2019-2020學(xué)年高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題19主從復(fù)合句教案(含解析)

1、學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精1 十九、主從復(fù)合句 賓語(yǔ)從句1概述置于動(dòng)詞、介詞等詞性后面起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序必須是陳述語(yǔ)序。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞不定式,v.ing 形式后面都能帶賓語(yǔ)從句。有些形容詞（afraid,sure,glad 等）之后也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句。2賓語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn) 賓語(yǔ)從句可以作及物動(dòng)詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。 賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序一律用陳述句語(yǔ)序。 連接詞 that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句在句中無(wú)詞義,不充當(dāng)句子成份，多數(shù)情況下可以省略。 whether和 if 都可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，但whether 后可緊跟 or not；whether從句可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。 如果從句太長(zhǎng)，可以用

2、形式賓語(yǔ)it。3賓語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞的用法學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精2 在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ) ,引導(dǎo)詞有 :連詞：that（that 常可省略 ),whether,if代詞：who,whose,what,which副詞：when，where,how ，why等。 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 (在非正式場(chǎng)合 that 可以省略 )可 跟that 從 句 做 賓 語(yǔ) 的 動(dòng) 詞 有 ： say,think,insist,wish ，hope,demand,imagine，wonder,know，suppose，see,believe,agree,admit,deny， expect,explain ，

3、 order,command ， feel,dream ，suggest ， hear， mean ，notice,prefer ， request,require,propose,declare,report等.如：the boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets。注意:當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think，believe ，suppose,expect 等詞，而賓語(yǔ)從句的意思是否定時(shí)，常把否定轉(zhuǎn)移至主句表示.如： i don t think it is right for him to treat you like

4、 that。 在以下情況中 that 不能省略 當(dāng)句中的動(dòng)詞后接多于兩個(gè)由that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，第一個(gè)that可省，但后面的 that 不可省 .如：he said （that）you were too young to understand the matter and thathe was asked not to tell you. 當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that 賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，that 一般不可省.學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精3 如：just then i noticed for the first time,that our master was wearinghis fi

5、ne green coat and his black silk cap. 當(dāng) that 從句是雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that 不可省。如： i can t tell him that his mother died 。注意:許多帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子,that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常移到句子后部，而用 it 作形式賓語(yǔ) .如：i find it necessary that we should do the homework on time. 由 whether,if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 由 whether （if）引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，實(shí)際上是一般疑問(wèn)句演變而來(lái)的。意思是“是否”。賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序.一般說(shuō)

6、來(lái)，在賓語(yǔ)從句中 whether與 if 可以互換使用， 但在特殊情況下 if 與 whether是不能互換的。如：i wonder whether(if）they will come to our party 。 只能用 whether，不能用 if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 在帶 to 的不定式前如:we decided whether to walk there。 在介詞的后面如:i m thinking of whether we should go to see the film。 在動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)如：we discussed whether we had a sports meetin

7、g next week 直接與 or not 連用時(shí)如：i cant say whether or not thet can come on time。學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精4 只能用 if 不能用 whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“如果”如：the students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. if 引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)如:he asked if i didn t come to school yesterday. 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句 even if（即使）和 as if（好象）時(shí)如：he talks as if he

8、has known all about it。 連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句這樣的賓語(yǔ)從句實(shí)際上是由特殊疑問(wèn)句變化而來(lái)的，賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳 述 句 語(yǔ) 序 。 用 于 這 種 結(jié) 構(gòu) 的 動(dòng) 詞 常 常 是 :see， say，tell,ask,answer,know ，decide,show,find out，imagine，suggest,doubt,wonder ，discover ，understand,inform ，advise等.英語(yǔ)中的連接代詞有： who，whom,whose,which ，what,在句中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ) .如:can you tell me

9、whom you are waiting for?英語(yǔ)中的連接副詞有： when,where ，why,how，在句中擔(dān)任狀語(yǔ)的成分.如：none of us knows where these new parts can be bought.4賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序即： 連接代詞 / 副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精5 成分。如:i don t know what they are looking for.could you tell me when the train will leave？can you imagine what kind of man

