初中所有學過的時態(tài)

1、.初中已學過的時態(tài)1 初中已學過的時態(tài)：一般現在時，過去時，將來時，現在完成，正在進行時，現在完成進行時，過去完成時，過去將來時，過去進行時。初中語法歸類1>一般現在時1、一般現在時的用法：表示現在的狀態(tài)或特征，謂語動詞一般是be。e.g. They are at work. She is very old.表示經常性或習慣性動作，謂語動詞一般是實義動詞。e.g. We go to school from Monday to Friday.表示主語具備的性格和能力。e.g. I like swimming. Do you speak English?普遍真理。e.g. Two plus

2、four is six. The earth goes around the sun.2、一般時態(tài)（一般現在時）的謂語形式。動詞be 的人稱變化：am, is, are實義動詞的變化：主語為單數第三人稱，實義動詞應+s或es(do or does)。(其變化類同于名詞的復數形式)；主語為其他人稱時，實義動詞不變(do)?？蓴得~的復數形式： 英語名詞復數的構成有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。A 規(guī)則變化：一般在單詞的結尾直接+s；book books如果單詞以s, x, ch, sh等結尾，+es；bus buses若以輔音字母+y結尾，變y為i+es；city citiesstory stories

3、以f或fe結尾，變f或fe為ves；wife wivesknife knives以o結尾， nero /hero/ phatao /tomato 加es；其它加s: photo photos；兩個名詞用在一起構成合成名詞變復數時，只把合成名詞的主體名詞變成復數。e.g. banana trees但是以woman, man等名詞與其后面的名詞構成合成名詞變復數時，里面所含的成分全部要變成復數。three women teachers3、一般現在時的句型變化。1）be動詞的句式：am is are2）實義動詞的句式：改否定句及疑問句都應借助助動詞do或does。(當主語為單數第三人稱時，用does

4、, 同時應將其后的謂語動詞還原形)。改否定句：在實義動詞之前+dont或doesnt.e.g. We go to school on Sundays. We dont go to school on Sundays.He does his homework after supper. He doesnt do his homework after supper.改一般疑問句：在句首添加Do或Does，其他照抄，最后加問號。e.g. They speak English. Do they speak English?He goes home at five every day. Does he

5、go home at five every day?一般疑問句的肯否定回答。Yes, 主語+do. No,主語+dont. Yes, 主語+does. No, 主語+doesnt.e.g. Do they speak English? Does he go home at five every day? Yes, they do. Yes, he does.No, they dont. No, he doesnt.畫線部分改特殊疑問句放句首：疑問代詞一般疑問句？(do/does其他？)e.g. I like to eat apple. What do you like to eat?He go

6、es to school every day. Where does he go every day? 4、often, five days a week, every day, on Sundays, sometimes等表示頻度的狀語通常位于be動詞之后，實義動詞之前，若句子出現頻度副詞，通常用一般現在時。2>一般過去時：表示過去經常或偶然發(fā)生的動作，或存在的狀態(tài)的時態(tài)。構成：用動詞的過去式。除系動詞be的過去式有人稱和數的變化外（was,were），其他動詞的過去式無人稱和數的變化(did)。1. v + ed worked, planted, played 2. 以E結尾的： v

7、 e + d liked, lived, changed3. 以重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙輔加ED：planned, stopped, dropped (preferred)4. 以輔音字母加Y結尾，把Y改為I加ED： v y I + ed carried, studied, cried.規(guī)則變化：一般在動詞末尾加-ed；結尾是e的動詞在末尾加-d；末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-ed；以輔音字母加y結尾的，先變y為i，再加-ed。注意：1、prefer的過去式要先雙寫末尾輔音字母r在加-ed：preferred. 2、travel的過去式可雙寫l再加-

8、ed；也可以直接加-ed。 2) 詞尾-ed的讀音1. p, k, t, f, sh, ch, s t stopped, liked, liked, washed, watched, danced 2. b, g, d, v, ge, z, a, e, I, o, u d played, answered, followed, agreed, arrived, listened, borrowed, called 3. t, d id painted, wanted, contacted, started, needed, sounded, ended, minded, 3) 不規(guī)則動詞過去式

9、：1. let讓, put放, read讀（原形，過去式，過去分詞一樣。） 2. come came come來, run ran run跑 3. bring brought brought帶來, buy bought bought買 4. spend spent spent花（錢、時間） 5. leave left left離開, meet met met遇見 6. burn burnt burnt燃燒, learn learnt learnt學會 7. sell sold sold賣, tell told told告訴 8. get got got得到, stand stood stood

