小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究TownandTownshipWaterManagem課件

1、小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem1town and township water management studypage 1華北水質(zhì)研究項目匯報a presentation for north china water quality study program小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究town and township water management study小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem2 研究背景background 研究目標objective 研究方法research

2、 methodology 社會經(jīng)濟狀況socio-economic situation 環(huán)境狀況environmental situation 供水water supply 污水處理wastewater treatment 建議recommendationstown and township water management study匯報提綱contents 小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem3town and township water management studypage 3nanjing university 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展econo

3、mic development 城市化urbanization 城鎮(zhèn)化過程town and township development 環(huán)境退化environmental degradation 基礎設施匱乏lack of infrastructure 生活質(zhì)量的提高improvement of quality of life 缺乏適宜的機制lack of suitable mechanism研究背景background小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem4 總結(jié)所選擇建制鎮(zhèn)和集鎮(zhèn)的水質(zhì)管理、供水和污水處理現(xiàn)狀。summarize the sta

4、tus of water quality management, water supply and wastewater treatment in a selected ets & tcs. 為建設部、國家環(huán)保總局、水利部等制定小城市及城鎮(zhèn)水質(zhì)管理政策提供支持。 provide inputs to moc, sepa and mwr in their endeavors to shape new wqm policies for small cities, ets and tcs. 為世界銀行制訂有效的有關中國城鎮(zhèn)水質(zhì)管理貸款計劃提供支持。function as guidance to

5、 the bank in determining cost effective interventions needed to support wqm in small cities and towns in china.town and township water management studypage 4研究目標research objectives小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem5 實例研究case study approach 比較分析comparative analysis 數(shù)據(jù)收集：以前的數(shù)據(jù)庫（電子及非電子版本）、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)

6、調(diào)查、統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)、網(wǎng)絡和當?shù)匚募?。data collection from previous database in both electronic and paper formats, former tvie survey, official statistical data, internet, and local documents. 預調(diào)研：完善問卷和訪談提綱。 pilot study was conducted to refine the questionnaires and interview outlines。town and township water management s

7、tudypage 5研究方法research methods小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem6 野外調(diào)查及問卷。包括50份問卷，每份問卷包含100150個問題。 field survey and questionnaires. 50 questionnaires, each questionnaire includes 100150 questions. 面談，包括企業(yè)經(jīng)理，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、縣、城市、省等層次的官員，環(huán)保局領導和公眾。200人左右。interview with enterprises managers, local governmen

8、t officials at township, county, municipal and provincial levels, epb directors, and the public. about 200 people. 電話咨詢。phone interviews.town and township water management studypage 6研究方法research methods小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem7town and township water management studypage 7調(diào)研包含了世界

9、銀行調(diào)研包含了世界銀行p081348 p081348 項目項目河南城鎮(zhèn)供水和污水處理項目的河南城鎮(zhèn)供水和污水處理項目的1111個縣。它們是：個縣。它們是：(1) (1) 原陽，原陽， (2) (2) 尉氏，尉氏，(3) (3) 蘭考，蘭考，(4) (4) 新安，新安， (5) (5) 宜陽，宜陽，(6) (6) 嵩縣，嵩縣， (7) (7) 博愛，博愛， (8) (8) 武陟，武陟， (9) (9) 襄城，襄城， (10) (10) 遂平遂平 和和 (11) (11) 汝南。汝南。world bank project p081348 - henan towns water supply &am

10、p; sanitation project. including: (i) yuanyang; (ii) weishi, (iii) lankao, (iv) xinan, (v) yiyang, (vi) shong, (vii) boai, (viii) wuzhi, (ix) xiangcheng, (x) shuiping and (xi) runan.研究地區(qū)-河南henan 小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem8town and township water management studypage 8研究地區(qū)-江蘇jiangsu小

11、城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem9town and township water management studypage 9社會經(jīng)濟 (2003)socio-economic developmenteconomic development of surveyed counties0500010000150002000025000300003500040000yysxyuyrnlkxcwsspwzbfxabaxmtxwjgdp per capita0.000.050.100.150.20financial revenue/gdpper cap

12、ita gdp (cny)financial revenue/gdp當?shù)刎攧諣顩r仍然十分緊張，在河南調(diào)研地區(qū)之間以及與東部發(fā)達地區(qū)之間仍當?shù)刎攧諣顩r仍然十分緊張，在河南調(diào)研地區(qū)之間以及與東部發(fā)達地區(qū)之間仍然存在地區(qū)差異。然存在地區(qū)差異。local governments face very tight financial budgets and regional differentiation exists among surveyed counties in henan and those in developed areas小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwa

13、termanagem10county river namewater qualityyyluohe riveriisxyinhe /ruhe riverii yuytianran trenchnawenyan trenchnarnruhe riverivlkhuanghe riveriii-ivxcyinhe riverivbeiru riverii wsjialuhe riverv shuangxihe rivervspruhe riveriii-ivwzqinhe riveriv huanghe riveriibfshihe riveriiijingchanghe riveriixajia