10、he is？5賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài) 主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。如：the headmaster hopes everything goes well. 主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句須用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的某種形式。如：she was sorry that she hadnt finished her work on time. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是一個(gè)客觀真理或者事實(shí)時(shí)，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如：the teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. 狀語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中 ,修飾主句或主句謂語(yǔ)的句子叫作狀語(yǔ)從

11、句。狀語(yǔ)從句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。狀語(yǔ)從句可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、條件、方式、讓步、比較和目的等九大類。學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精6 1狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞列表 上述有些連詞除了能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句外，還可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句。在使用的時(shí)候，要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意來(lái)判別和區(qū)分不同的從句，正確使用引導(dǎo)詞。以where 為例，試比較下列多種從句的區(qū)別。如：you are to find it where you left it 。 （地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 )tell me the address where he lives.（定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為the address ）i dont know w

12、here he came from.( 賓語(yǔ)從句）where he has gone is not known yet.(主語(yǔ)從句）學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精7 this place is where they once hid。 （表語(yǔ)從句） 在兩個(gè)分句間要有一個(gè)且只有一個(gè)連詞，千萬(wàn)不能按漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。如：because he was ill， he didn t come to school.=he was ill,so he didnt come to school 。 在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，若從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致（或從句的主語(yǔ)為it） ，從句的謂語(yǔ)又包含動(dòng)詞be時(shí)

13、,從句中的“主語(yǔ) +be”部分可省略。如:when (he was ）asked about it,he kept silent。fill in the blanks with articles when （they are ）necessary 。if（it is）possible ， i ll explain it again later。she stood at the gate as if （she was ） waiting for someone.2時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句， 其動(dòng)詞既可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，也可以是瞬間性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,可以

14、表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的動(dòng)作之前。如：when you apply for a job ，you must present your credentials 。當(dāng)你申請(qǐng)工作時(shí)，你必須遞交你的有關(guān)證件。 （同時(shí)）when the students heard the teacher s footsteps,taeyadopted talking。當(dāng)學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精8 學(xué)生們聽(tīng)到老師的腳步聲時(shí)，他們都停止了講話.（從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前） when 還可表示 just then（正在那時(shí)）的意思，此時(shí)其所引導(dǎo)的從句只放在主句之后。如:we were abou

15、t to start when it began to rain.我們正要?jiǎng)由?，突然天下起雨?lái)。the game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining. 比賽剛剛開(kāi)始就下起雨來(lái)。 as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句as 側(cè)重表示主句和從句的動(dòng)作并相發(fā)生,翻譯成“一邊一邊” 。如： we were having breakfast as she was combing her她梳頭時(shí)我們?cè)诔栽顼垺?while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句while 或“在期間”，所引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的，并表示和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：when the

16、teacher paraphrased the text in english,the students listened attentively and took notes. 當(dāng)老師用英語(yǔ)解釋課文時(shí)，學(xué)生們聚精會(huì)神地聽(tīng)并做著筆記。i can learn while i wor裁可以邊工作邊學(xué)習(xí)。學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精9 before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 before“在之前”如:i ll be back before you have left。你離開(kāi)之前我就會(huì)回來(lái)。 before“之后才”如:it may be many years before we meet again。能要過(guò)許多

17、年我們才能再見(jiàn)了。it was three days before i came back.他三天后才回來(lái)。 as soon as/once/directly/the instant引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句as soon as 是最常見(jiàn)的表示“一就的從屬連詞 ,其他連詞還有immediately,instantly,the instant(that)the minute（that)， the moment （that）等,它們通常都可與 as soon a 換用。如：as soon as we got home,the telephone rang。我們一到家，電話就響了。i recognized

18、her immediately i saw her。我一看見(jiàn)她就認(rèn)出她來(lái)了。directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet。老師一進(jìn)來(lái) ,大家就靜了下來(lái). hardlywhen/no soonerthan引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞 hardly/barely/scarcely when 和 no sooner.than 的意思是 “剛就”,它們所引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常為過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如： he had no sooner （no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on

19、 another journey 。他剛一到家 ,就又要他出另一次差 .學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精10 no sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent 。這些話剛一出口，他就意識(shí)到自己應(yīng)該保持沉默. since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句在含有 since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中， 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:we ve never met since we graduated from the colleg