10、站, understand understood understood理解、懂得 9. have had had有, hear heard heard聽見, make made made制造, pay paid paid付（錢）, say said said說, sit sat sat坐, find found found發(fā)現 10. am / is was been是, are were been是, do did done做, go went gone去, wear wore worn穿著, see saw seen看見 11. begin began begun可是, sing sang

11、 sung唱, swim swam swum游泳 12. ride rode ridden騎（馬、自行車） 13. know knew known知道 14. draw drew drawn畫、拉 15. speak spoke spoken講, take took taken拿走 16. eat ate eaten吃, give gave given給 17. can could能、會, will would將, shall should將, may might可以4)用法1. 表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用yesterday, last night, t

12、wo weeks ago, in 2003 / I went home at half past five the day before yesterday. 2. 表示過去經?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作，常和often, always 等表示頻度的時間狀語連用。 His father often went to work by bus last year.有時動作發(fā)生的時間不很清楚，但實際上是過去發(fā)生的，應當用一般過去時。 I didnt know you were here. 3.常用“ would + do ”表示過去經常反復發(fā)生的動作。 We would turn to him for help

13、 when we were in trouble. 我們一遇到麻煩，就向他請求幫助。 4. 在條件和時間狀語從句中，用一般過去時表示過去將來的動作。He would let me know when he came back.他回來的時候就讓我知道。3> 現在進行時：表示在某一時刻或某段時間正在進行的動作的時態(tài)。 構成：由“系動詞am / is / are +現在分詞（動詞加-ing形式）”構成。1) 動詞加-ing形式的構成及其讀音。1.一般在動詞原形末尾加-ing。 staying, listening2. 以不發(fā)音的字母e結尾的動詞，先去掉e，再加-ing 。making, tak

14、ing, giving, riding3. 以一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節(jié)，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-ing。 putting, sitting, running, beginning, getting, shopping 2) 用法：1. 表示現在或說話時正在 動作，常與now 連用，有時有 look, listen等詞提示。 What are they doing now? 他么現在在做什么？Look, what are the monkeys eating? 瞧，那些猴子在吃什么？ Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.聽，有人在教室里唱

15、歌。2.有一些表示狀態(tài)的動詞和表示心理情感的動詞不用進行時態(tài)。如： like, love, know, wish, want, remember, understand 等 I am liking this book. (X) / I like this book.3. 表示明確安排好了的不久將要發(fā)生的事情，這是表示最近的打算的最常用的表達方式（時常有一個表示未來時間的狀語。），這僅限于少量的動詞，如：go, come, leave, arrive, start, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear, meet, see，fly,move等用進行時表

16、將來(be+doing)，此外， be going to do something 這個結構也常用來表示即將發(fā)生的事或打算/準備做某事。 I am meeting Peter tonight. He is taking me to the cinema. / I am seeing the doctor today. / He is going to speak.4>一般將來時：表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)的時態(tài)。用法： 1. 表示在將來某個時間將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與表示將來的時間狀語tomorrow, next week / month/year等連用。 We will g

17、et there tomorrow. / What shall we do? / Shall we get there tomorrow? 2. 表示將來經?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作。I will come to see you every weekend. / He will do the same thing again and again.他會反復做同一件事，直到做好為止。 3.有跡象表示某事將要發(fā)生，或打算、計劃、決定要做某事，可用“ be going to + 動詞原形”來表示。 What time is the party going to start? 聚會在幾點種開始？ Its goi

18、ng to be warmer later on. 晚些時候天氣會更暖和。 4. be going to (x) will （下列幾種將來時要用will 而不用be going to）a. 帶有意愿色彩的將來時。I will tell you the news.我要把這消息告訴你。 Im sure they will come and help us.我肯定他們會來幫助我們的。b. 問對方是否愿意，或表示客氣的邀請或命令時。Will you go with us? 你跟我們一起去嗎？Take a seat, will you?請坐。c. 在有時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的復合句中，如果主句是將來

19、時，從句用一般現在時表將來。Miss Gao will tell you the answer if you ask her. 如果你去問高老師，她會告訴你答案的。/ I will come if it doesnt rain.如果不下雨的話，我就來。 5. 特殊表達：一些表示位置轉移的詞，如：go, come, leave, arrive fly(乘飛機去)等，可用現在進行時表示即將發(fā)生的動作。如：They are going to Wuhan tomorrow.他們明天將乘飛機去武漢。 Uncle Wang is coming to supper.王叔叔要來吃晚飯。1 People _ _