14、nhe rivervbadashahe riverv-xmshangmuhe riverv-txrutai canaliiichangjiang riverii wjjianghang canaliiitown and township water management studypage 10環(huán)境狀況 (2003)由于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和環(huán)境管理較由于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和環(huán)境管理較差，水質(zhì)正在嚴重惡化。差，水質(zhì)正在嚴重惡化。wq has been seriously degraded due to rapid economic development and weak environmental managem

15、ent. 城鎮(zhèn)和快速城鎮(zhèn)化的農(nóng)村可城鎮(zhèn)和快速城鎮(zhèn)化的農(nóng)村可能成為未來重要的污染來源。能成為未來重要的污染來源。towns and rapidly urbanizing townships are likely to be the originators of extensive environmental degradations in the future 這些河流域當?shù)亟?jīng)濟發(fā)展這些河流域當?shù)亟?jīng)濟發(fā)展更為密切。更為密切。 river that is more related to local economy小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem

16、11town and township water management studypage 11環(huán)境狀況 (2003)environmental situationpollution intensities in surveyed counties (2003)051015202530yysxyuyrnlkxcwsspwzbfxabaxmtxcod(indu. cod) per unit area020040060080010001200cod per capita; indu. cod/indu.gdpcod per unit area (ton/km2)industrial cod pe

17、r unit area (ton/km2) cod per capita (ton/10,000)industrial cod/industrial gdp (ton/100 m cny)小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem12town and township water management studypage 12環(huán)境狀況 (2003)environmental situationfinancial status of local epb024681012yysxyuyrnlkxcwsspwzbfxabaxmtxbudget/levy (

18、m cny)epb budget (m cny)pollution levy (m cny)環(huán)境管理資金不足。環(huán)境管理資金不足。insufficient funding allocated to environmental management.小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem13town and township water management studypage 13環(huán)境狀況 (2003)environmental situationcapacity analysis of local epb0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

19、3.54.0yysx yuy rnlkxcwsspwzbfxabaxmtxepb staff; staff/population0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.50staff/emissionepb staff (100)epb staff per unit population (/1,000)epb staff per unit ww emission (/10,000ton)epb staff per unit cod emission (/ton)地方環(huán)保局能力有待加強，對環(huán)保法規(guī)的實施能力很弱。地方環(huán)保局能力有待加強，對環(huán)保法規(guī)的實

20、施能力很弱。local epb capacity is very weak and enforcement of environmental regulations is poor. 小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem14town and township water management studypage 14供水water supplywater supply service in surveyed area020406080100yysxyuyrnlkxcwsspwzbfxabaxmtxpipeline ws ratio in che

21、nguan town (%)non-pipeline ws in surveyed counties (%)fee collection rate (%)管道供水的覆蓋率還很低。管道供水的覆蓋率還很低。 in surveyed areas, pipeline water supply coverage is low. 迫切需要提高安全飲用水的覆蓋率。迫切需要提高安全飲用水的覆蓋率。there is urgent need for high coverage of safe drinking water水費收取率太低。水費收取率太低。fee collection rate is low小城鎮(zhèn)水管

22、理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem15town and township water management studypage 15供水water supplywwtrspchwpwtccwwtrspchwpwtcc(%)km/km2%rmb/capita(%)km/km2%rmb/capitacities10.85.796.825561.8899.1858etna661.9nana894.2natcna4.142.6nana6.985.8nacitiesnananana20.55.3446.4569.2et04.156.7nana6.12(*)80.

23、1(*)natc0na10.0nana3.6260.1 (*)nacity/townnationalsurveyed area in henanhenanjiangsuwwtr 污水處理率污水處理率; spc 下水管道鋪設下水管道鋪設; hwpw = 家庭管道供水家庭管道供水; tcc = 城城市基礎設施投資市基礎設施投資. wwtr waste water treatment rate; spc sewage pipe coverage; hwpw = households with piped water; tcc = total capital construction (in urba

24、n infrastructure).數(shù)據(jù)來源數(shù)據(jù)來源: moc, 調(diào)研調(diào)研data sources: moc, field survey小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem16town and township water management studypage 16供水water supply water tariff for different sectors0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0yysxyuyrnlkxcwsspwzbfxabaxmtxwater fee (cny/cum)residential wind

25、ustrial wservice w水價改革在進行，但是還需要進一步深入。水價改革在進行，但是還需要進一步深入。water price reform is going on but needs further step小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem17town and township water management studypage 17供水 water supplyfinancially possible?0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0yysxyuyrnlkxcwsspwzbfxabaxmwater/ww fee fo

26、r overall redients/income (%)water/ww fee for urban redients/income (%)如果污水處理費（如果污水處理費（1元元/立方米）也通過水費收取，對于居民來說支付就太高。假設立方米）也通過水費收取，對于居民來說支付就太高。假設2010收入增收入增長長20%。if wastewater tariff (1.0cny/cum) is collected via water fee, it will be too high for residents of small towns. suppose income increases by 2