20、e.大學(xué)畢業(yè)后我們就再?zèng)]見(jiàn)過(guò)面 .great changes have taken place since you left.你走了以后，這里發(fā)生了巨大變化。 till/until 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句till 和 until 同義，作“直到時(shí)（為止)”解， till 多口語(yǔ)話， until 多用于句首 .如：donald will remain in college untilltill)he finishes his ph。d course。唐納德將留在學(xué)校直到完成他的博士學(xué)位課程。i won t go with you until(tll)i finished my homework。等裁

21、做完作業(yè)我才和你一起去。3地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，從屬連詞where“在（或到）學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精11 的地方”如：where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。put it where you found it. 把它放在原來(lái)的地方。where 在地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中，除指地點(diǎn)外，還可指處境等。如：he said he was happy where he was.他說(shuō)他對(duì)自己的處境很滿意。it s your fault that she is where she is。她今天落到這個(gè)地步都怪你。 wherever引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀

22、語(yǔ)從句wherever=no matter where 后者只能放句首。從屬連詞wherever “在（或到 )的各個(gè)地方”如：you can go wherever(anywhere）you like these day 。這些天你可以去你想去的地方。where(no matter where ）they went the experts were warmly welcomed。專家每到一處，都受到熱烈的歡迎。sit down wherever you like. 你喜歡坐哪兒就坐哪兒（wherever 不可以換成 no matter where)4原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because 引導(dǎo)的原因

23、狀語(yǔ)從句通常用于回答 why 引出的疑問(wèn)句，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，該從句一般位于主句后面.如： i didn t go abrord with her because i couldnt afford it. 我沒(méi)有和她學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精12 一起出國(guó)是因?yàn)橘M(fèi)用太高。don t scamp your work because you are pressed for time。不要因?yàn)闀r(shí)間倉(cāng)促而馬馬虎虎。 as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句多位于主句之前，通常可以和since換用。如：as i didh t know the wayl asked a policeman。我不認(rèn)識(shí)路，因而

24、問(wèn)警察。as it is snowing we shall not climb the mountain。在下雪 ,我們不去爬山了. since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句since 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句多位于主句之前，通?？梢院蚢s 換用。與 as用法一樣如：since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane.你既然乘飛機(jī)旅行快得多 ,他們就決定坐飛機(jī)。since you won t help me,ill ask someone else.你既然不幫我，那我就請(qǐng)別人幫忙 . now（that)引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句， now

25、（that） “既然”如：now（that）you have passed your test you can drive on your own.你既已考試合格，就可以獨(dú)自開(kāi)車了。 seeing （that）引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精13 seeing(that ） “鑒于；由于”，通常用于非正式文體 .如：seeing(that ） the weather is badve ll stay at home。天氣不好,我們還是呆在家里吧。5結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句so tha引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 so that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句只能位于主句之后,so that 引導(dǎo)什么從句根據(jù)句意來(lái)判

26、斷如：suddenly it began to rain heailso that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.突然下起了大雨 ,幾乎無(wú)法繼續(xù)開(kāi)車。linda phoned me in on arrival so that i know she was safe and sound。琳達(dá)到達(dá)后給我打了電話，因而我知道她平安無(wú)事. sothat 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句sothat“如此以致”，that 可以省略 ,so后面接形容詞或副詞。如:she spoke so fast that nobody could catch what sh

27、e was saying。 她說(shuō)話如此之快竟沒(méi)有人聽(tīng)出來(lái)她在講什么.there is so little time left that i have to tell you about it latter. 現(xiàn)在剩下的時(shí)間不多了，我只好以后再給你講這件事。 suchthat 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的such that 的具體內(nèi)容是： such+a/an+形容詞+名詞 +that 從句； such+a/an+形容詞 +單數(shù)名詞 +that=so+ 形容詞學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精14 +a/an+ 單數(shù)名詞 +that 從句。如：the professor told us such

28、a funry story that all the students laughed(=the professor told us so funry a story that all the students laughed.) 教授講了個(gè)很有趣的故事， （以致于）所有的學(xué)生都笑了起來(lái).6目的狀語(yǔ)從句 in order thl 導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句in order that 為了；以便” 。多用于正式文體 ,通常可以與 so that換用。如:you stopped at hangzhou in order that they could go around west lake 。他們?cè)诤贾萃Ａ?/p>

