(完整word版)如何欣賞英語詩歌

1、如何欣賞英語詩歌英詩浩瀚，篇幅長短不一，長至成集，短至僅句。為使英語學(xué)習(xí)者了解英 詩，特?cái)M此文，從實(shí)用角度闡述英詩的欣賞：詩的格律、詩的押韻、詩的體式、 詩的評判。詩以高度凝結(jié)的語言表達(dá)著人們的喜怒哀樂，用其特有的節(jié)奏與方式影響 著人們的精神世界。詩講究聯(lián)想，運(yùn)用象征、比喻、擬人等各種修辭手法，形 成了獨(dú)特的語言藝術(shù)。（有關(guān)修辭手法可參考相關(guān)書籍）。詩的格律“格律是指可以用腳打拍子的節(jié)奏”，是每個(gè)音步輕重音節(jié)排列的格式， 也是朗讀時(shí)輕重音的依據(jù)。而音步是由重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成的詩的分析 單位。重讀音節(jié)為揚(yáng)（重），在音節(jié)上用“”或“/”標(biāo)示，非重讀音節(jié)為 抑（輕），在音節(jié)上用“2”標(biāo)示，音步

2、之間可用“/”隔開。以下是五種常 見格式：1.抑揚(yáng)格（輕重格）Iambus：是最常見的一種格式，每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非 重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,So deep / in luve / am I :And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,Till a / the seas / gang dry:Robert Burns（1759-1796）: My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose注art=areluve=lovebonnie=beautifula=allng

3、=go上例中為四音步與三音步交叉，可標(biāo)示為：2/2/2/（2）2揚(yáng)抑格（重輕格）Trochee:每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)非重讀音 節(jié)構(gòu)成。下例中為四音步揚(yáng)抑格（少一個(gè)輕音節(jié)），可標(biāo)示為：2/Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / brightIn the / forests / of the / nightWilliam Blake: The Tyger3 抑抑揚(yáng)格（輕輕重格）Anapaestic foot:每個(gè)音步由兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié) 加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如：三音步抑抑揚(yáng)格2gaLike a child / from the womb,Like a ghost / from th

4、e tomb,I arise / and unbuild / it again.4 揚(yáng)抑抑格（重輕輕格）Dactylic foot:每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如：兩音步揚(yáng)抑抑格22/22/Touch her not /scornfully,/Think of her /mournfully.- Thomas Hood5.抑揚(yáng)抑格（輕重輕格）Amphibrach:每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)再加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。 如：三音步抑揚(yáng)抑格22/22/2下例中最后一個(gè)音步為抑揚(yáng)格。O/hush thee / my/babie / thy/sire was / a knigh

5、t.在同一首詩中常會出現(xiàn)不同的格律，格律解析對朗讀詩歌有一定參考價(jià)值 現(xiàn)代詩中常不遵守規(guī)范的格律。二、詩的押韻押韻是指通過重復(fù)元音或輔音以達(dá)到一定音韻效果的詩歌寫作手法。1. 尾韻：最常見，最重要的押韻方式。1） 聯(lián)韻：aabb型。I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sightCould not follow it in its flight.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song2)

6、交叉韻：abab型。Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea,Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar3)同韻：有的詩押韻，一韻到底，大多是在同一節(jié)詩中共用一個(gè)韻腳。 如下例就共用i:p為韻腳。The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I

7、sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping byWoods on a Snowy Evening2 頭韻：是指一行(節(jié))詩中幾個(gè)詞開頭的輔音相同，形成押韻。下例 中運(yùn)用/f/、/b/與/s/頭韻生動(dòng)寫出了船在海上輕快航行的景象。The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.T.S. Coleridge:

8、 Rime of the AcientMariner3內(nèi)韻(同元音)：指詞與詞之間原因的重復(fù)形成的內(nèi)部押韻。和的氣氛。Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:F面一節(jié)詩中/i/及/in/重復(fù)照應(yīng)，呈現(xiàn)出一派歡樂祥Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Sprin

9、g, the Sweet Spring三、詩的體式有的詩分成幾節(jié)(stanza)， 每節(jié)由若干詩行組成(每行詩均以 大寫字母開頭)；有的詩則不分節(jié)。目前我們常見的詩體有：1 十四行詩(Sonnet)，源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩，十三、十四世紀(jì)流行 于意大利，意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)為代表人物，每行十一個(gè)音節(jié)，全詩 一節(jié)八行，加一節(jié)六行，韻腳用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提問， 后六行回答。后來，懷亞特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)將十四行詩引人 英國，五音步抑揚(yáng)格，全詩三個(gè)四行一個(gè)二行,前三節(jié)提問，后二句結(jié)論。斯賓塞 (EdmundSp