20、(have) robots in their homes.2 He _ _(live) to be 200 years old.3 There_ _ _(be) fewer trees.4 There_ _ (be) fewer trees.5 I _ _go home tomorrow.并把上面的句子改成否定句，一般疑問句，并對畫線部分提問。5>過去正在進行時（The Past Progressive Tense）：過去正在進行時由“be(was/were)+doing”構成，1)表示在過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行的動作。一般用時間狀語來表示。I was having a show

21、er at that time. 那時我正沖澡。2） 過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。 I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看報，突然門鈴響了。3. 過去進行時在語境中的運用。如：I waved to her but she wasn't looking. 我向她揮手但她沒往這邊瞧(from )。She didn't hear the doorbell. She was listening to the radio. 她沒聽見門鈴響，她在聽收音機。3)

22、常用的時間狀語 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個時候他正在做晚飯) The little girl was playing with he

23、r toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時候她正在玩玩具)注：與always, forever, frequently等副詞連用，可表示某種感情色彩。如：She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。(厭煩)She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到別人。(贊揚)4)用于賓語從句或時間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時進行而且是延續(xù)時間較長。句子中通常不用時間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot o

24、f songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林里走時唱了很多歌)1 My brother fell while he_ _(ride)his bicycle and hurt himself. 2 It _ _ (rain)when they left the station. 3 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun _ _(rise)4 He _ _(sleep)when the UFO arrived.5 The alien got out while the

25、 girl_ _(shop)6 While the by _ _ (walk)down the street,the UFO landed.并把上面的句子改成否定句，一般疑問句，并對畫線部分提問6>現在完成時I. 用法 （1）現在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的或已經完成的動作對現在的影響或結果，常與already, yet, just, recently, ever, never, before等表示不確定時間的時間狀語連用。 1 I have studied English before. 表示I know a little English. 2 He has already come back

26、. 表示He is here now. （2）現在完成時表示過去某一時間開始一直持續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài)。此時，句中謂語動詞通常是延續(xù)性動詞，且常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：these days, all this year, recently, for 時間段以及since時間點等等。 3 She has been ill for 3 days. 4 He has worked in the bank since 1990. II. 構成：have / has 動詞過去分詞 （1）has用于主語是第三人稱單數，have用于其它人稱 （2）動詞的過去分詞構成分為規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞。規(guī)則動

27、詞在詞尾加ed，其規(guī)則與過去式一樣。不規(guī)則動詞要記住。例如：taketaken, gogone等。III. 肯定式、否定式和疑問式,否定式：have/has+not+過去分詞，疑問式：have/has放在句首如：（I have received a special gift. I have not received any special gift. 基本結構：主語+have/has+過去分詞(done) 肯定句：主語+have/has+時間狀語+過去分詞+其他.否定句：主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他.一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他.特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或

28、詞組+一般疑問句（have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他）？定義：在過去不確定的時間里發(fā)生的動作，但是結果對現在有影響。過去分詞1 、規(guī)則動詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構成規(guī)則相同。四點變化規(guī)則： (1)、一般動詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”結尾的動詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結尾的動詞，將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studi

29、ed-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不規(guī)則動詞：AAA型原型 過去式 過去分詞cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set setshut shut shut spread spread spread let let letAAB型 beat beat beatenABA型 become becam

30、e become run ran run come came come特殊情況 read read readread原形發(fā)音為/ri:d/,過去式和過去分詞發(fā)音為/red/ABB型bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burntcatch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt felt fight fought foughtfind found found hear heard heard hold held held keep kept keptlay lai

31、d laid lead led led lose lost lost make made mademeet met met sell sold sold shoot shot shot sit sat satstand stood stood sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won wonABC型 begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosendraw drew drawn

32、 drive drove driven drink drank drunk fly flew flownforget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grownknow knew known ride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rungshake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written用法（1）現在完

33、成時用來表示現在之前已發(fā)生過或完成的動作或狀態(tài),但其結果卻和現在有聯系,也就是說,動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現在還存在. I have spent all of my money.(含義是:現在我沒有錢花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含義是:現在桌子已經擺好了.) Michael has been ill.(含義是:現在仍然很虛弱) He has returned from abroad. (含義是:現在已在此地) （2）現在完成時可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時刻的,持續(xù)到現在的動作（用行為動詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動詞表示）常與for（+時間段）,since（+時間