29、下來(lái)，以便游覽西湖.the expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.專家講得很慢，以便人人聽(tīng)得懂 . so(thal導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句sothat “為了；以便” .sothat通?？梢耘c in order tha換用，它所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句總是放在主句之后，在非正式文體中,常省略 that。如：speak clearly so that they may understand you.你要講得清楚 ,他們才聽(tīng)得懂。she wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out

30、by eight.她要七點(diǎn)鐘備好茶點(diǎn)，這樣她八點(diǎn)以前就可以出門了。 in case/for fear(th引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精15 in case for fear(that 這倆個(gè)從屬連詞都表示否定目的， 意思是“以免” ，“以防” 。in case它所引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是陳述語(yǔ)氣形式，也可以是虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式;for fear(that ）引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語(yǔ)帶有may,might,should 等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 .如：take your umbrella in case it rains。帶上你的傘，以防下雨。he took an umbrella with him

31、for fear that it might rain. 他帶了一把傘，以防下雨。7條件狀語(yǔ)從句 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句 ,翻譯成“如果 如：if i were a bird，l would fly.如果他說(shuō)了那樣的話，他不可能是說(shuō)實(shí)話。 unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句unless 引導(dǎo)的是否定條件狀語(yǔ)從句，在意義上相當(dāng)于i。 。not，而且語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，一般不用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:you ll be late unless you hurry。你會(huì)遲到的，如果不趕快的話。 if only 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句ifonly 在引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)意為“只要；如果”。如：il let you use th

32、e car if only you keep it in good condition。只要你把車保養(yǎng)好，我就讓你用。學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精16 as/so long as導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句， as/so long as意為 “只要；如果”.如：as long as it doesnt rain ，we can play. 只要不下雨我們就能玩 . provided （that） /providing（that） 導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句 ,provided(that ）/providing（that）意為“如果；只要” .如：i will aree to go providing（that my

33、expense are paid.）假如為我負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用，我就同意去。8比較狀語(yǔ)從句 as as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句as as 表示同級(jí)比較，主句中用形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)形式，從句常常為省略句。如：we were as fortunate as them（they were). 裁們和他們一樣幸運(yùn)。i hope she will make as much progress as you （have done). 我望她將取得和你同樣的進(jìn)步。 not so/as.as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句not so/as.as表示同級(jí)比較，主句中用形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)形式，從句常常為省略句 .如:thats not so/

34、as simple as it sounds。那件事情不像聽(tīng)起來(lái)那么簡(jiǎn)單 .學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精17 9方式狀語(yǔ)從句 as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句as 在引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)意為“以方式；如同那樣”，從句有時(shí)是省略句 .如：do as i say. 要照我說(shuō)的做。i did just as you told me. 我正是照你說(shuō)的辦的。air is to man as water is to fish. 空氣之于人猶如水之于魚(yú)。 as if/as thougl導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句as if 和 as though的用法相同 ,都作“好像，仿佛”；二者引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句往往用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反。如：

35、they looked at me as if as though i were mad. 他們瞧著我好像我發(fā)瘋了似的。they look as if/as though they know each other.他們看來(lái)好像互相認(rèn)識(shí)。十讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 although/though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句although和 though,都作“雖然；盡管”解，通常可以換用。如：although they have been talking.學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精18 for a long time，he cannot make her believe him。雖然和她談了半天，他還是不能讓她信

36、任自己。 even if導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句even if“即使,縱然” ，從句表示的是尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的情況.如：even if i failed again，i will not give up the experiment。即使我再次失敗,我也決不會(huì)放棄實(shí)驗(yàn)。 even though導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句even though “雖然，盡管 ，通常可以和 although/though換用。如：even though i didnt understand a workept smiling 。即使我一個(gè)字也不懂，我還是保持微笑。even though you say sol do not be

37、lieve it.即使你這樣說(shuō) ,我也不信。 while 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句， while“雖然 ,盡管如：while i understand your point of view do not share it. 我雖了解你的觀點(diǎn)，但不敢茍同。 whatever/no matter what導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句whatever=no matter what都作“無(wú)論什么”如:whatever/no matter what he saysdont go 。不管他說(shuō)什么，你都不要走。we are determined to fulfill the task whatever happens。不管發(fā)

