British_History

1、Aims Six periods of class are going to be spent on the history of UK and USA, which provides us with a concise insight into the history from the following 3 aspects: 1. The vicissitudes of dynasties (王朝興衰) 2. The milestones of each stage 3. The important events in each stageA brief timeline of Briti

2、sh historyPrehistoric Britain BC Roman Britain 43 AD Anglo Saxon Britain 450Viking Britain 793Medieval Britain 1066Tudor Britain 1485 Stuart Britain 1603Georgian Britain 1714 Victorian Britain 1837 Modern Britain 1902 + RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll Questions: 1. The earliest known

3、 settlers on the British Isles were _. 2. The most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is _. 3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from _ and began to inhabit British Isles.I. PrehistoryIberian, Celt, Stonehenge The First immigrants to Britain were Iberians who came from Iber

4、ian Peninsula about 5 ,000 years ago. Soon after 700 BC the Celts from Upper Rhineland of northwest Europe came to settle there. The Celtic blended with the Iberians.The Iberians left no written records and the only relic which gave evidence of their existence were stone monuments, the biggest of wh

5、ich was the Stonehenge.StonehengeIt is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. The Iberians began building Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago, dragging each stone into place. Questions:4. Christianity was first brought to Britain b

6、y _.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are _, the _ and _, especially _.II. Roman Britain43BC - 410 AD, Welsh Christianity, roman roads, cities, Hadrians wall, Roman Baths The Romans remained in Britain from 43 BC to 410 AD, almost four hundred years (four centuries). T

7、hey imposed their own way of life and culture. And they brought Christianity to England. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value: Welsh Christianity, the Roman roads and cities, especially London.The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476. The Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire endured

8、 until 1453 with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks.Hadrians Wall (哈德良長城)Hadrians Wall, a stone wall barrier built to separate the Romans and the Picts tribes in Scotland 2000 years ago(122 A.D.). It allowed Roman soldiers to control the movements of people coming into or leaving Rom

9、an Britain. It was so well built that you can still see parts of it today. How long was Hadrians Wall?It was 117 kilometers (73 miles) long across the narrow neck of England, from the North Sea to the Irish Sea. The Roman Baths complex is a site of historical interest in the English city of Bath. Th

10、e complex is a very well-preserved Roman site of public bathing. Roman BathsThey left behind their roads like Chester, Winchester derived from the Roman word castra ( a military camp) and clusters of Christian converts. Questions:6. The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denma

11、rk and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are _, _ and _. From the _ conquerors came the name “England” and “English”.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and _, the king of Wessex. III. Anglo-Saxon Britain & Danish Invasion4

12、50, 3 Teutonic groups, Heptarchy, King Arthur and his knights of the Round TableViking Britain, 793, King Alfred, the Great The Anglo-Saxon Conquest From the middle of the fifth century, three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and the Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Lux

13、emburg) and settled in Britain. The three Teutonic groups were Angles, Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name “England”, meaning the land of Anglo-Saxons and “English”. Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy (七國時(shí)代) The seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mer

14、cia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy, having occupied the lowland zones. Jutes invasion: In 449, the Jutish chief became the king of Kent; Anglo-Saxon Conquest: Saxon : Essex, Sussex, Wessex; Angles: East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia ; No possession of Scotland, Wales and Ireland

15、, still by CeltsThe legend of King Arthur;King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table were Romanized Celts trying to hold back the advances of the Anglo-Saxons. Sir Lancelot (a Knight of the Round Table whose love affair with Queen Guinevere resulted in a war with King Arthur) on his horse The Vi

16、king Britain (793) Another wave of Germanic invasion came in the eighth century. These invaders were known as Vikings, the Norsemen or Danes, who came from Scandinavia. In the ninth century they conquered and settled the extreme north and west of Scotland, and also some coastal regions of Ireland. T

17、heir conquest of England was halted when they were defeated by King Alfred of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. This resulted in an agreement in 878 which divided England between Wessex in the south and west, and the “Danelaw” in the north and east. The Vikings lived over one thousand years ago and came

18、from the three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. King Alfred, the Great was not only an able warrior but also a dedicated scholar and a wise ruler. He is the only monarch in English history to be given the title “the Great”. However, fewer differences existed between Anglo-Saxons

19、 and Danes. By the end of the 10th century England was one kingdom with a Germanic culture throughout. Most of modern-day Scotland was also united by this time in a Celtic kingdom. Questions:8. Norman Conquest, by _, beginning from the year _, established _ in Britain.9. King William made a record o

