初中英語閱讀理解之主旨大意dayPPT課件

1、主旨大意題 正確理解文章的“主旨大意”是閱讀技能之二。要求在閱讀和理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，對文章作出歸納、概括或評價(jià)。這也是英語閱讀理解中常見的一類題型，大多是要求判斷文章的標(biāo)題或各段大意。第1頁/共31頁閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類主旨題標(biāo)題類文章主旨段落主旨第2頁/共31頁1.標(biāo)題類試題常見的題干形式 (1) The best title for this passage is . (2) The suitable headline for this passage may be (3) The title that best expresses the idea of the passage i

2、s . (4) Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?(體現(xiàn)概括性, 避免遠(yuǎn)離主題)第3頁/共31頁2. 文章主旨類試題常見的題干形式 (1) What is the passage mainly about? (2) The passage talks about . (3) The passage tells us that . (4) This passage mainly deals with . (5) Whats the main idea / topic of the passage?(體現(xiàn)全面性

3、, 避免以偏概全)第4頁/共31頁3. 段落主旨類試題常見的題干形式 (1) The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that . (2) What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? (3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one? (4) Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?(體現(xiàn)針對性, 避免張冠李戴)第5頁/共31頁關(guān)鍵-主題句主題

4、句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）總領(lǐng)性強(qiáng)，概括性強(qiáng)（2）結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，不用難句（3）其他句子解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句，起服從、論證、補(bǔ)充的作用第6頁/共31頁Types Of Paragraph StructuresThe position of the topicAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentence第7頁/共31頁 English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport contro

5、l operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. 主題句在段首或篇首第8頁/共31頁 例2： If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost

6、more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes. Q:The passage is mainly about_. A. well-made clothes B. more expensive clothes C.clothes that are not very expens

7、ive but look and fit better D. clothes that are expensive and well-made 主題句在段末或篇末第9頁/共31頁 例3：In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper foreign cars has no

8、t cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能滿足的）society

9、.Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA. GM is one of the largest car producers.B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign c

10、ars is terrible for American autoworkers.take sth. away of sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似主題句在段中或篇中第10頁/共31頁 Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they

11、showed their unarmed(無武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving eac

12、h other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.無主題句The paragraph mainly tells us _. A. where handshaking was first practicedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China第11頁/

13、共31頁 解題技巧技巧一：識別文體技巧二： 找關(guān)聯(lián)詞技巧三: 抓線索技巧四: 找高頻詞第12頁/共31頁技巧一：識別文體新聞報(bào)道導(dǎo)語提攜全文議論文 總-分-總（論點(diǎn)論據(jù)結(jié)論）說明文主題句（首中尾）記敘文記敘文六要素第13頁/共31頁第14頁/共31頁 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigare

14、tte smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?議論文總-分-總What is the main i

15、dea ?A. cigarette smoking can cause cancer.B. smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease (illness).C. smoking also can cause other health problems.D. smoking is harmful. D第15頁/共31頁 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attent

16、ion: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales method is called “b

17、ait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Bewa

18、re D. TV On Sale 第16頁/共31頁 Mrs Turners telephone number was 3463;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464, people often made a mistake and telephoned her when they actually wanted the cinema. One evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered it . A tired mans voice came over the telep

19、hone: ”At what time does your last film begin?” ”Im sorry”, said Mrs Turner, “but you have the wrong number. This is not the cinema.” “Oh, It began twenty minutes ago, ”said the man.” Im sorry about that. Well, goodbye.” Mrs Turner was very surprised, so she told her husband. He laughed and said,” N

20、o, that wasnt a mistake. The mans wife wanted to go to the cinema, but he was feeling tired, so he telephoned the cinema. His wife heard him, but she didnt hear you. Now they will stay at home this evening, and the husband will be happy!”Why was Mrs Turner surprised? Because the tired man _.A.wanted

21、 the cinema but called a wrong number. B.Asked her a silly question which she refused to answer C.Said something that had nothing to do with her answer. D.Was angry with himself for having made a mistake. c第17頁/共31頁 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look

22、 more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance（so, therefore, thus ,in conclusion, in short,all in all , overall, clearly, In fact）技巧二： 找關(guān)聯(lián)詞第18頁/共31頁

23、技巧三: 從段落中歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意，理清線索. 有些文章或段落無明顯的主題句, 只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題. 這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)或提供的線索來概括總結(jié)主旨大意第19頁/共31頁 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston

24、College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard

25、 Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail第20頁/共31頁技巧四: 從段落中尋找高頻率詞 任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞第21頁/共31頁 Eg.9A new eight-kilometer road is under

26、 construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one f

27、or traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars a

28、nd keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which i

29、nclude a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one

30、side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other syste

31、ms in the tunnel will include emergency phones. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels 第22頁/共31頁主旨大意題的解題技巧 1、以原文為依據(jù)，不參雜個(gè)人意見，要客觀不要主觀。 要克服“我認(rèn)為怎么樣”的觀點(diǎn)。 2、答案是比出來的。答案不選對的，只選最好的。 比答案的原則是：好的不知道的；不知道

32、的不對的。 3、注意絕對化的詞。 如果答案選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)絕對化的詞，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章當(dāng)中使用了該類詞匯，否則，一般都要排除。 比如，原文中出現(xiàn)了這樣一個(gè)句子：Almost everyone likes the music. 答題時(shí)，要你判斷如下這個(gè)句子正誤（True or False）：Everyone likes the music. 4、答案要避免以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏蓋全。 尤其是多個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有道理，難以挑選正確答案的時(shí)候，要注意選擇最符合題目要求的一個(gè)。 5、 “傻瓜”原則。 文章中沒有提到的就當(dāng)時(shí)不知道，不要枉自猜測，自作聰明。一切

33、以文章內(nèi)容為準(zhǔn)。 6. 主旨大意題的干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn) 可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。 可能是從文中某些 (不完全的) 事 實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。 可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。F第23頁/共31頁實(shí)例1 Joshna Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and later

34、, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a business lawyer in Miami, Florida. 從以上這個(gè)段落，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有一個(gè)句子可以單獨(dú)陳述該段落的主題，那么，作者寫這個(gè)段落的目的是什么呢？通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解每個(gè)句子的意思之后，我們便可領(lǐng)悟，作者想告訴讀者的是：Joshna Bingham received an excellent education. 所以說這種文章（或段落）只能從文章的字里行間去理解作者的意圖，這樣才能推斷出文章的主旨大意。第24頁/共31頁實(shí)例2 All students of geography should be able to explain a weather map exactly. Weather condition is a huge amount of information about condition at