27、0% in 2010.由于財務預算緊張，大多數(shù)地區(qū)都在期待著貸款或政府支持來完成新自來水廠的建設計劃。來由于財務預算緊張，大多數(shù)地區(qū)都在期待著貸款或政府支持來完成新自來水廠的建設計劃。來自政府方面的自來水廠建設資金比污水處理廠更可靠。自政府方面的自來水廠建設資金比污水處理廠更可靠。 most areas expect loans or governmental support to make those new water supply plants possible. financial sources for water supply is more secured from govern

28、ments than wastewater treatment.小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem18town and township water management studypage 18污水處理wwtpyy2no243.042.064.4tbdtbdodsx1nonananananananayuy0no0000000rn2no2na4264.4nananalk1yesnananananananaxc2no2.552.952.580.5tbdtbdodws2yes2.528.052.580.58.020.0odsp2no4na8412

29、8.8nananawz2yes459.084.0128.8tbdtbdbrbf2no470.684.0128.840.630.0odxa3na2.5na52.580.5tbdtbdtbdba2na557.6105.0161.017.640.0odxm3yesnananananananatx4yesna94.0nana30.064.0nacountyplanning phase*fee collected?capacity (10,000 cum/d)planned loan (m cny)core techniqueplanned investment (mcny)cc of wwtp (m

30、cny)cc of collection system (m cny)planned self-financing (m cny)0-無計劃 ; 1-進行可行性研究 ; 2-準備接受評估 ; 3-工程計劃已經(jīng)通過; 4-已經(jīng)投入運行。od-氧化溝。 br-生物反應池。0-no plan, 1-feasibility study, 2-proposal being evaluated, 3-project proposal passed, 4-in operation; od-oxidation ditch; br-bio-reaction pool.這一地區(qū)還沒有建立一家污水處理廠。no ww

31、tp has been built in the region and it is urgently needed.如果當?shù)刭Y金籌措機制得不到改變，小城鎮(zhèn)就很難在不遠的將來建立污水處理廠。if current financing mechanisms are not changed, it is doubtful that small cities and towns can build wwtps in the near future.小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem19town and township water management

32、 studypage 19污水處理wwtpproposed wastewater tariff for different sectors0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2yysx yuyrnlkxcwsspwzbfxabaxmtxwastewater fee (cny/cum)residential wwindustrial wwservice ww排污費很難收集。排污費很難收集。wastewater tariff is hard to collect.對于對于gdp較低的小城鎮(zhèn)，由于財政支付能力低，銀行及其他私營資本很難提供的所較低的小城鎮(zhèn)，由于財政支付能力低，銀行及其他私營資本很

33、難提供的所需資金。需資金。financing from banks and the private sector is not available to low gdp small towns because of their limited financial resources.小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem20 縣一級政府承諾保證環(huán)境保護和經(jīng)濟增長的協(xié)調(diào)。county governments make commitments to the balancing environmental protection and economic

34、 growth. 把城市化作為機遇和要求來改善小城市和城鎮(zhèn)的供水和污水處理設施。improve water supply and wastewater treatment service by using the urbanization of small cities and towns as both opportunities and demands. 注意改善地方產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構。pay attentions to local industrial structures.town and township water management studypage 20有關地方發(fā)展的建議 local

35、 development 小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem21 依靠上一級更多的財政支持并采用由上級環(huán)保局直接任命官員的垂直管理系統(tǒng)。partially vertical management system via more financial support and direct appointment by upper level epb. 以充足的財政預算支持環(huán)保局，使環(huán)境保護規(guī)章制度如征收污染費的執(zhí)行更加獨立。sufficient financial budget for local epb so implementation of

36、 environmental regulation such as pollution levy can be more independent. 培訓環(huán)保局職員以改進管理效率。 training for epb staffs to improve the efficiency of management.town and township water management studypage 21有關環(huán)境管理的建議environ. governance nanjing university小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem22 供水應該是最

37、優(yōu)先考慮的，最好的辦法是將供水廠和污水處理廠以及相應的基礎設施的規(guī)劃和建設同時進行。water supply is the first priority but the best approach is to plan and build wsp, wwtp and the supporting infrastructure at the same time. 城關鎮(zhèn)和其毗鄰小鎮(zhèn)應該是供水的首要目標并,且其它鎮(zhèn)也應該開發(fā)小規(guī)模管道供水系統(tǒng)。chenguan towns and adjacent townships should be the prime target for water sup

38、ply and other towns should develop small-scale pipeline water supply system. 私人投資應該得到鼓勵，特別是在相對發(fā)達的縣。private investment should be encouraged particularly in the relatively developed counties and government support is necessary.town and township water management studypage 22有關供水的建議water supply 小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究

39、小城鎮(zhèn)水管理研究townandtownshipwatermanagem23 政府應該提供財政支持和政策優(yōu)惠來鼓勵污水管理的發(fā)展。government at various levels should provide more financial support and policy package to encourage the development of ww management. 分散式的污水處理廠和低成本技術應該被運用來促進減少污水的管理費用，把下水道系統(tǒng)納入污水處理廠計劃。decentralized wwtps and low cost technologies should be promoted to reduce costs. sewage s