不要害怕人格一般的因素：兒童行為抑制和焦慮癥狀關(guān)系

1、（三） Dont be afraid of the General Factor of Personality (GFP): Its relationship with behavioral inhibition and anxiety symptoms in children不要害怕人格一般的因素：兒童行為抑制和焦慮癥狀關(guān)系 Personality and Individual Differences個(gè)性與個(gè)體差異I F: 1.861李沖1、前言Individuals display marked differences in behavioral inhibition,here refer

2、ring to the tendency to be unusually shy and to react with fear and withdrawal in novel or challenging situations (Kagan & Snidman, 2004). From a psychopathology point-of-view, behavioral inhibition is highly relevant because it is known to be a predisposition for developing clinical anxiety dis

3、orders (e.g., Biederman et al., 1993).具有明顯害羞和對(duì)新穎或挑戰(zhàn)性狀況感到恐懼和退縮傾向上，人們?cè)谛袨橐种粕巷@示了明顯的差異。從心理病理學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)來看，行為抑制和臨床焦慮癥狀是高度相關(guān)的。 One interesting question that has been addressed in several previous studies is how behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders relate to personality (Kotov, Gamez, Schmidt, & Watson,

4、 2011; Muris et al., 2009). 先前研究一直討論的問題是行為抑制和焦慮癥是如何和人格相關(guān)的。 In the present study, we apply a novel view in this research area, namely, that the General Factor of Personality (GFP) may play a role in the relationship of personality on the one hand and behavioral inhibition and anxiety on the other han

5、d. 在當(dāng)前的研究中，我們應(yīng)用了一個(gè)新穎的觀點(diǎn)，即人格的一般因素（GFP）可能在人格方面和行為抑制、焦慮方面的關(guān)系發(fā)揮了作用 One interesting question that has been addressed in several previous studies is how behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders relate to personality (Kotov, Gamez, Schmidt, & Watson, 2011; Muris et al., 2009). 先前研究一直討論的問題是行為抑制和焦慮癥是如

6、何和人格相關(guān)的。 Regarding the Big Five, large meta-analytic studies have shown that they indeed consistently share proportions of variance leading to emergence of a general factor (Rushton & Irwing, 2011; Van der Linden, Te Nijenhuis, et al., 2010). 關(guān)于大五人格特質(zhì)理論，大量的元分析研究顯示，他們確實(shí)一直分享變化的比例，導(dǎo)致了一般因素的出現(xiàn)。一般人格因素

7、是什么？像Spearman提出的一般智力一樣（一般智力因素能夠解釋智力測(cè)驗(yàn)變異的40%-50%），GFP則代表人格的一般水平。從人格量表中提取出一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的、對(duì)于人格變異有高解釋率的單一最高因素, 是證明一般人格因素存在的必要條件。如從大五人格量表中提取單一高階因素來說明 GFP 存在。第一個(gè)從數(shù)據(jù)上為人格一般因素存在提供證據(jù)的研究者是 Musek。 Musek (2007)采用了基于大五人格理論編制的 3 種量表(即大五問卷(BFI), 國際人格項(xiàng)目庫 300 題 (IPIP 300)和大五觀察員(BFO), 測(cè)量了斯洛文尼亞的 3 個(gè)樣本(樣本量分別為 301, 185, 285; 前兩個(gè)為

8、成人樣本, 最后一個(gè)為青少年樣本)。他對(duì)收集的數(shù)據(jù)采用主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis)方法, 從不同層面(題目(item), 大五人格分量表提取單一的最高因子。比較同一樣本不同方法提取的結(jié)果, 發(fā)現(xiàn)從題目和分量表層面提取的單一最高因子之間不具有顯著的差異。采用從分量表層面提取的方法, 3個(gè)樣本數(shù)據(jù)提取的 GFP對(duì)各自人格問卷分量表分?jǐn)?shù)變異的解釋率分別為 50.20%、40.18%和 44.84%。除了直接提取單一最高因素的方法外, Musek還使用逐層高階因素分析(stepwise higher-order factor analyses)對(duì) 3 組數(shù)據(jù)

9、進(jìn)行了分析, 所有 3 個(gè)樣本中都能夠獲得 2 個(gè)二階因子(Big Two), 二階因子之間都存在著顯著相關(guān), 與 Digman (1997)的相關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致。Musek 發(fā)現(xiàn)“大一” (Big One)能夠解釋逐層高階因素分析模型中方差來源的60%。進(jìn)一步分析與檢驗(yàn)表明, 逐層高階因素分析和前述直接提取的最高單一因素具有高度的一致性。即大一因素不受統(tǒng)計(jì)方法、樣本和測(cè)驗(yàn)工具的影響。他還發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一因素與社會(huì)贊許性、情緒、動(dòng)機(jī)、幸福感、生活滿意度、自尊等變量有正相關(guān)關(guān)系。由此 Musek 提出一般人格因素(general factor of personality)是最一般的非認(rèn)知人格因素的推斷

10、。一般人格因素被證明與社會(huì)適應(yīng)性指標(biāo)相關(guān)。 行為遺傳學(xué)角度的研究Rushton, Bons 和 Hur (2008)認(rèn)為人格和認(rèn)知能力一樣受到單向選擇(unidirectional selection)的影響(他們提出人類社會(huì)是朝著更加合作和更少爭(zhēng)斗的方向發(fā)展), 在這樣的進(jìn)化機(jī)制中, GFP分?jǐn)?shù)更高的個(gè)體具有適應(yīng)優(yōu)勢(shì), 因此GFP是人格進(jìn)化的核心。 the GFP may reflect a dimension of social effectiveness or participation (e.g., Loehlin, 2011)。 low GFP scores are expected