20、f each mans property, which was called “_”.10. The Great Charter signed in _ was made in the interest of the _, it had a progressive significance.11. The first parliament was called in 1265 under the leadership of _.IV. Norman Conquest and Feudal Society1066, Battle of Hastings, Doomsday BookKing Jo

21、hn and the Great Charter in 1215 and Robin HoodKing Henry III and the beginning of parliamentSir De Montfort and the Great Council and All Estates Parliament in 1265Edward I and the model parliament in 1295 and William Wallace In 1066 an army from Normandy defeated the English at the battle of Hasti

22、ngs. On Christmas Day that year, William I, the Duke of Normandy was crowned king of England. A feudal system was imposed. The Norman Conquest was one of the most decisive events in English history. It tied Englands civilization closely to that of continental Europe. Where were the Normans from?Baye

23、ux Tapestry (A town of northwest France near the English Channel. The famed Bayeux tapestry, housed in a museum here, depicts incidents in the Norman Conquest) of the Battle of HastingsThe Norman Conquest Facts The Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William, the Conqueror the first Anglo-Norman king of

24、 England. Significance It is the last invasion of England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.InfluenceIt has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England. Feudal aristocracy developed and resulted in the appearance of noble titles.This sophisticated medieval fo

25、rm of government was handed over to the Normans and grew stronger. The Doomsday Book (末日審判書) exemplifies the practical codification. Tower of London (the White Tower) served as the administration of justice. Witan was replaced by the Great Council led by the head of bishops. The Norman vs. Anglo-Sax

26、on relation became that of the master vs. servant. England was civilized by Norman way of living, particularly reflected by the language. It is a bi-linguistic period with French as the official language, Latin as the church language while the Middle English, as that of the lower class. However Engl

27、ish regained the position of dominant speech by the end of 14th century. The main structure of Middle English was still English, including those auxiliary verbs, pronouns, preposition, conjunction while many French words were borrowed in the fields of government, land holding, war, hunting, cooking,

28、 costume, church and law. King John was demanding more feudal taxes and army service, and then an army of angry lords marched to London. King John was forced to sign the charter the lords had prepared in 1215.The Great CharterThe Great Charter / Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, literally Great

29、Paper), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms) Contents: no tax should be made without the approval of the council no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the land If the king attempted to free himself from law, the vassals(封臣) had the right to force

30、the king to obey it. Significance The Great Charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords, great and small. It had a progress significance. It granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new politica

31、l force.Robin Hood While King Richard I was fighting in the crusades, England was governed by his brother John, who imposed all the taxes. Robin Hood lived with his band of “merry men” in Sherwood Forest, stealing from the rich and giving to the poor.Beginning of Parliament Henry III heavily taxed t

32、he lords to pay tributes to the Pope to defeat the lords. Simon de Montfort, defender of the Great Charter, reformed the Great Council with two knights each county and two representatives each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Earliest English Parliament

33、(All Estates Parliament) was summoned in 1265 in Westminster after the capture of Henry III. In 1295, King Edward I summoned the “All Estates Parliament” more than 400 hundred members in all. As that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “Model Parliament”. Edward I w

34、as also famous for his invasion of Scotland fighting with William Wallace in the first war of Scottish Independence. Questions:12. The _ Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated papal supremacy over English Church and declared himself _ of

35、the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work _.15. The greatest dramatist _ lived in the age of Elisabeth I.16. The “Glorious Revolution” was so called because it was _.V. Decline of

36、 Feudalism and the Bourgeois RevolutionThe Hundred Years War (1337 1453) and Joan of Arc, the Black Death (1348 -1450), the Wars of the Roses (1455 1485);The Tudor Britain (1485 1603), Henry VII and the Tudor Rose, Henry III and the Reformation, Elizabeth I and the Renaissance and the Maritime War a

37、nd the foundation of the British Empire The Stuart (1603 ) and the Civil war (1642 1646) and the Restoration in 1660 and the Glorious revolution in 1688 The Hundred Years War (13371453) Joan of Arc (1412-1431), the leader of the French peasants against the English. she was later tried for heresy and

38、 sorcery and was burned at the stake in Rouen. Result of the war: By the time the war was concluded, the English had lost all the territories they had gained during the war except the French port of Calais. Consequence of the war: The war accelerated the breakdown of feudal society and put the money

39、 class, the new bourgeoisie in a more important position in Britain.The Black Death (1348 - 50): killed nearly half of the European population Consequence of the Black Death The lords was in shortage of the labor Wage labor demanded higher wages and greater freedom. The paradox led to the hatred and

40、 conflict between the two classes. Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses (14551485) were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster (feudal landowner) and the House of York (commercial- minded). Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet

41、royal house, tracing descent from King Edward III.The name Wars of the Roses has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York. England under the Tudors (1485-1603) Henry VII gained the throne when he won over the War of the Rose

42、s and created the Tudor rose, containing both the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. It symbolized the end of a struggle between York and Lancaster England became a national state with an efficient centralized government. It was in the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.

