道橋?qū)I(yè)英語第一課英漢互譯

1、道橋?qū)I(yè)英語第一課英漢互譯一，careers in civil engineeringengineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have aspecialized university education. many government jurisdictions also havelicensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass anexamination, similar to the examination for a la

2、wyer, before they can activelystart on their careers.土木工程是一個意味著工程師必須要經(jīng)過專門的大學(xué)教育的職業(yè)。許多政府管轄部門還有（一套）認(rèn)證程序，這一程序要求工科畢業(yè)生在他們能積極地開始（從事）他們的事業(yè)之前，通過（認(rèn)證）考試，這種考試類似于律師職業(yè)里的律師考試一樣。in the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavilyemphasizedthroughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the

3、 first two orthree years. mathematic is very important in all branches of engineering, so itis greatly stressed. today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, whichdeals with gathering,classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. animportant aspect of statistical mathematics

4、 is probability, which deals withwhat may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. before the construction of a bridge isundertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of trafficthe bridge will be expected to handle. in the

5、design of the bridge, variablesuch as water pressure on the foundation, impact, the effects of different windforces, and many other factors must be considered.大學(xué)里，工科課程屮著重強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)學(xué)、物理，和化學(xué)，尤其在開始的二到 三年。在工科所有分支中，數(shù)學(xué)非常重要，因此它被著重地強(qiáng)調(diào)。今天，數(shù) 學(xué)包括統(tǒng)計學(xué)中的課程主要涉及集合，分類，和使用數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，或信息。統(tǒng) 計數(shù)學(xué)的一個重要方謝是概率，它涉及當(dāng)有改變問題的結(jié)果的不同的因素, 或變量時，可能

6、會發(fā)生什么。例如，在承擔(dān)橋梁的建設(shè)之前，運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計研 究來預(yù)計未來橋梁期望承受的交通量.在橋梁的設(shè)計屮，（各種）變量如作用 在基礎(chǔ)上的水壓，碰撞，不同的風(fēng)力的作用，以及許多其它因素必須考慮because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems,computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula.computer, of course, can solve many problems involving calcu

7、lations withgreater speed and accuracy than a human being can. but computers areuseless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions andinformationin other words, a good program.由于在解決這些問題涉及人量的計算，現(xiàn)在幾乎所有工科課程中都包括計算機(jī)編程。當(dāng)然，計算機(jī)能比人類以更快的速度和準(zhǔn)確性解決許多問題。但如果不給計算機(jī)清楚和準(zhǔn)確 指令和信息，換句話說，一個好程序，它也是無用的。in spite of

8、 the heavyemphasis on technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social science and thelanguage arts. the relationship between engineering and society isgetting closer; it is sufficient, therefore, to say again that the work perfor

9、medby an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he orshe should aware of. anengineer also needs a sufficient command of language to be able toprepare reports that are clear and jn many cases, persuasive. an engineerengaged in research will need to be able to write up his

10、or her findings forscientific publications.雖然，在工科課程中，對技術(shù)科目著重強(qiáng)調(diào)，但當(dāng)前的趨勢還是要求學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)社會科學(xué)和語言藝術(shù)的課程。工程和社會間的關(guān)系變得更加緊密; 因此，再一次充分說明，工程師負(fù)責(zé)（承擔(dān)）的工程在許多不同和重要的方 面影響社會,這些方面是他們所知道的。并且，工程師需要一種很肯定（自 信）語言表達(dá)方式來準(zhǔn)備報告，這個報告要清楚明了，且在多數(shù)情況下，是令人信服的。參與研宄的工程師要能為科學(xué)出版物詳細(xì)描述他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)。the last two years of an engineering program include subject

11、s within thestudent's field of specialization. for the student who is preparing to become acivil engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects asgeodetic surveying, soil mechanics, or hydraulics.最后兩年的工科課程計劃包括學(xué)生專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的學(xué)科。為準(zhǔn)備使學(xué)生成為一名土木工程師，這些專業(yè)課程可能會涉及諸如大地測量、土力學(xué)，或水力學(xué)。active recruiting

