中國文化通覽資料(一)

1、Tran slati on of Useful Expressi onsChin ese expressi onsEn glish Tran slati on黃河流域Yellow River Valley文化融合，政治統(tǒng)一Cultural fusi on and political unity游牧部落no madic tribesme n疆域Territory; realm; fron tier小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟The small-scale peasa nt economy封建主經(jīng)濟Suzera in / la ndlord / own er-peasa nt economy自然經(jīng)濟形態(tài)The n a

2、tural econo mic patter n農(nóng)、林、牧、副、漁Agriculture, forestation, herding, fishing and third industry cooperation中原The Cen tral pla ins重農(nóng)輕商Encourage farming, limit commerce24節(jié)氣The 24 Solar Terms戰(zhàn)國時期The Warri ng States period男耕女織The man cultivati ng the land and the woma n weav ing at home自給自足的自然經(jīng)濟Self-suff

3、icient natural economy一盤散沙A sheet of loose sand草根階層The grass-roots level人頭稅The poll tax水能載舟，亦能覆舟The water that carries the boat can also overtur n it.多元一體In tegrated pluralism吐故納新Discard the old and embrace the new炎黃子孫the desce ndants of Yandi and Huan gdi禮儀之邦The land of cerem ony and propriety大一統(tǒng)觀念

4、The con cepti on of great n ati onal unitytrzt E 鼠rV-甲骨文The inscriptions on tortoise shells or animal bones銘文The inscriptions on bronze or copper wares象形、指事、會意、形聲（examples）Pictographs, self-expla natory, associative compou nds, pictopho netic method四書五經(jīng)The Four Books and The Five Classics書同文、行同倫The

5、standardized written language and behaviors儒、道、佛、法家Con fucia ni sm, Classical Taoist thi nking, Buddhism, the Legalist School焚書坑儒Bur n books and bury Con fucia n scholars alive無為而治To gover n by doing no thi ng獨尊儒術(shù)、罷黜百家Pay supreme tribute to Con fucia nism while banning all other schools of thoughts四

6、大發(fā)明Four Great Inven ti ons of An cie nt China:1) the inven ti on of paper making tech no logy2) the art of pr inting3) the mak inq of the gun powder4) the compass守內(nèi)虛外Internal defe nse and exter nal slacke ning重義輕武Lay stress on the cultural achievement while make light of the military exploits清明上河圖Th

7、e scroll of painting: the festival of Pure Bright ness on the RiverChin ese expressi onsEn glish Tran slati on求和諧，主平衡Seek for Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium消災祈福Avert calamities and pray for blessings臨時抱佛腳Clasp Buddha ' feet whe n in trouble - seek help at the last mome nt六合The six realms of

8、 Heaven and Earth, East and West, North and South內(nèi)圣外王Intern alized as cultivati on and exter nalized as gover nance of virtue真誠、正心、修身Sincerity, integrity and intellectual cultivation齊家治國平天下Keep your family in order, gover n the state effectively and bri ng peace to the world中庸The golde n mean天人合一One

9、n ess of man and n ature大一統(tǒng)Great Natio nal Unity集體利益Values of Collectivism/ Collective in terest人倫Huma n relati ons普天之F莫非王土，率土 之濱莫非王臣All the land un der the sun bel ongs to the king; all the people with in this country are the king ' subjects.史記The Historical Records宗族關(guān)系The patriarchal relati on

10、s赴湯蹈火Go through fire and water中華民族的脊梁The spiritual tower of Chin ese n ati on否極泰來Out of depth of misfortu ne comes bliss以柔克剛Con quer the rigid with the gen tle一張一弛Alter nate tension with relaxati on仁者愛人The ben evole nt love others仁政Ben evole nt gover nment以民為本People are the foun dati on of the state

11、民為貴，社稷次之，君為 輕People come first, the state comes sec ond and the king third性善論The theory of origi nal good ness of huma n n ature小國寡民A small state with a small populati on無為而治The rule of in acti on漢代經(jīng)學Imperial Confucianism in the Han Dynasty課堂重點1) The Four Books (The Great Learning , The Doctrine of

12、the Mean , The Confucian Analects , and The Works of Mencius ) and The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry , The Book of History , The Book of Rites , The Book of Chan ges , and The Spring and Autu mn Ann als ) cover a wide range of subjects and are the most important textbooks for the Confucian schol

13、ars to disseminate the educational thoughts of the Confucian School and a must for ancient scholars who had to pass the imperial competitive examination to become government officials.2) The Great Learning is about the cultivation of one ' s moral character and the wisdoms of governing a country

14、 during the “ daxue ” (or great learning or higher education) period of ancient China.3) The Confucian Analects or The Analects embodies the Confucian concept of ren or humanity or benevolence, and another concept of yi or righteousness.4) The Works of Mencius embodies the philosophical and politica

15、l thinking of Mencius. He developed and enriched the “ ren and yi theory ” of Confucius and supposed that every man is good by nature, and called for a benevolent government.5) The Book of History is an incomplete collection of the history of ancient China. It is an invaluable reference for the stud

16、y of the primitive and feudal societies in ancient China and is the source of narrative writing in China as well. This book consists of three parts:the exhortations, oaths or declarations by the lords to their subjects; the advice or suggestions of the subjects to their lord; folklores or other mate

17、rials6) The Spring and Autumn Annals is a canonical book of history. It consists of three Commentaries: the Commentary of Zuo focuses on history; the Commentaries of Gongyang and Guliang concentrate on comments on historical events.7) Beijing Opera emerged in Qing Dynasty, when Kun opera was gradual

18、ly on the wane becauseit was only enjoyed by the nobles in the royal court, not the general public. It is a treasure of the Chinese nation as well as a cultural symbol of China, and is enjoyed by a large Chinese audience.8) Classification of Beijing Opera9) Figure painting is the earliest kind of tr

19、aditional Chinese painting; It reflects to a great degree aesthetic and artistic thinking of Confucian scholars, with the aim to rectify one ' s mind and make people abstain from their desires. It is divided into five major categories: gongbi (detailed brushwork), jianbi (sketchy brushwork), xie

20、yi (free hand brushwork), baimiao (outline drawing), and pomo (splash-ink).10) Traditional Chinese landscape painting embodies the Chinese people ' s conception of nature, their aesthetic awareness, and their wisdom and sentiment. It is a unique tradition of Chinese landscape painting to create

21、artistic conception( viz. to seek a unity of form and spirit, of human feelings and natural settings, with an emphasis on the expression of the painte ' r s own thoughts and feelings).11) Calligraphy is native to China; it is a traditional art with a long history and national characteristic features. It has five major scripts, namely the Seal Character,Official Script, Regular Script, Running Script, and Cursive Script12) F