38、生什么了 ,我們決心完成任務(wù)。學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精19 whichever/no matter whici導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句whichever=no matter which都作“無(wú)論哪個(gè) 如 ： whichever/no matter which you buy there is a sixmonth guarantee 。不論你買哪個(gè)，都有六個(gè)月的保修期.no matter which of the two men had stolen her purse barbara was determined to find them.不管這兩個(gè)人是誰(shuí)偷了她的錢包，芭芭拉決心找到他們。 who

39、ever/no matter whl導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句whoever=no matter wh都作“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”如： you can t come in whoever you are。不管你是誰(shuí)，都不能進(jìn)來(lái)。 however/no matter houl導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句however=no matter how都作“無(wú)論如何”如： however high it may beit ca t reach the sky.它不論有多高,也高不到天上去。 whenever/no matter whel導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句whenever=no matter when 都作“無(wú)論何時(shí)”如：whenever m

40、 unhappy ，he cheers me up. 每當(dāng)我不高興時(shí)，他就給我鼓勁兒。學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精20 as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句as 在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)作“雖然；盡管和“即使”解 ,但是它不位于句首，在它前面的可以是形容詞、名詞、副詞等.如：strongas you maybe ，you cannot lift it.雖然你可能很有力氣，你卻無(wú)法把它提起來(lái)。late as it was,they continued to study。時(shí)間盡管不早了， 他們?nèi)岳^續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)。 定語(yǔ)從句1含義 定語(yǔ)從句：在主從復(fù)合句中，充當(dāng)主句的定語(yǔ)成分，用于修飾某一名詞、代詞或名詞短語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。

41、定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的詞之后。 先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。在定語(yǔ)從句中代替先行詞并充當(dāng)一定學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精21 的成分。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞.關(guān)系代詞有that，which，who,whom,whose,ad 等，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞有 when,where ，why 等，時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系詞的選擇由先行詞的意思及先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞譀Q定。2定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)3關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 who 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中，可省略)。如:that is the teacher

42、who teaches us physics。 whom 指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，可省略。如：li ming is just the boy （whom)i want to see. which 指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?如：football is a game which is liked by most boys。 that 指人時(shí) ,相當(dāng)于 who 或 whom;指物時(shí) ,相當(dāng)于 which。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?。學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精22 如：he is the man that/who lives next door 。where

43、is the man (that/whom)i saw this moming ？the season that/which comes after spring is summer。the dress (that/which)ann bought doebnfit her very well 。 whose指人、物皆可，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)，表“某某的”.如：i visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country。常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替：the house whose windows are broken is empty。th

44、e house the windows of which are broken is empty。we went to see our teacher whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.=we went to see our teacher,the husband of whom lost his life in the earthquake 。 限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞被such，the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用 as ，譯作“像一樣的人或物” 。如：he wished to be such a man as lei feng w

45、as.ive never hearhuch stories as he tells。注意:the sarme 。as和 the same. 。that 結(jié)構(gòu)的句意不一樣。如:this is the same book as i read last week。this is the same book that i read last week.4學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精23 特殊用法 “介詞 +關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面,使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞，也可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間， 此時(shí)，指物只能用 which,指人只能用

46、 whom，關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose 。如：the school （which/that）he once studied in is very famous.the school in which he once studied is very famous.this is the boy (whom/who/that)i played tennis with yesterday。=this is the boy with whom i played tennis with yesterday. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面.如:look for，look af

47、ter,take care of 等。 介詞的選擇 與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配相關(guān)如：this is the book on which i spent 10 yuan 。this is the book for which i paid 10 yuan 。 與先行詞的搭配相關(guān)如：i will never forget the time during which i spent my childhood in the country。 與所表達(dá)的意義相關(guān)the colorless gas without which we can not live is called oxygen。 “ 介 詞 +

48、 關(guān) 系 代 詞 ” 前 還 可 有some， any,none,all,both ，學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精24 neither,many,most,each，few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞，表示先行詞的部分或整體。如：he loves his parents deeply，both of whom are very kind to him. that 和 which 在指物時(shí)一般可以互換，但在下列情況中，一般用that而不用 which先 行 詞 本 身 為everything， nothing ， something,anything，little,few,much,all,none,some