43、It reformed church in England and tolerated enclosures. America was discovered and the Renaissance spread into England. It stimulated English commercial and maritime enterprise. Henry VIII (reigned 1509-1547) He is one of the most well-known monarchs in English history. He had six wives. It was duri

44、ng his reign that the Reformation took place. Henry had six wives because. He had the first wife because he was betrothed to her by his father. He had the second wife because he fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir. He had the third wife because he still needed a male heir. He had the

45、 fourth wife because of diplomatic reasons. He had the fifth wife because he fell in love again. He had the sixth wife because he was old and sick and needed a companion and nurse who wouldnt give him too much trouble. Henrys Six Wives fate was like the order of divorce, being beheaded, death, divor

46、ce, being beheaded, survival.The Global Reasons for the Reformation in England Encouraged by Martin Luther, many English people demanded reform of the church. The privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented by many people. The monarchy would benefit from the reform. The fuseThe Pope refused to

47、grant Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and he set up the Protestant Church of England.The Act of Supremacy (1534) confirmed the break from Rome, declaring Henry to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Daughter of Henry VIII, was the first of three long-

48、reigning queens in British history. During her long reign she established a reasonable degree of internal stability in a firmly Protestant England. She never married, but used its possibility as a diplomatic tool. In her time, England established its supremacy over the sea. On March 23, 1603, Elizab

49、eth died, which marked the end of Tudors reign. When she came to power England was an insignificant country. When she died it was a major European power. The Golden Age Under Elizabeth Is rule, England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts. The English navy d

50、efeated the Spanish Armada. During her reign, the age of exploration began with the explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after the virgin Queen.The Spanish Armada (Invincible Fleet) in Early 150

51、0sThe Maritime War in 1588The Effects The destruction of the Spanish Armada not only established the position of England as a major sea power but also paved the way for its foreign expansion. In a word, Elizabeth I was the foundation of the British Empire.Renaissance in England Renaissance is a Fren

52、ch word that means rebirth. The word was first used by Italian scholars in the mid-16th century to express the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. One of the humanists, Sir Thomas More wrote the classical work of Utopia. An ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and

53、moral aspects. An impractical, idealistic scheme for social and political reform.Self portrait Of Leonardo da VinciMona LisaThe last supperWilliam Shakespeare In conclusion, the Tudor Monarchy is the most important period in English history. Henry VIIIs monarchy, Reformation, and Elizabeth Is policy

54、, Renaissance, all these happenings in this period met the need of the rising bourgeoisie and the wealth began to flow into England. Thus the English bourgeoisie was ready to take over political power and to build an empire. Stuart Period James I: Elizabeth was followed to the throne by James VI of

55、Scotland, who became James I of England (1603 -1625), beginning the Stuart. (John Bull) James believed in the absolute power of the monarchy The Bourgeois Revolution The Civil War (1642-1651) This is popularly remembered as a contest between fun-loving, aristocratic, royalist “Cavaliers”, and over-s

56、erious, puritan parliamentarian “Roundheads”. It ended with a complete victory for the parliamentary forces. The king Charles I was beheaded, signifying the end of the Stuart House. Oliver Cromwell became “Lord Protector” of a republic with a military government in 1649. The Glorious Revolution (166

57、8) The Restoration of the Stuart (1660) The son of the executed king was asked to return and take the throne. Then his brother James II tried to give full rights to Catholics. The “Glorious Revolution” (1688) The revolution was glorious because it was bloodless. Prince William of Orange, ruler of th

58、e Netherlands, and his wife Mary accepted the invitation to become king and queen. It was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament. By that time, the Cavaliers and Roundheads had settled down to become Englands first political parties: the Tories and Whigs. Questions

59、:16. The industrial revolution began in _ industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.17. _, a carpenter made the first invention called “spinning Jenny”.VI. The Industrial RevolutionThe Georgian Britain (1714),The first Industrial Revolution in 1780s beginning with the textile indus

60、try and the invention of the steam engine made the factory take place of cottage in 1840s.Hanoverian (Georgian) England In 1714 the British throne passed to a German family, the Hanoverians. George of Hanover, Germany succeeded Queen Anne to the Throne In 1776, George I chose Sir Robert Walpole as his c