11、 to be associated with lowered mental health and a range of psychological disorders that may hinder social effectiveness (Rushton & Irwing,2011). GFP可能反映了社會(huì)功能或參與的一個(gè)維度。 低的GFP分?jǐn)?shù)被認(rèn)為是和心理不健康及一系列的心理障礙相關(guān)的，可能阻礙社會(huì)功能。we report two studies that tested whether the GFP is related to behavioral inhibition and

12、 anxiety disorders in children in the range from 9 to 13 years. An important contribution of the present studies is that they contain child as well as parent ratings, thus, testing a specific prediction about the GFP-behavioral inhibition/anxiety relations using multi-informant data (i.e., child and

13、 parent ratings). 我們報(bào)導(dǎo)了兩個(gè)研究來測(cè)驗(yàn)9-13歲兒童的GFP是否和行為抑制、焦慮癥相關(guān)。本研究的一個(gè)重要貢獻(xiàn)是他們包含了兒童和父母評(píng)級(jí)，因此，使用多種調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)GFP與行為抑制、焦慮癥進(jìn)行特定的預(yù)測(cè)。2、研究一 研究一考察了填寫自我報(bào)告的大五人格測(cè)量的非臨床小學(xué)生。另外，父母使用同樣的問卷提供了他們孩子的人格評(píng)級(jí)。首先我們期望兒童和父母評(píng)級(jí)，一個(gè)清晰的GFP能被確定，來自兩種評(píng)級(jí)類型的GFPs顯示了大量的重疊，指出GFP超越了人格的自我報(bào)告。在研究一中，對(duì)兒童行為抑制和焦慮癥的自我和父母評(píng)級(jí)也是能夠獲得的。我們期望人格評(píng)級(jí)和行為抑制、焦慮癥之間顯著的交互關(guān)系。2、1方法

14、2.1.1. 被試和程序 被試：來自荷蘭小學(xué)337名父母參加， 250 位父母做出了積極反應(yīng) (66%) ，而且填寫了他們兒童人格的問卷，行為抑制和焦慮癥狀。他們的孩子將在課堂長填寫兒童版本的問卷。由于數(shù)據(jù)的丟失，最終獲得226對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)。兒童的平均年齡為10.54 years (SD = 1.05, range 912 years). 超過85%為本土荷蘭后裔。2、2工具（1） the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C）（2） Behavioral inhibition (child-rated)（3 ）The revised Screen f

15、or Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders(SCARED-R）（4）Parent ratings of personality, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety2.3. Results2.3.1. GFP In the self-report data of the children, a clear GFP emerged explaining 51.3% of the variance in the Big Five dimensions。 從兒童報(bào)告的數(shù)據(jù) 來看，一般人格因素可以解釋51.3%的大五人格變

16、化。 The parent ratings of their childs personality also contained a clear GFP, explaining 44.8% of the Big Five variance。 父母等級(jí)的兒童人格包含的一般人格因素可以解釋44.8%大五人格變化。The GFPs from the child- and parent ratings were positively and significantly correlated 兒童和父母等級(jí)在一般人格因素顯著的相關(guān)。 2.3.2. Personality, behavioral inhi

17、bition, and anxiety Within the child-ratings, the GFP was significantly and negatively related to behavioral inhibition。3. 研究2 Although Study 1 was informative, one limitation was that the sample only consisted of non-clinical children. Therefore, we considered it useful to also examine whether the

18、GFP plays a role in distinguishing children with a clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder from non-clinical children, which was the aim of Study 2. 盡管研究一提供了我們需要的信息，但是有一個(gè)不足之處就是，該樣本只包括了非臨床兒童。所以，在研究2，我們想考察一下GFP在診斷臨床焦慮癥兒童的有效性 3、1被試信息和程序 A non-clinical control group and a group of children with clinic

19、al anxiety disorders were obtained. 首先獲得非臨床控制組和臨床診斷焦慮障礙的兒童組 199 parents of primary schools were asked to participate。Eighty-one parents responded positively (41%) and filled out questionnaires about their child that were identical to the ones used in Study 1 199為父母受到邀請(qǐng)。只有81位父母做出了積極的反應(yīng)，填寫了相應(yīng)問卷。 The c

20、linical group was obtained from 45 parents and their children (Mage = 9.47, SD = 1.40), who had been referred to a specialized academic clinic for childhood anxiety disorders. 臨床組有45名父母和孩子參與了實(shí)驗(yàn)，這些孩子患有兒童焦慮障礙。3、2 Results3.2.1. General Factor of Personality A factor-analysis on the total sample reveale

21、d a clear GFP in the child ratings of personality explaining no less than 56.1% of the variance in Big Five scores (EV = 2.8). 因素分析表明，總樣本顯示出GFP在兒童等級(jí)人格解釋不少于56.1%的大五人格分?jǐn)?shù)的變化。 The GFP in the parent ratings explained 50.3% of the Big Five variance (EV = 2.52) GFP在父母等級(jí)上的解釋率為50.3%的大五人格變化。3.2.2. Group diffe

22、rences on GFP, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety Not surprisingly, the clinically anxious children scored significantly higher on parent ratings of behavioral inhibition and anxiety than the non-clinical children。 顯然，臨床焦慮兒童相比非臨床兒童在父母等級(jí)的行為抑制和焦慮的分?jǐn)?shù)要顯著的高。 Compared to the non-clinical group, childrens self-reported SCARED-R （焦慮癥狀）scores were also significantly higher in the clinical group。 相比非臨床組，臨床組的焦慮癥狀分要顯著的高 More importantly however was that the two groups also significantly di