10、enser,1552-1599) 用 韻 腳abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。 莎 士 比 亞 (WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韻腳abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg，稱英國式或 莎士比亞式。舉例見本文第四部分。2 打油詩(Limericks)：通常是小笑話甚至是胡謅，一般沒有標(biāo)題也無 作者姓名，含有幽默諷刺性，常運(yùn)用雙關(guān)，內(nèi)韻等手法。每首詩五個(gè)詩行，押 韻為aabba，格律以抑揚(yáng)格和抑抑揚(yáng)格為主。1) There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned

11、 from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the tiger.2) A tutor who taught on the fluteTried to teach two tooters to toot,“Is it harder to toot, orSaid the two to the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot?”3 無韻體(Blank Verse)：五音步抑揚(yáng)格，不押韻詩體。Across the watery bale , and shout again,Res

12、ponsive to his call, - with quivering peals,And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wildOf joc und din!William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy4 自由詩(Free Verse):現(xiàn)代詩中常見的體式，長短不同的詩行存在于 同一首詩中，不講究押韻與格律，只注重詩歌所表達(dá)的意象和傳遞的情感。美 國詩人Walt Whitman的草葉集(Leaves of Grass)中，就采用此格式。 例

13、子見第四部分。四、詩的評判對一首詩，個(gè)人的感受會有不同。節(jié)奏流暢，語言精煉， 聯(lián)想新穎的詩可算是好詩。堆砌詞藻，一味抒發(fā)感情而無實(shí)際內(nèi)容的詩，只能 是下乘的詩。二十世紀(jì)英美詩歌大量采用自由詩體，接近口語，可謂大 膽創(chuàng)新，大概也是詩歌發(fā)展的大勢所趨吧。以下通過三首詩的分析看詩的評判。1That Time of YearThat time of year thou mayWhen yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,st in me b eholdBare ruine

14、d choirs where late the sweet birds sang,In me thou seest the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,When by and by black night doth take away,Deaths second self, that seals up all in rest.In me thou seest the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.As the deathb

15、ed whereon it must expire,Consumed with that which it was nourished by.This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,To love that well which thou must leave ere long.Notes:mayst:maybehold:see late:no longago thou:youseest:seefadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:徹底埋葬t(yī)hy:your perceivest

16、: perceive ere long: before long此詩是莎士比亞（William Shakespeare, 1564-1616）的一首十四行詩。 作為英國文學(xué)巨匠，他以37部劇作和154首十四行詩屹立于世界文壇。此詩為五音步抑揚(yáng)格，每個(gè)詩行格律為。全詩涉及衰老、死亡及愛情問題。前十二行：通過描寫深秋的樹枝黃葉凋 零，曾是百鳥爭鳴的歌壇，聯(lián)想到自身青春會如夕陽消逝在遠(yuǎn)方，被黑夜吞沒； 自身的青春會如將盡的柴火奄奄一息，被曾滋養(yǎng)過它的火焰焚化。其中choirs（歌壇），deathbed（靈床）使用暗喻手法，同時(shí)又用夕陽和柴火象征人的衰 老死亡。最后兩行：點(diǎn)題，人們對即將永別的東西會更

17、珍惜。本文動(dòng)詞變化具 有明顯的伊利沙白時(shí)代的特點(diǎn)。2The DaffodilsI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high oer vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky W

18、ay, They stretchedin never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced; but theyOutdid the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocundcompany: I gazed - and gazed - but little th

19、ought What wealth the show to mehad brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, Theyflash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;Ans then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.Notes: a crowd, a host of: manysprightly:happy glee:joyjocund:ha

20、ppy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful華茲華斯（William Wordsworth，1770-1850），十九世紀(jì)初英格蘭北部湖 區(qū)三大“湖畔派詩人”（浪漫主義）之一。此詩向我們描繪了一幅美好的自然 景象，同時(shí)抒發(fā)作者對自然美景的喜歡。黃水仙據(jù)說是威爾士國花（1282年， 威爾士歸順英格蘭，被封公國），在英國廣泛栽種，春季開花，花期不長。有 許多關(guān)于黃水仙的詩歌，這首詩無疑是脫穎而出的。全詩語言精煉，通俗易懂，四音步抑揚(yáng)格，分四節(jié)（stanza），每節(jié)6行， 每節(jié)押韻均為ababcc。第一節(jié)寫詩人孤寂時(shí)外出散步，偶遇水仙；第

21、二節(jié)寫水仙爭相開放，千姿 百態(tài)；第三節(jié)，詩人看到這景象感到欣喜異常；第四節(jié)寫詩人在日后憂郁時(shí)， 回想當(dāng)時(shí)情景，又讓他心中充滿了歡樂，隨著水仙跳起舞來。3. Song of MyselfI celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born here fro