49、 all，the one等不定代詞時(shí)如：everything that he said was true。 先行詞被 all，every ，any,no,some ，few，little,much,the very （恰恰 ,正好）,the only等修飾時(shí)如：this is the very grammar book （that)i want to buy. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞、 形容詞最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞、 形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)如：this is the first bodehat ）he has read.this is the best that has been used against po

50、llution。 先行詞被 the only，the very ，the last修飾時(shí)如：this is the very book that belongs to him 。 先行詞既有人 ,又有物時(shí)如：he mentioned the people and things that he saw in his trip. 先行詞前面有 who,which等疑問(wèn)代詞如：which is the tshirt that fits me nfostwho is the girl that you spoke to just now?學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精25 主句是 there be結(jié)構(gòu),修

51、飾其主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that （先行詞為物 )如：there is a book on the desk that belongs to my sister。 先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也做表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：she is no longer the sweet girl(that）she used to be 。 that 和 who 在指人時(shí)一般可以互換 ,但當(dāng)先行詞是 he，she等人稱代詞，以及 one，ones ，anybody,anyone,all,none,those等不定代詞時(shí)，一般用 who,不用 that。如： those who want to go to th

52、e cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school 。5關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 when在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（=in/at/on/during+which）如：ill never forget the day when/on which i first met you 。great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live. where在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)（=in/at/on+which) 。situation（情景），case （實(shí)例） ,point(階

53、段） ，internet,stage （階段）等表抽象“地點(diǎn)”的名詞作先行詞時(shí),關(guān)系副詞選擇 where 。如：the school where/in which my son studies is near a park。the internet,where we can search for a large amount of information,has become an indispensable part of many peoples life。學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精26 why 在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)（=for+which).如：there are many reason

54、s why/for which people like traveling.6限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句如： the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on。china is a country which has a long history。his mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.i have been to hangzhou,which is a very beautiful city。 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇（不

55、能用that） 先行詞指人 ,在從句中作主語(yǔ) ,用 who如:his mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him 。 先行詞指人，在句中作賓語(yǔ)，用whom如:his wife，whom you met at my horme,was a teacher. 先行詞指物，在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用which學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精27 如：her house,which was built a hundred years ago，stood still in the earthquake. 先行詞指人或物 ,在句中作定語(yǔ) ,用 whose如：t

56、he book,whose cover is red,is mine. 先行詞在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，用when如：the sports meeting will be put off till next month ，when we will have made all the preparations。 先行詞在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),用 where如:the next day we arrived in new york ，where we were interviewed on the radio. 先行詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，介詞+whom/which如：the girl，with whom he is

57、familiar ，is a football player.the second world warin which millions of people were killed,ended in 1945 。 關(guān)系代詞 as和 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 as和 which 都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)， 代表前面整個(gè)句子（從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)） 。如：he married her,as / which was natural。he is honest ，as/ which we can see. as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句，常

58、常有“正如、正像”的含義。which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句， 先行詞是整個(gè)句子時(shí)， 只可放在主句之后， 意為“這學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精28 一點(diǎn)” 。如：as is known to all ，china is a developing country.john ，as you know,is a famous writer.he is from the south,as we can see from his accent。zhang hua has been to paris more than ten times,which ti bdtreve. 當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因

59、果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如:tom was late for school again and again，which made his teacher very angry. 若非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be said，be known，be expected ，be reported ，等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，不論是在句首、句中還是句末，都必須 as用來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：we won the game as we expected。 以 the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句常由in which 或 that引導(dǎo),而且通?？梢允÷?。如：the way (that/in which）he answ

60、ered the questions was surprising. 主語(yǔ)從句1概念在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句.主語(yǔ)從句通常由從屬連詞學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精29 that,whether和連接代詞 what,who，which,whatever ，whoever以及連接副詞 how，when，where，why 等詞引導(dǎo)。 that 在句中無(wú)詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問(wèn)含義、又起連接作用 ,在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。如：what he wants to tell us is not clear. it is known to us how he beca