畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯--FPGA技術(shù)發(fā)展探究

1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯題 目:latest develodment trend observationof fpg afpga技術(shù)發(fā)展探究院系名稱：信息科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院專業(yè)班級(jí)：電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù) 級(jí)2班學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：指導(dǎo)教師：教師職稱：副教授附件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ):該生的英文資料與設(shè)計(jì)題目密切相關(guān)，中文翻譯語(yǔ) 句通順，意思準(zhǔn)確，字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求，說(shuō)明該生具有一定 的閱讀英文資料的能力。簽名:附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文fpga技術(shù)發(fā)展探究%1. 緒言自1985年xilinx公司推岀笫一片現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程邏輯器件(fpga)至今,fpga己 經(jīng)歷了十幾年的發(fā)展歷史。在這十

2、幾年的發(fā)展過(guò)程屮，以fpga為代表的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)現(xiàn) 場(chǎng)集成技術(shù)取得了驚人的發(fā)展：現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程邏輯器件從最初的1200個(gè)可利用門，發(fā) 展到90年代的25萬(wàn)個(gè)可利用門，乃至當(dāng)新世紀(jì)來(lái)臨之即，國(guó)際上現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程邏輯器 件的著名廠商altera公司、xilinx公司又陸續(xù)推出了數(shù)百萬(wàn)門的單片fpga芯片, 將現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程器件的集成度提高到一個(gè)新的水平。縱觀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程邏輯器件的發(fā)展 歷史，其z所以具冇巨大的市場(chǎng)吸引力，根本在于：fpga不僅可以解決電子系統(tǒng)小型 化、低功耗、高可靠性等問(wèn)題,而且其開發(fā)周期短、開發(fā)軟件投入少、芯片價(jià)格不斷 降低，促使fpga越來(lái)越多地取代了 asic的市場(chǎng)，特別是對(duì)小批量、多品種的產(chǎn)

3、品需 求，使fpga成為首選。目前,fpga的主要發(fā)展動(dòng)向是：隨著大規(guī)?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程邏輯器件的發(fā)展,系統(tǒng)設(shè) 計(jì)進(jìn)入”片上可編程系統(tǒng)” (sopc)的新紀(jì)元;芯片朝著高密度、低壓、低功耗方向 挺進(jìn);國(guó)際各大公司都在積極擴(kuò)充其ip庫(kù)，以優(yōu)化的資源更好的滿足用戶的需求，擴(kuò) 大市場(chǎng);特別是引人注廿的所謂fpga動(dòng)態(tài)可重構(gòu)技術(shù)的開拓,將推動(dòng)數(shù)字系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 觀念的巨大轉(zhuǎn)變。%1. xilinx公司研制開發(fā)的fpga系列產(chǎn)品的主要特征xilinx公司自發(fā)明fpga以來(lái)，就不斷的推出新器件和開發(fā)工具，力求芯片的速 度更高、功耗更低。其主耍推出了 virtex系列和spantantm系列的fpga。virtex 系

4、列突破了傳統(tǒng)fpga密度和性能限制，使fpga不僅僅是邏輯模塊,而成為一種系 統(tǒng)元件。而spantantm系列為替代asic的大容量fpga樹立了一個(gè)新的低成木 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。virtex系列fpga集成了許多滿足系統(tǒng)級(jí)設(shè)計(jì)要求的新性能，具冇獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu) 特點(diǎn)。整個(gè)virtex系列由九種器件組成，系統(tǒng)門數(shù)從5萬(wàn)到1()()萬(wàn)門(1,728到27,648 個(gè)邏輯單元)；提供給用戶的i/o引腳數(shù)最多超過(guò)500個(gè);采用多種封裝形式,包括先 進(jìn)的1.0mm finepitchtmbga和0.8mm芯片封裝;采用5層金屬的0.22微米cmos 工藝，實(shí)現(xiàn)5v容茅的i/o接i;借助丁優(yōu)選的時(shí)序驅(qū)動(dòng)的布局和布線工具，

5、在400mhz 的pii cpu上,編譯速度可達(dá)20萬(wàn)門/秒。virtex系統(tǒng)的獨(dú)特結(jié)構(gòu)使它具有以下一些重要性能：1. 擁冇四重?cái)?shù)字化延時(shí)鎖定電路（dll），用于內(nèi)外時(shí)鐘同步;使芯片到芯片間的 通訊速度達(dá)到2（）（）mhz;所有器件從時(shí)鐘到輸出的延時(shí)均小于3ns;時(shí)鐘可倍頻和分頻, 可進(jìn)行 00,900,1800,2700 相移。2. 各種密度產(chǎn)品均設(shè)置向量式互連，使布線快速可預(yù)測(cè)，與內(nèi)核配合良好。3. virtex支持3級(jí)存儲(chǔ)。它的selectram+存儲(chǔ)層為字節(jié)級(jí)（分布式存儲(chǔ)）、千 字節(jié)級(jí)（塊存儲(chǔ)）和兆字節(jié)級(jí)（與外部dram和sram的sstl3接口）存儲(chǔ)塊捉 供很高的頻寬。4采用sele

6、ctl/otm技術(shù)，同時(shí)支持多種電壓和信號(hào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。5.兼容 66mhz/64 比特 pci 和 compact pcl%1. altera公司研制開發(fā)的fpga系列產(chǎn)品的主要特征altera公司的基于cmos的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程邏輯器件同樣具冇高速、高密度、低功 耗的特點(diǎn)。該公司針對(duì)通信市場(chǎng)推出的新型低成本器件-acex系列。該系列的主 要特點(diǎn)為：密度范圍從1萬(wàn)到10萬(wàn)門;配備鎖相環(huán)（pll）,與64位、66mhz的pci 兼容;產(chǎn)品系列從原1.8v擴(kuò)展至2.5v;提供系統(tǒng)速度超過(guò)115mhz的高性能。altera公司還對(duì)fpga的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，提供更多的嵌入式ram。新近推出的 flex 10ke系列

7、器件是以前的flex 10k系列器件的增強(qiáng)型,該系列在結(jié)構(gòu)上采用 了與flex 1（）k系列相同的邏輯塊,但片內(nèi)嵌入式ram是flex 10k系列的兩倍, 而且增加了一個(gè)雙端口 ram,這對(duì)通信應(yīng)用來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)重要的優(yōu)勢(shì)所在?！逼峡删幊滔到y(tǒng)” （sopc）得到迅速發(fā)展，主要有以下幾個(gè)原因：1. 密度在100力門以上的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程邏輯芯片己經(jīng)面市；2. 第4代現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程邏輯器件的開發(fā)工具已經(jīng)成形，可對(duì)數(shù)量更多的門電路進(jìn) 行更快速的分析和編譯,并可使多名設(shè)計(jì)人員以項(xiàng)目組的方式同步工作；3. 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)（ip）得到重視，越來(lái)越多的設(shè)計(jì)人員以”設(shè)計(jì)重用”的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)冇軟 件代碼加以充分利用，從而提高他們的設(shè)

8、計(jì)效率并縮短上市吋間；4. 由于連接延遲時(shí)間的縮短，片上可編程系統(tǒng)（sopc）能夠提供增強(qiáng)的性能, 而且由于封裝體積的減小,產(chǎn)品尺寸也減少了。%1. actel公司研制開發(fā)的fpga系列產(chǎn)品的主耍特征actel公司一直是世界反熔絲技術(shù)fpga的領(lǐng)先供應(yīng)商，主要有兩大系列的反熔 絲fpga產(chǎn)品-sx-a系列和mx高速系列osx-a系列fpga的主要特點(diǎn)是功耗低、 在接上了所有內(nèi)部寄存器之后,200mhz運(yùn)行吋的功耗不到lw,而且價(jià)格也較為低 廉、并擁冇良好的性能。眾所周知采用反熔絲技術(shù)的fpga盡管具有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是卻有一個(gè)致命的弱 點(diǎn)，即只能進(jìn)行一次性編程。這就為大規(guī)模fpga產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)帶來(lái)了