12、 for engineers often begins before the student's last year in the university. many different corporation and government agencieshave competed for the services of engineers in recent years. in the science-oriented society of today, people who have technical training are, ofcourse, in demand. youn

13、g engineers may choose to go into environmental orsanitary engineering, for example, where environmental concerns havecreated many openings; or they may chooseconstruction firms that specialized in highway work; or they may prefer towork with one of the government agencies that deal with water resou

14、rce.indeed, the choice is large and varied.學(xué)生在大學(xué)中的最后一年前常常就開始了頻繁的工程師招聘。近年來，許多不同的公司和政府機(jī)構(gòu)為爭奪工程師而競爭。在今天這個重視科學(xué)技術(shù)的社會，受過技術(shù)訓(xùn)練的人當(dāng)然是受歡迎的。年輕工程師也許選擇進(jìn)入環(huán)境或衛(wèi)生工程領(lǐng)域工作，例如，在環(huán)境問題方面創(chuàng)造的許多機(jī)會；或他 們也許選擇專門的高速公路工程的建筑公司；或他們也許喜歡與政府機(jī)構(gòu) 當(dāng)中處理水資源的機(jī)構(gòu)之一共事。的確，選擇很多且多樣。when the young engineer has finally started actual practice, thetheore

15、tical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied. he or shewill probably be assigned at the beginning to work with a team of engineers.thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or herability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors.當(dāng)年輕工程師最后開始了真正的實(shí)踐，必須要

16、運(yùn)用到大學(xué)屮學(xué)到的理 論知識。最初，他或她可能會被分配到與工程隊(duì)合作。從而，他們會得到在職的培訓(xùn)，這個培訓(xùn)將向管理人員證明他們將理論轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)踐的能力。the civil engineering may work in research, design, constructionsupervision,maintenance, or even in sales or management. each of these areasinvolves differentduties, different emphases, and different uses of engineer's an

17、d also thedevelopment and testing of new structural materials.土木工程師可能在研究、設(shè)計、施工管理、養(yǎng)護(hù)或者甚至銷售或管理單位工作。每一個工作領(lǐng)域都涉及不同的職責(zé)，不同的著重點(diǎn)以及運(yùn)用不同的工程理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。civil engineering projects are almost always unique; each has its ownproblems and design features. therefore, careful study is given to each projecteven before design

18、 work begins. the study includes a survey both oftopography and subsoil features of the proposed site. it also includes aconsideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or anearth-fill embankment dam. the economic factorsinvolved in each of the possible alternatives must also

19、be weighed. today,a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of theproject. many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors,specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, areinvolved in making these feasibility studies.土木工程項(xiàng)目幾乎是唯一（獨(dú)

20、一）的；就是說，每個工程有它自己的 難題和設(shè)計特點(diǎn)。所以，在設(shè)計工作開始以前，要仔細(xì)的研究每個項(xiàng)目。研究包括勘測工程位置的地形和地基特點(diǎn)。它還包括考慮可能的比選力*案,譬如一個混凝土重力式壩或填土的土石壩。經(jīng)濟(jì)因素與在每個可能的比選方案有關(guān)，也必須斟酌。今天，研究通常包括項(xiàng)0的環(huán)境影響的考慮。許 多工程師，通常在一起工作組成一個團(tuán)隊(duì)，這個團(tuán)隊(duì)包括測量員、土力學(xué)方面的專家和設(shè)計施工方面的專家，來參與制定這些可行性研究。many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field, work indesign, as we have se

21、en, civil engineers work on many different kinds ofstructures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind.in design buildings, engineers often work as consultants to architectural orconstruction firms. dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other largeprojects ordinari

22、ly employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by asystem engineer who is in charge of the powerhouse and its equipment. inother cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field;in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in thedesign and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocke