2017版高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法專題 第二部分 詞法篇其他詞類 專題4 介詞和介詞短語課件 外研版

1、第二部分 詞法篇其他詞類核心考點(diǎn)精析介詞高考中的應(yīng)用模擬強(qiáng)化練123核心考點(diǎn)精析介詞是虛詞，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等)構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。介詞分為：簡(jiǎn)單介詞，如at，in，for等；合成介詞，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短語介詞，如according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等；雙重介詞，如from behind/above/under，until after等；分詞介詞，如considering，includ

2、ing，judging (from/by) 等。 1.介詞搭配介詞搭配(1)“動(dòng)詞介詞”搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個(gè)動(dòng)詞搭配意義不同的情況。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“奪去、除去”意義的動(dòng)詞與of 連用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供給”意義的動(dòng)詞與with連用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意義的動(dòng)詞與of，from，into連用)介詞

3、the部位與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系(動(dòng)詞sb.s部位，可換用)strike him on the head(表示“擊；拍；碰；摸”意義的動(dòng)詞與on連用)catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意義的動(dòng)詞與by連用)hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；臉”等人體前部的器官名詞與in連用)prevent(stop，keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意義的動(dòng)詞與from連用)persuade(advise，warn) o doing sth.(表示“說服；建議；警告”意義的動(dòng)詞與into連用)buy(leave，

4、get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示“得失”意義的動(dòng)詞與for連用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意義的動(dòng)詞與to連用)give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意義的動(dòng)詞與to連用)注意：可換成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等與“對(duì)象”連用必須用to)不可說suggest sb.sth.。

5、(2)同一介詞與不同動(dòng)詞搭配，意義各異。reply to the letter回信，sing/dance to the music和著音樂唱/跳，amount to 達(dá)到，加起來有，devote to把貢獻(xiàn)給，drink to為干杯，object to反對(duì)，look forward to 渴望，come to蘇醒，belong to屬于，search for搜，ask for請(qǐng)求，use.for用作，leave for前往，take.for把誤以為，call for要求，wait for等待，care for喜歡，make up for彌補(bǔ)損失，turn to求助/救于，help onesel

6、f to隨意，agree to同意，compare.to把比作，send for派人去請(qǐng)/拿，sail for駛向，起航，set out for動(dòng)身去，go in for愛好(3)常見的“形容詞介詞”搭配。worthy of值得的，be far from離遠(yuǎn)，be grateful to sb.for sth.為某事感激某人，be free from沒有/免除，be proud of/take pride in為自豪，be satisfied with/by對(duì)滿意，be sure of/about確信，be fond of喜歡，be fit for適合，be busy with sth./in

7、 doing sth.忙著做某事，be full of充滿，be ready for準(zhǔn)備，be similar to與相似(4)“名詞介詞”習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。the absence of water缺水the hope of success成功的希望have a chance of/for entering college上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)take pride in them為他們感到驕傲the key to the question問題的答案a medicine for cough治咳嗽的藥the ticket for tomorrow明天的票2.核心介詞用法歸納與辨析核心介詞用法歸納與辨析(1

8、)表示時(shí)間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、年、季、月、周等，一般用介詞in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。還可以用時(shí)段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注意：at night/at noon，in the day(在白天)，in

9、 the night(在夜間)。in five days(weeks，months，years)中in意為“在以后”。(2)在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Childrens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening) of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(區(qū)別：in the late/early morning of Oct

10、.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days(3)表示某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at，如小時(shí)、分鐘等。at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at sixat noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the time of war(但in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些時(shí)間名詞前不接介詞。next day，last Sunday，that morning，these yearsone，each，any，every，some，all

11、修飾時(shí)間名詞時(shí)，一般不用介詞，如some day，one day，all afternoon。(4)till，until的用法。till(until)與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用一般用于肯定句中，與短暫動(dòng)詞連用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.注意：在句首出現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用until。Not until 9 a.m. did Mr.Smith come back to school.(5)in，later，after的用法。in一段時(shí)間：表示說話時(shí)為起點(diǎn)一段時(shí)間之后

12、，與一般將來時(shí)連用；但表示“在之內(nèi)”時(shí)，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。一段時(shí)間later(later是副詞)：表示某一具體時(shí)間或某一方面具體時(shí)間算起的一段時(shí)間后。after一段時(shí)間：表示“在之后”，用于一般過去時(shí)；但時(shí)間為點(diǎn)時(shí)間時(shí)，只能用after，即after點(diǎn)時(shí)間，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外

13、，in一段時(shí)間stime與within一段時(shí)間的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(與將來時(shí)連用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表語)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，意為“不超出，在之內(nèi)”)(6)地點(diǎn)介詞at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在較小的場(chǎng)所，in在較大的場(chǎng)所，

14、on在的平面上。如at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。on，at，in，off還可以表示兩地的相對(duì)位置。若A地屬于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接，用on；無邊緣的銜接，用to；A在B附近，用off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范圍之內(nèi))Hunan Province lies on the

15、west of Hubei Province.(毗鄰)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離)across在物體表面“穿過”；through則表示在三維空間內(nèi)部“穿過”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over，above譯作“在之上”；under，below譯作“在的下面”，其區(qū)別在于over，under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系；而above，below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。A little boat

16、 is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平線).The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介詞。by the year/hour/day按年/小時(shí)/天。如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(按bythe單位名稱，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按噸計(jì))。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail郵寄，by telephone(radi

17、o)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用電，by machinery用電器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope交通工具類by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/bo

18、at/lifeboat/sea/water另外：by means of 用方法，by way of 經(jīng)由，取道于；用方法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.s help(permission)。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具/器械)One smells with his nose.(with人體器官，但by hand手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞)注意：使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如：in English(ink，penc

19、il)。(8)表示“除之外”的常用詞。besides 除以外(還有)。作副詞時(shí)意為“而且，更何況”。There will be five of us for dinner，besides John.It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except除去，除之外(不再有)。We all went except John.注意：在否定句中，besides與except可以換用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for除了(對(duì)句子主題進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說明)，后

20、接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時(shí)與“except that句子”意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了一點(diǎn)以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but與exceptbut和except在表示“除了以外”時(shí)可以通用，但應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)：(A)前面有不定代詞、疑問代詞在意義上對(duì)稱時(shí)，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短語為

21、排除對(duì)象時(shí)，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to)(C)but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不做某事，can not help but do sth.不得不做某事，but for.若不是(9)between與amongbetween通常指兩者之間，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每?jī)烧咧g的相互關(guān)系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Austr

22、alia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地，一個(gè)接一個(gè)地忙這忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之間。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among

23、 friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)London is among the largest cities.(one of與最高級(jí)連用)，(10)表原因的介詞(短語)for，because of，due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is d

24、ue to your careless driving.(11)不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的for，of。這里所說的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯主語的結(jié)構(gòu)。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：it isadj.of/for sb.to do sth.中，如果表語形容詞能夠說明不定式邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時(shí)用of；如果說明不定式行為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等時(shí)則用for。(12)兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。after，since，till/unt

25、il，before這些詞既是介詞，又是連詞。The children went home at once after school.(介詞)They went to bed after they had finished the job.(連詞)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介詞可兼作副詞。He ran down the hill.(介詞)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副詞)有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。All the students got to school before

26、 me.(介詞)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(連詞)Havent I seen you before？(副詞)(13)介詞的省略。某些動(dòng)詞搭配中的介詞可以省略。Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.(14)某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。要求接to的名詞有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。The key t

27、o success is preparation.要求接in 的名詞有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。He is an expert in teaching small children.返回返回介詞在高考中的應(yīng)用介詞與語法填空在語法填空中，介詞是必考內(nèi)容。?？急硎痉轿?、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、計(jì)量、材料等以及習(xí)慣用語中的介詞。典題試做典題試做1在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~1.For those who fly to Guilin，its only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better-kno