9、許多不便。為了 彌補(bǔ)這一不足，近年來(lái),altel公司也在積極開發(fā)其它結(jié)構(gòu)類型的fpga產(chǎn)品。最具代 表的是其新近推出了一種非易失性、可重新編程的門陣列proasic fpgaso該系 列產(chǎn)品集于高密度、低功耗、非易失性和可重新編程于一身。proasic fpgas的主 耍特點(diǎn)是:提供98,000到110,000個(gè)可用門;內(nèi)嵌擁有fifo控制邏輯的兩端isram (容量達(dá)到138,000比特)；提供人于200mhz的內(nèi)部時(shí)鐘頻率;該系列產(chǎn)品的功耗 僅是基于sram的fpga產(chǎn)品的1/3到1/2。%1. 技術(shù)發(fā)展分析。從以上對(duì)xilinx、altera和actel三家公司各自開發(fā)產(chǎn)品特征的介紹，我

10、們可以 看出2000年以fpga為代表的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)集成技術(shù)發(fā)展的一些新動(dòng)向，歸納起來(lái) 冇以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)深亞微米技術(shù)的發(fā)展正在推動(dòng)了片上系統(tǒng)(sopc)的發(fā)展。越來(lái)越多的復(fù) 雜ic需要利用sopc技術(shù)來(lái)制造。而sopc要利用深亞微米技術(shù)才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。隨著 深亞微米技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使sopc的實(shí)現(xiàn)成為可能。與以往的芯片設(shè)計(jì)不同,sopc需要 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)ic和在產(chǎn)品中實(shí)現(xiàn)的方法進(jìn)行根木的重新評(píng)價(jià)。 芯片朝著高密度、低壓、低功耗的方向挺進(jìn)。采用深亞微米的半導(dǎo)體工藝 后，器件在性能提高的同吋,價(jià)格也在逐步降低。由于便攜式應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展，對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng) 可編程器件的低壓、低功耗的要求日益迫切。因此，無(wú)論那個(gè)廠家、哪種類型

11、的產(chǎn)品,(3) ip庫(kù)的發(fā)展及其作用。為了更好的滿足設(shè)計(jì)人員的需要，擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)，各大現(xiàn)場(chǎng) 可編程邏輯器件的廠商都在不斷的擴(kuò)充其知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)(ip)核心庫(kù)。這些核心庫(kù)都是 預(yù)定義的、經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試和驗(yàn)證的、優(yōu)化的、可保證正確的功能。設(shè)計(jì)人員可以利用這 些現(xiàn)成的ip庫(kù)資源，高效準(zhǔn)確的完成復(fù)雜片上的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。(4) fpga動(dòng)態(tài)可重構(gòu)技術(shù)意義深遠(yuǎn)。隨著數(shù)字邏輯系統(tǒng)功能復(fù)雜化的需求，單片 系統(tǒng)的芯片正朝著超大規(guī)模、高密度的方向發(fā)展。與此同時(shí)，人們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)冇趣的 現(xiàn)象，即一個(gè)超大規(guī)模的數(shù)字時(shí)序系統(tǒng)芯片，在其工作時(shí)，從時(shí)間軸上來(lái)看，并不是每 一瞬間系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)部分都在工作，而系統(tǒng)是各個(gè)局部模塊功能在時(shí)間鏈上的總成。同

12、 吋，人們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，基于sram編程的fpga可以在外部邏輯的控制下,通過(guò)存儲(chǔ)于存 儲(chǔ)器屮不同的口標(biāo)系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)的重新下載，來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)芯片邏輯功能的改變。正是基于這個(gè) 稱z為靜態(tài)系統(tǒng)重構(gòu)的技術(shù)，有人設(shè)想，能不能利用芯片的這種分時(shí)復(fù)用特性,用較小 規(guī)模的fpga芯片來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)更大規(guī)模的數(shù)字時(shí)序系統(tǒng)。在研究過(guò)程中，有人嘗試了這種 設(shè)想，發(fā)現(xiàn)常規(guī)的sram的fpga只能實(shí)現(xiàn)靜態(tài)系統(tǒng)重構(gòu)。要實(shí)現(xiàn)高速的動(dòng)態(tài)重構(gòu), 要求芯片功能的重新配置吋間縮短到納秒量級(jí)，這就需要對(duì)fpga的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行革新。 可以預(yù)見，一旦實(shí)現(xiàn)了 fpga的動(dòng)態(tài)重構(gòu)，則將引發(fā)數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)的思想的巨大轉(zhuǎn) 變。六結(jié)語(yǔ)。我們可以看到在新世紀(jì)，以fpga為代

