞擊噴射物 solidified: v.變成固體，固化 The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much of North and South America an

9、d gen erated huge waves that may have sloshed more tha n 1,000 kilometers inland.and gen erated”并列對象的尋找，應(yīng)該是和謂語-ed并列，所以找到前文的sent ,這兩個動作的發(fā)出者都是主語the impact整句話意為：這次撞擊幾乎立即發(fā)射出一片碎屑雨，降落覆蓋大片的北美和南美地區(qū)， 并且這次撞擊還產(chǎn)生巨大的沖擊波(waves)，這個沖擊波向內(nèi)陸地區(qū)潑濺了超過1000千米的距離。shower of debris:碎屑雨Slosh： v.濺，潑In la nd： adv.向內(nèi)地地；n.內(nèi)地Mila n

10、kovitch Cycles and Glaciati onWords & Phrases1. Glaciations: n.冰川形成，冰川作用；冰川期 In geology, glaciation is the process by which the land is covered by glaciers. Glaciations are periods when this happe ns.Glacier: n.冰川（陸地上的大塊冰體，達到一定厚度后緩慢滑動） Iceberg： n.冰山（是冰川墜入海中形成）2. elaborated the theory with calcul

11、atio ns :用計算詳細發(fā)展了該理論 elaborate： v.精心制作;詳細計戈U ;進一步完善 If you elaborate a plan or theory, you develop it by making it more complicated and more effective3. The inclination, or tilt, of Earth ' s axlso varies periodically, moving between 22 degrees and 24.5 degrees.Inclination: n.傾向性；傾角Tilt： v.傾斜；n.

12、傾斜度，傾角Earth ' s ax地軸4. Also, Earthwobbles as it spin s, like a slightly un steady top.Wobble: v.搖擺;搖晃 If somethi ng or some one wobbles, they make small moveme nts from side to side, for example because they are un steadyUn steady: adj.不穩(wěn)定的=un stable5. how eve nly or un eve nly this radiati on i

13、s distributed over the course of a yea： 一年當(dāng)中這種輻射被多大程度均勻還是不均勻地分布eve nly or un eve nly： 均勻還是不均勻地 distribute: v.分布區(qū)別：con tribute : v.貢獻于；attribute: v.歸因于（to）6. A corresp ondence betwee n Mila nkovitch cycles and climate fluctuati ons M周期和氣候變化之間的對應(yīng)相符Correspondence n. 對應(yīng)，相符，關(guān)聯(lián) climate fluctuatio ns:氣候變化波

14、動 聯(lián)想：flutter: v.鳥上下扇動翅膀7. arise from: 來自于=stem from=result from=spri ng from8. glacial epochs with a fixed regularity:伴隨有固定規(guī)律性的冰川紀元 epoch： n.紀元，時代fixed： adj.固定的9. account for the ice ages 解釋冰川時代 account for = explain （考過詞匯題）10. Sun' s luminosity太陽的光亮度Luminosity: n.光亮度Lumin： n.流明，光亮Illuminate : v

15、.照亮，闡明，說明11. shield Earth from the Sun rays：s遮擋地球不能收到太陽的射線 shield: n.盾牌；v.遮擋shieldfrom：遮擋使不能ray: n.光束，光線eg. cosmic rays宇宙射線；X-ray: X射線12. Rece nt studies of the carb on dioxide content of gas bubbles preserved in the Gree nland ice cap do in fact show that high carb on dioxide levels are associated

16、with warm in terglacial periods, and low levels with cold glacial periodsgas bubbles:氣泡 ice cap冰蓋 are associated with :和有關(guān)in terglacial periods:間冰期Syn tax1. One characteristic of Earth' secbintriiCiy, the degree to which the orbitis an ellipse rather tha n a circle.介詞+which , which指代介詞前面的名詞，對該名詞

17、作展開修飾Eccentricity: n.離心率（ec-+centri+city,即遠離中心的意思） Ellipse： n.橢圓區(qū)別：eclipse： n.日/月食；v.黯然失色2. The tilt of Earth【rd the Sun at some times of the year and away fromthe_Sun_at_other_times, is responsible for the annual cycle of seasons.主語之后加逗號，是對主語的插入解釋，后面必有另一逗號，標志著插入解 釋的結(jié)束，然后返回句子主干繼續(xù)閱讀整句話意思為：地軸的傾角，（一年當(dāng)中

18、有些時間朝向太陽并且有些時間遠 離太陽），對季節(jié)的年周期變化負責(zé)。is resp on sible for： 對 負責(zé)annual： adj.每年的3. According to the Milankovitch theory, about every 40,000 years the three separate cycles combine in such a way that thedifferenee between summer and win ter temperatures is at a minimum.固定搭配的識別，so/such-that如此以致于Separate: ad

19、j.分別的，各自的 respectiveCombine： v.結(jié)合at a mi nimum :處于最小值4. Mila nkovitch worked out the ideas of climatic cycles in the 1920s and 1930s, but it was not un til the 1970s that a detailed chrono logy of the Pleistoce ne temperature changes was determined that could test the predictions of this theory.that修飾對象的確定，此處that跳過謂語向前指代 “a detailed chronology” , 因為謂語部分是被動語態(tài)，動詞determine只和主語有關(guān)而不能向下延伸句子chrono logy: n.編年史，年代表 A chrono logy is an acco unt or record of the times and the order in which a series of past eve nts took place.Test v.驗證5