28、wn city.(2015全國)解析解析根據(jù)句意可知，這只是驅(qū)車一小時(shí)的路程?！癰y交通工具名詞”為一固定短語。by解析答案解析答案2.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day： the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015全國)解析解析at the same time意為“同時(shí)”，是一個(gè)常用介詞短語。故填at。3.He sold or exc

29、hanged some of the milk in the towns nearby other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015廣東)解析解析本句話中exchange 的意思是“交換”，根據(jù)句意可知，Johnson先生用牛奶換其他的食物。這里用了固定短語exchange.for.，故填介詞for。atfor解析答案解析答案4.When the bus finally came，we all hurried on board.I got a place next the window

30、，so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2014新課標(biāo)全國)解析解析考查固定短語中的介詞。此處是一個(gè)固定短語next to，意為“挨著”。5.Dont laugh me.I may look funny.(2014遼寧)解析解析考查固定搭配中的介詞。laugh at是固定搭配，意為“嘲笑”。toat解析答案解析答案6.I didnt understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged the reservation.(2014廣東)解析解析考查固定搭配中的

31、介詞。聯(lián)系空后的the reservation可以知道，“我”的信用卡已經(jīng)為這次預(yù)訂支付錢了。be charged for是固定搭配。for解析答案解析答案應(yīng)對(duì)策略應(yīng)對(duì)策略1如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是填介詞。其次，還要注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。介詞與短文改錯(cuò)短文改錯(cuò)中對(duì)于介詞的考查常會(huì)涉及介詞誤用、缺少介詞或介詞多余的情況。典題試做典題試做2單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)1.Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted.(

32、2015全國)解析解析with the development of為固定短語，意為“隨著的發(fā)展”。故on改為with。答案答案onwith解析答案解析答案2.One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.(2015全國)解析解析玩具應(yīng)該是在“在櫥窗內(nèi)”，用介詞in。故on改為in。答案答案onin3.Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015四川)解析解析

33、動(dòng)詞help為及物動(dòng)詞，其后接賓語時(shí)無需加介詞，故去掉with。答案答案去掉去掉with解析答案解析答案4.My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.(2015浙江)解析解析考查固定表達(dá)。此處表示的是“教室的三面是由玻璃制成的”，從制成品中可以看出原材料，應(yīng)用be made of結(jié)構(gòu)，所以應(yīng)將from改為of。答案答案fromof5.My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015陜西)解析解析last week上個(gè)星期

34、，在此句中作狀語，前面無需加冠詞。答案答案去掉去掉in解析答案解析答案6.If you hear the alarm，stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.(2014四川)解析解析wait為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟賓語時(shí)應(yīng)加介詞for。答案答案wait后加后加for7.The more friends we have，the more we can learn for one another，and the more pleasure we can share together.(2014大綱全國)解析

35、解析learn from sb.向某人學(xué)習(xí)，為固定搭配。答案答案forfrom解析答案解析答案8.My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird.(2014陜西)解析解析shoot.at.把瞄準(zhǔn)，為固定搭配。答案答案onat9.If we could show concern to others on need，the world would be a better place to live in.(2014浙江)解析解析in need需要，為固定搭配。答案答案onin解析答案解析答案10.We can li

36、e on the grass for a rest，or sit by the lake listening music.(2014新課標(biāo)全國)解析解析listen為不及物動(dòng)詞，后跟名詞時(shí)應(yīng)該加上介詞to。答案答案listening后加后加to解析答案解析答案應(yīng)對(duì)策略應(yīng)對(duì)策略2(1)如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是缺少介詞。(2)注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。(3)不該用介詞的短語中用了介詞，如 next year常寫成in the next year。(4)某些及物動(dòng)詞短語中介詞缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (o