13、表的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)集成技術(shù)正朝著以下 幾個(gè)方向發(fā)展。1 隨著便攜式設(shè)備需求的增長(zhǎng),對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程器件的低壓、低功耗的 要求日益迫切。2芯片向大規(guī)模系統(tǒng)芯片挺進(jìn)，力求在大規(guī)模應(yīng)用中取代asico 3. 為增強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,各大廠商都在積極推廣其知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)ip庫(kù)。4動(dòng)態(tài)可重構(gòu)技術(shù)的 發(fā)展，將帶來(lái)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法的轉(zhuǎn)變。附件2:外文原文latest development trend observation of fpgaby eriac.clerk, ami semiconductor edn, 18/2/2002since the company launched its first-xilinx fiel

14、d-programmable logic device (fpga)at 1985. so far, fpga has experienced more than 10 years of development history. in this process of development for more than 10 years, digital system integration technology at the scene represented by the fpga made a surprising development: field programmable logic

15、 devices has a development of having 1200 available gates initial to 250000 available gates, and even when the new century comes, international famous manufacturers altera corporation, xilinx inc. of field programmable logic devices also have launched a kind of single fpga chip with millions of gate

16、s, making field-programmable device to raise to a new level of the degree of integration.when we take a sweeping view of the field-programmable logic device development, its fundamental reason of huge market attraction is that fpga electronic systems can not only solve the small-size, low-power cons

17、umption, high reliability and other issues, and its short development cycle, development of software less investment, lower chip prices,made more and more fpga to replace the asic at market, especially for the demand of low-volume and variety products, fpgas are prefer.currently, the main developmen

18、t trends of fpga is: with the development of large-scale field-programmable logic device, systems design gose into a new era in the high-density of the "on-chip programmable systemn (sopc), chips go to the direction of a low voltage, low power consumption the international major companies are a

19、ctively expanding its ip library, in order to optimize resources and better meet the needs of users, and expand the market, especially in the so-called eye-catching dynamic reconfigurable fpga technology development, will promote the concept of digital system design enormous change.the main features

20、 of products developed by xilinx fpga company, since invented fpga, xilinx company has beendeveloping the constant introduction of new devices and development tools, in order to raise speed of chips to a higher and lower power consumption. it mainly launched virtex series and a series of spantantm f

21、pga. virtex series fpga breakthroughs in the traditional fpga density and performance constraints, not only made fpga a logic modules, and become a kind of system components. spantantm has set a new, low-cost standards for asic alternative series and the high-capacity fpga virtex fpga series integra

22、tes a number of system-level design to meet the requirements of new properties, and have a unique structural features.virtex series entirely have a composition of nine devices, the system gates count from 50,000 to 1 million (from 1,728 to 27,648 logic elements); the largest number of available i/o

23、pins supplied to users bigger than 500, applying a variety of packages including advanced l0 mm and 0.8 mm finepitchtmbga chip package; using a five-layer metal 0.22-micron cmos process to achieve 5 v tolerance of i / o interface; with optimal timedriving layout and routing tool, the pii cpu 400mhz,

24、 the compiler speed can rase up to 200,000 / sec.there are a number of important properties of virtex system with its unique structure :1 there has been four layers of digital delay-locked circuit (dll) for internal and external clock synchronization,making the speed of chip to chip communications g

25、oes up to200 mhz; all the delay of from clock to output device was less than 3 ns; clock frequency can be double frequency and half frequency and can be at frequency, which can carry out 00900,1800,2700 phase shift.2. the various density products are provided vector interconnection, cabling rapid an

26、d predictable, coupled well with the core.3. virtex support three storage. its selectram + byte level for the storage layer (distributed storage), the 1000-byte (block storage) and megabytes level (external dram and sram with the sstl3 interface) storage block provides high bandwidth.4.1t uses selec

27、ti / otm technology and supports multiple voltage and signal standards 5. it has compatible 66 mhz/64 bit pci and compact pci.the main features of products developed by altera fpga companyalterars field-programmable logic devices basing on cmos also have high-speed, high-density, low-power character