34、點或過去時的句子）連用. for+時段since+過去一個時間點（譯為：自從以來）since+時段+agosince+從句（過去時）It is+時段+since+從句（過去時）Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注：瞬間動詞（buy,die,join,lose）不能直接與for since 連用。要改變動詞come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be outfinish-be over open-be open die-be dead1.have代替buy My br

35、other has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“b

36、e形容詞”代終止性動詞 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall (get) ill 3、bedead代die 4、beasleep代fall (get) asleep 5、beawake代wake/wake up 6、begone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、beopen代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、bemissing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be副詞”代終止性動詞 1“beon”代start,begin 2“beup”代get up 3“beback(to)”代return to,come back to,

37、go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be介詞短語”代終止性動詞 1.“be in/at +地點”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地點”代替move to 常用瞬間動詞變延續(xù)性動詞表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at

38、相應的介詞2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up； 7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asl

39、eep； 10. have finished/ended/completed have been over； 11. have married have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold；

40、 18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier 注意： 1.現在完成時不能單獨與準確時間連用，(如表示過去的時間狀語）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning

41、、afternoon)等，除非與for,since連用.2.現在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑問）, just, before, recently,still, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 現在完成時常常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用,

42、如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4. 現在完成時還往往可以同包括現在時間在內的時間狀語連用,如now, up to these fe

43、w days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation betwe

44、en our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5. 現在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現在這段時間內重復發(fā)生的動作. We have had four texts this semester. 6.現在完成時的"完成用法" 現在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時刻并已結束，但該動作對現在產生了影響，與現在情況具有因果關系。 例如：He has turned o

45、ff the light.他已把燈關了。(動作結束于過去，但說明的是現在的情況-燈現在不亮了。) 現在完成時"完成用法"的特點是動作不延續(xù)，因此，該時態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時間狀語(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現在時刻在內的時間狀語(如：this morning month year.，today等)連用。 例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？ 7.現在完成時的"未完成用法" 現在完成時的"未完成用法&

46、quot;指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻，一直延續(xù)到現在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。 例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來，他一直住在這兒。(動作起始于1978年，一直住到現在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊已經呆了五年多了。(動作開始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。) 此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導)，或表示與現在時刻相連的時間狀語(如：up to now，so far)等。 例如：I have heard not

47、hing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)現在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動詞，不可用于終止性動詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時間很短的動詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。 8.一段時間+has passed+since從句9. 現在完成時常和短語 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是從過去某一確定的時間一直延續(xù)到現在.)Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過

48、好多故事書。I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過三次。10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別gone:去了沒回been to :去過been in：呆了很久一般過去時和現在完成時（ 1 ）、一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式，而現在完成時的謂語基本構成是“助動詞 have/ has + 動詞（V.）的過去分詞”。 過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。(2) 、一般過去時通常與表示

49、過去的時間狀語連用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而現在完成時則常與 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ., for . 等表示一段時間的狀語連用。 試比較以下幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別： A:Have you seen the film ? B:Did you see the film ? 分析：你看過這部電影嗎？（ A ）句強調的是被問者對劇情是否了解；（ B ）句強調的是看這部電影的動作是否發(fā)生過，并不強調是否知道其

50、內容。 A:How has he done it ? B:How did he do it ? 分析：他是怎么做的這件事？（ A ）句強調的是他做這件事的方式對現在產生了某種影響；（ B ）句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。 A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years . B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years . 分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了 8 年，可能還會繼續(xù)在北京住下去。（ B ）句講的是他在北京住過 8 年，現在已經不在北京了。（2）現在完成時強調過去發(fā)生的動作對現在的影響和結果，而一般過去

51、時與現在沒有聯系，只是說明某個動作發(fā)生的時間是在過去。 比：I have washed the car. 我洗過了車。（看上去很漂亮） I washed the car a moment ago.我剛才洗過車了。 She has watered the flowers.她已經澆了花。（不需要再澆了） She watered the flowers yesterday.她昨天澆的花。 I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已經寫好了，但還沒有寄出。 I wrote the letter last week and

52、 I posted it three days ago.我上周寫的那封信，3天前寄出的。 （3）現在完成時表示的動作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現在并可能延續(xù)下去，而一般過去時則單純表示過去某段時間內的經歷。 比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已經下了5個小時了。 It rained for five hours yesterday.昨天下了5個小時的雨。 He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經兩個小時了。 He waited for her two hours and then went home.他等她等了兩個小時，然后就回家了。 I have reviewed two lessons this morning.今天上午我已經復習了兩課。（說話時還在上午） I reviewed two lessons this morning.今天上午我復習了兩課。（說話時已是下午或晚上）1)I have received some gifts. 2)