37、f)等。(5)有些及物動(dòng)詞多加了介詞，如 enter the room常寫成enter into the room，return my book常寫成return back/to my book等。(6)注意分清連詞、副詞和介詞之間的區(qū)別和句法功能。書面表達(dá)中介詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦1.句尾介詞往往由于受到漢語的影響而缺少2.因不熟悉介詞及介詞短語語法功能和不同搭配而造成語句混亂，搭配不當(dāng)?shù)儒e(cuò)誤。(誤)I often come to school take bus，but sometimes I come by my fathers car.(正)I often come to school by bu

38、s，but sometimes I come in my fathers car.返回返回模擬強(qiáng)化練.單句語法填空單句語法填空1.It has no religious significance；the founders the movement adopted it in honor of Switzerland.解析解析考查介詞。這里表示的是這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的創(chuàng)辦者，用of表示所屬關(guān)系。2.“If you see us，” Velez tells them，“dont hide！We have come to rescue you.” Velez gives his presentations E

39、nglish and Spanish.解析解析表示“使用”某種語言要用介詞in。ofin解析答案解析答案3.He spent all day helping others，handing out charity to the poor，and looking after abandoned animals.Very seldom did he ever do that anything.解析解析for表示“為了”，指他很少會(huì)為了得到什么而這樣做。4.Many of my friends met Wednesday in the early morning to go to a specific

40、 parking lot sale held at a store.解析解析表示“具體在某一天”要用on。foron解析答案解析答案5.The global journey is led by an expedition leader，Steve Moore， memory of his father，a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63.解析解析in memory of sb.是固定短語，表示“為了紀(jì)念某人”。6.With a sound data basis，this study explains the differ

41、ence the widespread belief that children bring happiness and the fact that most researches find either a negative or no significant relationship between parenthood and well-being.解析解析本句比較了“the widespread belief that children bring happiness”和“the fact that.”兩者之間的差異，故用between。inbetween解析答案解析答案7.Are y

42、ou tired of being lonely because of not having any friends？There are many ways to make friends now even leaving your home.Thanks to the Internet，anything is possible if you know where to find friends online.解析解析根據(jù)語境可知第二句句意為：現(xiàn)今有很多即使不離開家也可以交朋友的辦法。8.An agreement seems to be impossible because the major

43、ity of the committee members are it.解析解析考查介詞的基本用法。句意為：達(dá)成一致意見看來是不可能了，因?yàn)槲瘑T會(huì)中大多數(shù)成員都表示反對(duì)。be against反對(duì)。withoutagainst解析答案解析答案9.Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients name，not case number.解析解析句意為：如今一些醫(yī)院以名字來叫病人，而不是以病例號(hào)。by name 是固定短語，意為“憑名字”。10.Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek food safety pro

44、blems.解析解析句意為：有時(shí)候，解決食品安全問題的好辦法并不難找到。answer后需與to連用，意為“的答案；的解決辦法”。byto解析答案解析答案.單句改錯(cuò)單句改錯(cuò)(每小題每小題1處錯(cuò)誤處錯(cuò)誤)1.When the teacher asks us very difficult questions，Ill think quickly and stand to answer.答案答案stand后加后加up2.The book Im reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain.答案答案去掉去掉ofteacher.Every day，he sp

45、ends too much time with his work.答案答案withon答案答案4.Gradually，I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college.答案答案去掉去掉into5.There had been a terrible accident on the highway and，for a result，there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles.答案答案第一個(gè)第一個(gè)fora

46、s6.But on today，at this special time，I just want to tell you loudly：I love you，Mom!答案答案去掉去掉on答案答案7.To begin with，all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only when we have a real need.答案答案去掉第二個(gè)去掉第二個(gè)to8.When I tore apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father said，“Thats it.No more to

47、ys to you.”答案答案tofor答案答案.語法填空語法填空A(介詞專練)I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1. a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2. them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished ea

48、ch other.I was sad because they were 3. their own，without any children or friends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4. me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it