28、istics. the company launched a new type of low-cost device - acex series for the telecommunication market. the main features of the series: the density range from 10,000 to 100,000; with phase-locked loop (pll), and compatible with 64, 66 mhz pci ;the product series expanded from the original 1.8 v

29、to 2.5 v providing system speed over 115 mhz performance.altera company also optimized the structure of fpga, and provided more embedded ram. recently launched flex 10ke family of devices is the enhanced device of former flex 10k series, on structure the series use the same logic block as in the fle

30、x 10k series, but embedded rams in chip are twice as in the flex 10k series, and have a dual-port ram, this is an important advantage for communication applications.nsystem on programmable chip h (sopc) have developed rapidly, there are several reasons:1. logic chips with density more than 1 million

31、 field-programmable gates already available;2. section 4 field-programmable logic devices and development tools have been formed, it can make more rapid analysis and compiler the number increasing gate circuit, and enable the designers to work by groups of projects simultaneously;3. intellectual pro

32、perty (ip) will be respected, and more and more designers through ndesign reuse11 approach to fully utilize the existing software code in order to enhance their design efficiency and shorten the time-to-market;4. with the delay time of link are shortened, system on programmable chip (sopc) can provi

33、de enhanced performance, and because of the reduced package size, product size has been reduced.the main features of products developed by actel fpga corporationactel corporation has been being a leading provider of antifuse fpga technology in the the world, there are two major series of antifuse fp

34、ga products - sx-a and mx-series. the main character of sx-a fpga series is low power consumption, connected to all the internal registers, power of running on 200 mhz less than 1 w, and the prices are relatively cheap, but have good performance.as we all know，despite antifuse fpga technology has ma

35、ny advantages, but there is a fatal weakness, that is, only can make one-time programming. this has created many inconveniences for a large-scale fpga product development. to make up for this shortfall, in recent years, altel company is also developing other types of fpga products actively. the most

36、 representative thing is that the company introduced a non-volatile, can be re-programmed gate array - pro asic fpgas recently. this series of products is set in high-density, low-power, non-volatile and can be re-programmed in one the main characteristics of proasic fpgas are: to provide 9&000

37、to 110,000 available gates; fifo control logic embedded with the two-port sram (capacity of 138,000 bits), providing more than 200 mhz internal clock frequency, power of the series is i / 3 to 1 / 2to the power of sram-based fpga products.analysis on the development of technologyfrom all characteris

38、tics of the respective product development xilinx, altera and actel three companies above, we can see at 2000 the trends of digital system integration technology development representatived by fpga at the scene, some new trends can be summed up in the following points:(1) deep sub-micron technology

39、is driving the development of a system-on-programable-chip (sopc) development. more and more complex ic need using sopc technology to create. the sopc can be achieved only by using deep submicron technology. with the development of deep submicron technology, the realization of the sopc is possible.

40、and the defference from the past chip design,is that sopc need achieving a fundamental re-evaluation for ic design and product ahieve.(2) chips are going in the high-density, low-voltage, low-power into the direction. using deep submicron semiconductor process, the capability of the device are promo

41、ted,at the same time, the price is gradually lowered. since the development of portable applications, field-programmable low-voltage devices, and low power requirements increasingly urgent. therefore, whether that manufacturers, the type of products, are targeting efforts in this direction.(3) the d

42、evelopment and role of ip library. in order to better meet the needs of design, market expansion, major field programmable logic device manufacturers have continually expanded its intellectual property (ip) core library. these are pre-defined, tested and proven, optimized, and can ensure that the co

43、rrect function. designers can use these off-the-shelf ip library resources to complete system design on the complex chip efficiently and accurately.(4) dynamic reconfigurable fpga technology has a far-reaching significance. as the demand of digital logic system functional complexity ,system-on-chip

44、chips are moving towards ultra-large-scale, high-density development. at the same time, people have found an interesting phenomenon, that is, a number of large-scale systemonchip timing, in their work, from the time frame of view, not all parts in the system work at every moment, and system are the sum of local functional modules in the chain of assembly time. at the same time, people also found that the sram-based programming fpga can b